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Introduction: Palliative stenting fur relieving malignant obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract is routinely practical in western world. Obstructing advanced 67 malignancy requires bypass or exteriorization of proximal gut before NACT or as a bridge to definite surgery. The aim of the study was to review the experience at tertiary cancer hospital and short-term outcome with endoscopic stalling in lieu of palliative bypass surgery for advanced and obstracting GI malignancy. Materials and Methods: This observation study was carried out in the surgical out-patient department of NICRH where all therapeutic endoscopic facilities were available. All patients treated with stenting in a 2 years period from 2018- 2020 were studied. Results: Fifty-six patients received 60 stents. No case of perforation occurred. In fifteen cases (26.78%) clogging with food occurred: in 5 cases (8.92%) displacement occur. Tumour overgrowth was noted in 7(12.66%) cases. Four patients (6.72%) received a second stent. Mean survival of patients with esophageal stent was 221 days. Four patients received 4 stents in their colon or rectum. The stents were placed in the sigmoid (n=2), the descending colon (n=l), and the transverse colon (n=1). Mean survival of colonic stent patients was 331 days. No perforation, no clogging by stool and no tumour ingrowth among patients with colonic stent but one (25%) had displacement. Eighteen patients received a total of IS stents because of obstructing stomach cancer. 12 (61.22%) patients had tumour at cardia. Mean survival after gastric stent placement was 176 days. There was no perforation, one case of clogging (8.33%), and two cases of tumour ingrowth (16.66%). 5 patients underwent duodenal stenting. Remaining one at Billroth II anastomotic site. Single patients (20%) required laparotomy and stent extraction due to duodenal stent migration. Mean survival after duodenal stent placement was 242 days. No perforation, no clogging and no tumour ingrowth. Conclusions: The present series shows that placement of expandable metallic stents in the obstructing GI tract malignancy us an alternative to bypass surgery is safe, cost effective, low complications, short hospital stay and provides good palliation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous hydraulic structures are to be provided in canals and rivers for storage, diversion and transport of water. Some innovative, economic and improved hydraulic design has been discussed. Transitions are to be provided in all canal structures wherever the canal is flumed to achieve economy. Most popular transition in the USA and Europe is Hinds transition. The author performed large numbers of experiments to introduce short curved transitions at entry and straight expansion at exit to attain higher efficiency and better performance. Energy dissipaters are usually provided with parallel side walls followed by transition structures to connect the stilling basin with normal channel section, resulting in huge cost of the structure. For low value of inflow Froude's number (F1), the author introduced a new type of energy dissipater with straight diverging side walls starting from toe of the structure so that it functions as both energy dissipater and flow diffuser. Flow metering structures are needed for flow measurement in both rivers and canals. Parshall flumes may be free or submerged. The author invented a new proportional-type flow meter, by simultaneously fluming and raising the bed so that the flow remains free for all discharges in a given range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water wealth and terrain head of the Himalayas are nature's gift and a bounty. Whereas concentration of the sediments carried by the rivers Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra and their tributaries exceeds 2,000 p.p.m. [Extracted from the article]