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The aim of this Technical Design Report is to illustrate the technological choices foreseen to be implemented in the construction of the CYGNO-04 demonstrator, motivate them against the experiment physics goals of CYGNO-30 and demonstrate the financial sustainability of the project. CYGNO-04 represents PHASE 1 of the long term CYGNO roadmap, towards the development of large high precision tracking gaseous Time Projection Chamber (TPC) for directional Dark Matter searches and solar neutrino spectroscopy. The CYGNO project1 peculiarities reside in the optical readout of the light produced during the amplification of the primary ionization electrons in a stack of triple Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs), thanks to the nice scintillation properties of the chosen He:CF4 gas mixture. To this aim, CYGNO is exploiting the fast progress in commercial scientific Active Pixel Sensors (APS) development for highly performing sCMOS cameras, whose high granularity and sensitivity allow to significantly boost tracking, improve particle identification and lower the energy threshold. The X-Y track project obtained from the reconstruction of the sCMOS images is combined with a PMT measurement to obtain a full 3D track reconstruction. In addition, several synergic R&Ds based on the CYGNO experimental approach are under development in the CYGNO collaboration (see Sec 2) to further enhance the light yield by means of electro luminescence after the amplification stage, to improve the tracking performances by exploiting negative ion drift operation within the INITIUM ERC Consolidator Grant, and to boost the sensitivity to O(GeV) Dark Matter masses by employing hydrogen rich target towards the development of PHASE 2 (see Sec. 1.2). While still under optimization and subject to possible significant improvements, the CYGNO experimental approach performances and capabilities demonstrated so far with prototypes allow to foresee the development of an O(30) m3 experiment by 2026 for a cost of O(10) MEUROs. A CYGNO-30 experiment would be able to give a significant contribution to the search and study of Dark Matter with masses below 10 GeV/c2 for both SI and SD coupling. In case of a Dark Matter observation claim by other experiments, the information provided by a directional detector such as CYGNO would be fundamental to positively confirm the galactic origin of the allegedly detected Dark Matter signal. CYGNO-30 could furthermore provide the first directional measurement of solar neutrinos from the pp chain, possibly extending to lower energies the Borexino measurement2. In order to reach this goal, the CYGNO project is proceeding through a staged approach. The PHASE 0 50 L detector (LIME, recently installed underground LNGS) will validate the full performances of the optical readout via APS commercial cameras and PMTs and the Montecarlo simulation of the expected backgrounds. The full CYGNO-04 demonstrator will be realized with all the technological and material choices foreseen for CYGNO-30, to demonstrate the scalability of the experimental approach and the potentialities of the large PHASE 2 detector to reach the expected physics goals. The first PHASE 1 design anticipated a 1 m3 active volume detector with two back-to-back TPCs with a central cathode and 500 mm drift length. Each 1 m2 readout area would have been composed by 9 + 9 readout modules having the LIME PHASE 0 dimensions and layout. Time (end of INITIUM project by March 2025) and current space availability at underground LNGS (only Hall F) forced the rescaling of the PHASE 1 active volume and design to a 0.4 m3, hence CYGNO-04. CYGNO-04 will keep the back-to-back double TPC layout with 500 mm drift length each, but with an 800 x 500 mm2 readout area covered by a 2 + 2 modules based on LIME design. The reduction of the detector volume has no impact on the technological objectives of PHASE 1, since the modular design with central cathode, detector materials and shieldings and auxiliary systems are independent of the total volume. The physics reach (which is a byproduct of PHASE 1 and NOT an explicit goal) will be only very partially reduced (less than a factor 2 overall) since a smaller detector volume implies also a reduced background from internal materials radioactivity. In addition, the cost reduction of CYGNO-04 of about 1⁄3 with respect to CYGNO-1 illustrated in the CDR effectively makes the overall project more financially sustainable (see CBS in the last section). In summary this document will explain: the physical motivation of the CYGNO project and the technical motivations of the downscale of the PHASE 1 to CYGNO-04, 400 liters of active volume, with respect to the demonstrator presented in the CDR; the results of R&D and the Montecarlo expectations for PHASE 0; the technical choices, procedures and the executive drawings of CYGNO-04 in the Hall F of the LNGS; safety evaluations and the interference/request to the LNGS services; Project management, WBS/WBC, WP, GANTT, ecc

A synthesis of the “!CHAOS: a cloud of controls” project and its application to accelerators and large experiments will be presented. We will describe here how the !CHAOS project has evolved from a candidate for the SuperB accelerator control system to a facility for IT distributed infrastructures. !CHAOS is currently, not only suitable for accelerators and large High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments, but is also applicable to other contexts, such as social and industrial applications. Preliminary results achieved on an accelerator use case are discussed., Proceedings of the 6th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2015, Richmond, VA, USA

The design of a high luminosity Tau/Charm Factory has been accomplished by the INFN-LNF Laboratory in Frascati in collaboration with the Consortium Nicola Cabibbo Laboratory. The target luminosity is 10³⁵ cm⁻² ses^{−1} at 4.6 GeV in the center of mass. This design is a natural evolution of the SuperB B-Factory, that was aimed to be built in the Rome Tor Vergata University campus as an Italian Flagship Project. The Tau/Charm design keeps all the features that made SuperB a state-of-the art accelerator, such as the “large Piwinski angle and crab waist sextupoles” collision scheme, the super squeezed beams, and the polarized electron beam. As a plus, it will be possible to collect data at high luminosity in a large energy range (2 to 4.6 GeV c. m.), with a peak luminosity target of 10³⁴ cm⁻² ses^{−1} at 2 GeV. The possibility to extend the Linac for a SASE-FEL facility is also taken into account. A Conceptual Design Report* was published in September 2013. In this paper the design principles and the project features are reviewed., Proceedings of the 5th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2014, Dresden, Germany

