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No diseases are known to result from the lack of expression of ABO blood group antigens, but the susceptibility to a number of diseases has been linked with a person's ABO phenotype. A cross sectional study conducted at research laboratory of Gharb El-Niel College from May to August 2022, to estimate the relation of ABO blood group on fibrinogen levels and platelet count in apparently healthy Sudanese subjects. For the A positive blood group there was significant decreased in the fibrinogen level when compared with the B⁺, O⁺ and O⁻ blood group, and in significant differences with the AB⁺ and A⁻. For the platelets counts; there was significant increased with AB⁺ and in significant differences with other blood groups, for the B⁺; there was significant decreased in the fibrinogen level when compared with other blood groups, however in the platelets count there was insignificant differences in all blood grouping except the O⁺. In addition, there was significant decreased in the fibrinogen level in O⁺ when compared with the AB⁺ and A⁻. AB⁺ when compared with the O⁻, and A⁻ when compared with O⁻. Regarding the platelets count there was significant differences when O⁺ blood group compared with AB⁺, and AB⁺ when compared with the A⁻ and O⁻. There were insignificant differences when the fibrinogen level and platelets count compared with the age and gender. Finally, there was a clear significant decreased in the fibrinogen levels and platelets count among the individuals with different ABO blood group. Keywords: ABO blood group, fibrinogen, platelets, phenotype, coagulometer.

Background Intracranial hemorrhage is the third most frequent cause of cerebrovascular disease, also known as cerebral bleed, intraparenchymal bleed and hemorrhagic stroke. This study was designed to detect the possible present of factor II polymorphism (G20210A) among Sudanese patients with Intercereberal hemorrhage. Material and method This study was cross sectional hospital-based study,conducted at the research laboratory of the national center of neurological sciences (NCNS), Khartoum, Sudan during the period June 2022 to August 2022.It included all patients attended with intracerebral hemorrhage, demographic data ( age , gender, associated disease ). DNA extraction was done from blood of all patients and control.PCR for factor prothrombin gene was done and thus Sanger sequencing. Results: The PCR results showed; 100% positive forfactor II gene. And sequencing result showed base bare exchange in factor II gene G to A (G20210A)polymorphism . Conclusion Factor II gene polymorphism (G20210A) was detected and might be association with Intercereberal hemorrhage among Sudanese patients

Background: Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs. Materials and methods: This was cross sectional study conducted at Baraah pediatric center, Khartoum, Sudan during the period from May 2022 to August 2022, to measure protein C level in Sudanese children and infants with Sepsis. 50 patients were selected as a case group (46% were female and 54% were male.), and apparently healthy donors were selected as control group. 2.8 ml of venous blood samples were collected in Tri Sodium Citrate Anticoagulant. CRP and the blood culture were done for all the patients. The protein C level was performed using Ichroma device. Results: Protein C results revealed the mean of protein C in case was (63.7±8.9 ), and in the control group was(79.8±11.1 ), when compared protein C mean between case and control groups there was a highly significant decreased with ( p value 0.00) Also in the case group there was an insignificant differences between protein C, age, gender, and culture, p value >0.05), . In addition the result showed insignificant correlation between protein C and CRP(p value ≥0.05). The most common types of isolated bacteria in sepsis patients was Klebsiella Conclusion: The study concludes that there is a significant decrease in protein C level in patients with sepsis. Keywords: protein C , CRP sepsis , bacteria , Klebsiella

Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a sudden bleeding into the tissues of the brain, into its ventricles, or into both. It is the second most common subtype of stroke and is a critical disease usually leading to severe disability or death. Material and method: This study was a cross sectional hospital-based study, conducted at the research laboratory of the national center of neurological sciences (NCNS), Khartoum, Sudan during the period June 2022 to August 2022.It included all patients attended with intracerebral hemorrhage. DNA extraction was done from blood of all patients and control. PCR for factor XIII gene was carried out and thus Sanger sequencing to both cases and controls. Results: The PCR results showed; 100% samples were positive for factor XIII gene.Sequencing result showed the detection of threepolymorphisms in factor XIII gene (G>T, A>G and C>T) . Conclusion: The detected factor XIII gene polymorphisms (G>T, A>G and C>T) might be associated with intercereberal hemorrhage among Sudanese patients. Keywords: Factor XIII, gene, polymorphism, hemorrhage, stroke, cerebrovascular

