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Many research and development institutions advocate the integration of economic sectors to markets to benefit from them and reduce poverty. This is not so simple for Sahelian pastoralists living in uncertainty and absence of contingent markets. Sahelian pastoralists use livestock markets but these markets don’t systematically influence their production and marketing decisions. Based on the case of Senegalese Sahel, we use a spatial panel model to estimate the magnitude impacts of spatial and time factors on pastoral income generation. Then, we extent discussions to show that Sahelian livestock keepers alternate homo oeconomicus and bounded behaviours vis-à-vis the markets that they know well even if markets don't know much about them - and that is one reason it can be hard for a real structural transition. The problems of pastoral marketing systems are still examined from the perspectives of infrastructure buildings while it is also necessary to reduce transaction costs and information asymmetry to boost livestock sales and purchases.

In a rapid rural appraisal conducted in 2012 in the Senegalese Sahel, agropastoralists of Thiel expressed their need for technical and scientific support in peanut value chain development. Value chain analysis assessed the performance of the stakeholders. Multiple correspondence analysis clarified power relationships among them. Social network analysis facilitated the understanding of social and technical relationships inside the particular node of agropastoralists. Results show that the peanut crop is both a source of cash flow (marketing) and a pillar of food (basic consumption) and feed (by-products) security. This paper also highlights a lack of convenient economic environments, mutual assistance, capacity transfer and knowledge sharing on the best agricultural practices among agropastoralists, despite their weak production performance. Agropastoralists have no influence in the peanut value chain and are dependent on decisions from other actors. Technical support and knowledge sharing appear to be key for agropastoralists to control and adopt agricultural innovations.

Credit rationing remains a major concern for livestock value chain stakeholders in particular for smallholders for who poor access to credit is one of the principal constraints to sustain their activities. Until present-day, the mismatch between credit supply and demand is usually tackled in Sub-Saharan Africa through the intrinsic attributes of credit applicants and very little or never through the prism of the unavoidable multifaceted livestock risk management in view to move forward to an enabling environment. This is the approach adopted in this paper, focused on Senegal livestock risk assessment and management as well as on thorough literature review, secondary data analysis, interviews with public and private corporations and national and international research institutions working in livestock sector. After identification, quantification, impact assessment and prioritization of multifaceted livestock risks, we demonstrate how risk management contributes to the emergence of an enabling environment and stimulate access to credit.

Sahelian pastoralists are usually portrayed as people living under uncertainty: they lack contingent markets and use mobility and diversification/ multiple activity as adaptation strategies. Their complex relationships vis-à-vis this uncertain environment hide the transition from a traditional inward looking to an outward looking economy characterized by increasing recourse to remunerated labor. However, this growing monetization of their economy is not neutral and could generate new forms of uncertainty. A Principle-agent model helps to analyze the remunerated labor as an ambivalent strategy to structural uncertainties in the Senegalese Sahel. Then, the paper highlights the conditions of production of trust and reputation in employee-employer relationships developed by pastoralists to better face up to these uncertainties.

Many research and development institutions advocate the integration of economic sectors to markets to benefit from them and reduce poverty. This is not so simple for Sahelian pastoralists living in uncertainty and absence of contingent markets. Sahelian pastoralists use livestock markets but these markets don't systematically influence their production and marketing decisions. Based on the case of Senegalese Sahel, we use a spatial panel model to estimate the magnitude impacts of spatial and time factors on pastoral income generation. Then, we extent discussions to show that Sahelian livestock keepers alternate homo oeconomicus and bounded behaviours vis-à-vis the markets that they know well even if markets don't know much about them-and that is one reason it can be hard for a real structural transition. The problems of pastoral marketing systems are still examined from the perspectives of infrastructure buildings while it is also necessary to reduce transaction costs and information asymmetry to boost livestock marketing.

La mise en place d'un plan d'échantillonnage dans une population mobile habitant dans une vaste zone avec une dispersion entre les maisons très importante dans un même site nécessite de réfléchir sur la meilleur e façon de tirer un échantillon représentatif. Ce papier s'est intéressé sur la population pastorale occupant le Sahel sénégalais où cohabitent pasteurs et agropasteurs pratiquant la transhumance pour s'adapter face aux changements et à la disposition de fourrage pour leurs animaux. Jusqu' à présent, il existe un déficit notoire de procédure adaptée dans ce type de population pour laquelle des statistiques fiables sont presque inexistantes. Des méthodes d'analyse de données comme l'analyse des correspondances multiples (ACM) et la classification ont été utilisées pour faire le tirage des sites au premier degré. Il s'inscrit dans une approche pluridisciplinaire pour mieux rendre compte de la complexité des systèmes de production pastoraux. Il combine des techniques d'échantillonnage mixtes (analytique et statistique).