The SuperB project is an international effort aiming at building in Italy a very high luminosity e⁺e⁻ (10³⁶ cm⁻² sec⁻¹) asymmetric collider at the B mesons cm energy. The accelerator design has been extensively studied and changed during the past year. The present design, - based on the new collision scheme, with large Piwinski angle and the use of ’crab’ sextupoles, which has been successfully tested at the DAΦNE Phi-Factory at LNF Frascati, - provides larger flexibility, better dynamic aperture and in the Low Energy Ring spin manipulation sections, needed for having longitudinal polarization of the electron beam at the Interaction Point. The Interaction Region has been further optimized in terms of apertures and reduced backgrounds in the detector. The injector complex design has been also updated. A summary of the design status, including details on lattice and spin manipulation will be presented in this paper., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

Recently the peak luminosity achieved on the DAΦNE collider has been improved by almost a factor 3 by implementing a novel collision scheme based on large Piwinski angle and Crab-Waist. This encouraging result opened new perspectives for physics research and a new run with the KLOE-2 detector has been scheduled to start by spring 2010. The KLOE-2 installation is a complex operation requiring a careful design effort and a several months long shutdown. The high luminosity interaction region has been deeply revised in order to take into account the effect on the beam caused by the solenoidal field of the experimental detector and to ensure background rejection. The shutdown has been also used to implement several other modifications aimed at improving beam dynamics: the wiggler poles have been displaced from the magnet axis in order to cancel high order terms in the field, the feedback systems have been equipped with stronger power supplies and more efficient kickers and electrodes have been inserted inside the wiggler and the dipole vacuum chambers, in the positron ring, to avoid the e-cloud formation. A low level RF feedback has been added to the cavity control in both rings., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

A neutron source, based on photo-neutron production, has been designed and is under construction to upgrade the electron/positron/photon DAΦNE Beam Test Facility (BTF). We present the feasibility study, the solution chosen and the optimization done in order to maximize the neutron/photon yield as well as the comparison between different simulation codes (FLUKA/GEANT4/MCNPX). The first experimental test is foreseen in March 2010., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

The DAΦNE collider has been successfully commissioned after the experimental detector modification and a major upgrade and consolidation program involving a large part of the accelerator complex. This paper presents the Φ-Factory setup and the achieved performances in terms of beam currents, luminosity, detector background and related aspects., Proceedings of the 5th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2014, Dresden, Germany

Em geral, a tarefa de agrupar objetos em imagens pode ser simples e vários algoritmos foram desenvolvidos para esse fim. No entanto, o desempenho de tais algoritmos precisa ser entendido nos ambientes específicos da aplicação e, adicionamente, quando se trata de identificação de eventos raros, com baixa relação sinal-ruído, torna-se ainda mais necessário o estudo e, eventualmente, a otimização desses algoritmos considerando as particularidades do problema enfrentado, como no caso do experimento CYGNO que está desenvolvendo um novo sistema de detecção de partículas baseado em TPC com uma Triple-GEM acoplada a um sensor CMOS de baixo ruído e alta resolução espacial. Neste contexto, dois dos algoritmos de agrupamento mais citados na literatura científica conhecidos como Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) e Nearest Neighbor Clustering (NNC) foram avaliados no ambiente do CYGNO. Fazendo-se uso deste estudo, este trabalho de tese oferece uma proposta de adaptação do algoritmo do DBSCAN, denominada intensidade-DBSCAN (iDBSCAN), e faz um estudo comparativo entre os métodos estudados. Uma descrição do algoritmo iDBSCAN, incluindo teste e validação de seus parâmetros, e uma comparação com o próprio DBSCAN e o NNC utilizando-se de dados adquiridos com um dos protótipos do detector CYGNO serão apresentadas. Os resultados mostram que a versão adaptada do DBSCAN é capaz de fornecer eficiência de detecção similar aos algoritmos clássicos avaliados e, ao mesmo tempo, melhorar a resolução de energia e a rejeição de fundo do detector. In general, the task of clustering objects in images might be simple and several algorithms have been developed for this purpose. However, the performance of such algorithms needs to be understood in the specific environments of the application and, additionally, when it comes to the identification of rare events, with low signal-to-noise ratio, it becomes even more necessary to study and, eventually, optimization of these algorithms considering the particularities of the problem faced, as in the case of the CYGNO experiment that is developing a new detection system based on a TPC Triple GEM detector coupled to a low noise and high spatial resolution CMOS sensor. In this context, two of the most commonly mentioned clustering algorithms in the scientific literature known as Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) and Nearest Neighbor Clustering (NNC) were evaluated in the CYGNO environment. Using this study, this thesis work offers a proposal to adapt the DBSCAN algorithm, called intensity-DBSCAN (iDBSCAN), and makes a comparative study between the methods studied. A description of the iDBSCAN algorithm, including testing and validating its parameters, and a comparison with the DBSCAN itself and the NNC using data acquired with one of the CYGNO detector prototypes will be presented. The achieved results show that the adapted version of DBSCAN is capable of providing a detection efficiency as good as those obtained with the classical algorithms and, at the same time, improve the energy resolution and background rejection of the detector