Background Intracranial hemorrhage refers to any bleeding within the intracranial vault, including the brain parenchyma and surrounding meningeal spaces. In Sudan, there is no published data regarding factor V Leiden mutation. Therefore this study was designed to detect the possible present of factor V polymorphism (G1691A) among Sudanese patients with intercereberal hemorrhage. Material and method This study was a cross sectional hospital-based study, conducted at the research laboratory of the national center of neurological sciences (NCNS), Khartoum, Sudan during the period June 2022 to August 2022.It included all patients attended with Intracerebral hemorrhage, DNA extraction was done from blood of all patients and controls.PCR for factor V gene was done and thus Sanger sequencing. Results The PCR results showed; 100% were positive for factor V gene. Sequencing results revealed single based exchange in factor V geneG to A (G1691A). Conclusion Factor V gene polymorphism (G1691A) was detected and might be in association with intercereberal hemorrhage among Sudanese patients

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirusdisease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly evolved from an epidemic outbreak in Wuhan, China into a pandemic infecting more than one million individuals all over the world, where as billions of citizens are affected by measures of social distancing and the socioeconomic impact of the pandemic Material and methods: This was case control study, conduct at COVID-19 quarantine hospitals in Khartoum state during the period from May to July 2022, for the measurement of D-dimer level among Sudanese covid 19 patients. One hundred participants were selected as cases and apparently fifty participants were selected as control group. 2.8 ml of venous blood samples were collected in Tri Sodium Citrate anticoagulant The D-dimer was performed using B50protein analyzer . Results: When compared the D-dimer results between case and control there was highly significant difference with p.value 0.000. In addition the D-dimer in cases compared with the other study variables which revealed; significant differences with the chronic disease and the severity of the disease, in significant differences with the age, gender and smoking status. Conclusion: This study concluded that D-dimer was significantly increase in COVID-19 patients, and it had significant differences with the chronic disease and the severity of the disease, insignificant differences with the age, gender and smoking status. Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, D-dimer, chronic disease and B50protein analyzer

Background: Sepsis is the most common worldwide cause of death in infants and children. It was Known that coagulative and inflammatory parameters were involved in the host’s defense against sepsis resulted from severe infection and inflammation. Materials and Methods: This was cross sectional study conducted at Albraa pediatric center, Khartoum, Sudan during the period from May 2022 to August 2022, to measure PT, APTT, fibrinogen level, D- dimer in Sudanese infants and children with sepsis. 50 patients were selected as a case group, and apparently healthy donors with no history of any coagulation problems or any chronic disease were selected as control group. 2.8 ml of venous blood samples were collected in Tri Sodium Citrate anticoagulant. The coagulation tests (PT, APTT, fibrinogen) were performed using semiautomatic device (coagulometer). I chroma was used for the D- dimer. Results When compared between case and control there was highly significant difference (p.value 0.000), in PT, APTT, fibrinogen and D- dimer. In addition, there was insignificant difference when the PT, APTT fibrinogen and D- dimer in cases compared with the gender, CRP and bacterial culture, and there was negative correlation between the parameters and the age except the D-dimer had appositive correlation. The most common types of isolated bacteria in sepsis patients is staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: This study concluded that, PT, APTT, fibrinogen and D- dimer was significantly increased in patients with sepsis.

Background: Coagulation, also known as blood clotting, is the process by which blood convert from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot. It referred to haemostasis, the stopping of blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair. Material and methods: This was cross sectional study conducted at the albawasla medical laboratory, Khartoum, Sudan during the period August to November, 2021 and to evaluate the effect of time and hemolysis on prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time tests. 50 samples (case group) were collected from the patients attending police teaching hospital and requested to the PT and APTT test in addition to that,50 apparently healthy donors with no history of any coagulation problems or any chronic disease were selected as control group. Three ml of venous blood samples were collected in container with Tri Sodium Citrate anticoagulant. The coagulation tests (PT and APTT) were performed using semiautomatic device (coagulometer machine MI). Results: The result of this study revealed that; when compared the measurement of PT and APTT immediately and after one hour there was insignificant differences (p. v.>0.05). also when compared the measurement of PT and APTT between hemolyzed and non-hemolyzed samples there was significant differences ( p. v.0.05). For the correlation there was significant correlation in the case group for the PT and APTT immediately, after one hour, and hemolyzed samples. Conclusion: In the cases group results showed insignificant differences in the results of PT and APTT between immediate sample and after 1 hour in and significant differences in the results of PT and APTT between hemolyzed and non-hemolyzed samples, also there was insignificant differences between age and gender, immediately, after one hr. and hemolyzed sample in PT and APTT. Keywords: Homeostasis, hemolyzed sample, PT and APTT

Background: Cisplatin is one of therapy used as anticancer activity in a variety of tumors. Among many chemotherapy drugs that are widely used for cancer, Cisplatin is one of the most compelling ones. Material and methods: This study was Analytical cross sectional study conducted at Taiba Cancer Center, Khartoum, Sudan, during the period July 2021 to November 2021 and aimed to estimate the complete blood count among chemotherapy Sudanese patients treated with Cisplatin. 50 cancer patients treated with cisplatin as chemotherapy selected as a case group and 50 apparently health donor were selected as control group. Three ml of the venous blood was collected in EDTA container. Six sample collected from each patient before each dose of cisplatin. Complete blood count was done by using Sysmex Automated Hematology Analyzer KX 21N.Result: When compared the base line of case value of RBCs, Hb, WBCs, neutrophils, and platelets with control there were insignificant differences (P. value ≥ 0.05). But when compared RBCs, Hb, WBCs, neutrophils, and platelets between the case (baseline) and the cases in cycle 1, 2,3,4 and 5 there was significant decreased among progression of doses (P. value ≤ 0.05). There was insignificant correlation in the duration of the cancer and WBCs, neutrophil count, HGB and platelets count (P. value ≥ 0.05), significant correlation with RBCs in baseline and cycle 2 (P. value < 0.05). When correlate the anatomical location of cancer with WBCs, neutrophil count there was insignificant correlation, and significant correlation with RBC and HGB in cycle 5 and platelets count cycle 2 and cycle 3 Conclusion: The study observed that Cisplatin with combination of drug can effect on the hematological parameters also the chemotherapy was induced anemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia.

In this article, we take up the overlapping nature of crises, and reflect on the knowledge we have gained vis-a-vis learning in a time of pandemic. COVID-19 and climate change have both, in overlapping ways, changed our understanding of what constitutes just and empowering approaches to crisis risk communication. In both areas of concern, the public has had to appropriate and interpret technical knowledge, and apply the same to risk situations. At times, whether it concerns the efficacy of masks for preventing COVID-19, or evacuating ahead of an impending tropical cyclone, the public has had to become their own local experts. Our work is guided by the ethic of relationality, which eschews objectification of the public, instead aiming for their full inclusion as partners in risk reduction. The challenge is to re-orient the role of the public from a passive recipient of expert knowledge to an active agent capable of acquiring, translating, and acting upon risk information. One interesting strategy has been to craft empowerment workshops where community members gain competencies in acquiring risk knowledge and translating the same into narrative forms that they can, in turn, share with others. This was translated into a lesson plan for elementary students in Tacloban, Philippines, on the risks of storm surge. We also describe how the same lesson was repurposed for COVID-19 risk communication. The case studies speak to an emerging form of environmental education that is relevant to crises of the Anthropocene.

Percutaneous biliary and gallbladder drainage is routinely performed by interventional radiology. These pathologies and techniques are well described in the literature and in this issue. The purpose of this review is to focus on the recognition and management of complications. Percutaneous biliary drains can have a variety of complications which can range from minor skin issues to more serious and complex bleeding issues. Advancements in imaging and techniques improve the safety profile of percutaneous biliary and gallbladder interventions.