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EFSA was asked by the European Commission to provide scientific assistance with respect to the EFSA adopted scientific opinion on 'Safety of calcidiol monohydrate produced by chemical synthesis as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283', including its bioavailability as a metabolite of vitamin D3 when added for nutritional purposes to food supplements. On 5 July 2023, EFSA adopted the 'Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin D, including the derivation of a conversion factor for calcidiol monohydrate'. This opinion concerns an updated exposure assessment for vitamin D and proposes a conversion factor for calcidiol monohydrate into vitamin D3 of 2.5 for labelling purposes. In addition, in reference to the EFSA opinion on the safety of calcidiol monohydrate, the Commission had received a letter from the pharmaceutical company EirGen Pharma Ltd requesting a revision of this opinion based on new data concerning calcidiol. Based on the information and data considered in this scientific technical report, EFSA concludes that the novel food calcidiol monohydrate proposed for use in food supplements is a bioavailable source of the biologically active metabolite of vitamin D, i.e. 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D, that a conversion factor of 2.5 reflects the relative bioavailability of calcidiol vs vitamin D3 under the proposed conditions of use and use levels, and that it is safe under the proposed conditions of use and use levels, i.e. up to 10 μg/day for children ≥ 11 years old and adults, including pregnant and lactating women, and up to 5 μg/day for children 3–10 years of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The role of the placenta in regulating micronutrient transport in response to maternal status is poorly understood.Objective: We investigated the effect of prenatal nutritional supplementation on the regulation of placental iron and zinc transport.Methods: In a randomized trial in rural Gambia [ENID (Early Nutrition and Immune Development)], pregnant women were allocated to 1 of 4 nutritional intervention arms: 1) iron and folic acid (FeFol) tablets (FeFol group); 2) multiple micronutrient (MMN) tablets (MMN group); 3) protein energy (PE) as a lipid-based nutrient supplement (LNS; PE group); and 4) PE and MMN (PE+MMN group) as LNS. All arms included iron (60 mg/d) and folic acid (400 μg/d). The MMN and PE+MMN arms included 30 mg supplemental Zn/d. In a subgroup of ∼300 mother-infant pairs, we measured maternal iron status, mRNA levels of genes encoding for placental iron and zinc transport proteins, and cord blood iron levels.Results: Maternal plasma iron concentration in late pregnancy was 45% and 78% lower in the PE and PE+MMN groups compared to the FeFol and MMN groups, respectively (P < 0.001). The mRNA levels of the placental iron uptake protein transferrin receptor 1 were 30-49% higher in the PE and PE+MMN arms than in the FeFol arm (P < 0.031), and also higher in the PE+MMN arm (29%; P = 0.042) than in the MMN arm. Ferritin in infant cord blood was 18-22% lower in the LNS groups (P < 0.024). Zinc supplementation in the MMN arm was associated with higher maternal plasma zinc concentrations (10% increase; P < 0.001) than in other intervention arms. mRNA levels for intracellular zinc-uptake proteins, in this case zrt, irt-like protein (ZIP) 4 and ZIP8, were 96-205% lower in the PE+MMN arm than in the intervention arms without added zinc (P < 0.025). Furthermore, mRNA expression of ZIP1 was 85% lower in the PE+MMN group than in the PE group (P = 0.003).Conclusion: In conditions of low maternal iron and in the absence of supplemental zinc, the placenta upregulates the gene expression of iron and zinc uptake proteins, presumably in order to meet fetal demands in the face of low maternal supply. The ENID trial was registered at www.controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN49285450. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During pregnancy, the developing fetus is entirely dependent on its mother for nutrition and waste disposal, which take place almost exclusively across the placenta. The placenta is, however, not just a passive mediator; it can also regulate the rates and amounts of nutrient transported. This is particularly true for iron transport. This review examines how the fetus, and not the mother, regulates iron uptake and transfer across the placenta, how these processes interact, and how the fetus can modulate iron metabolism in the mother. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for iron. Systematic reviews were conducted to identify evidence regarding high iron intakes and risk of chronic diseases, adverse gastrointestinal effects and adverse effects of iron supplementation in infancy, young childhood and pregnancy. It is established that systemic iron overload leads to organ toxicity, but no UL could be established. The only indicator for which a dose–response could be established was black stools, which reflect the presence of large amounts of unabsorbed iron in the gut. This is a conservative endpoint among the chain of events that may lead to systemic iron overload but is not adverse per se. Based on interventions in which black stools did not occur at supplemental iron intakes of 20–25 mg/day (added to a background intake of 15 mg/day), a safe level of intake for iron of 40 mg/day for adults (including pregnant and lactating women) was established. Using allometric scaling (body weight0.75), this value was scaled down to children and adolescents and safe levels of intakes between 10 mg/day (1–3 years) and 35 mg/day (15–17 years) were derived. For infants 7–11 months of age who have a higher iron requirement than young children, allometric scaling was applied to the supplemental iron intakes (i.e. 25 mg/day) and resulted in a safe level of supplemental iron intake of 5 mg/day. This value was extended to 4–6 month‐old infants and refers to iron intakes from fortified foods and food supplements, not from infant and follow‐on formulae. The application of the safe level of intake is more limited than a UL because the intake level at which the risk of adverse effects starts to increase is not defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on vitamin D2 mushroom powder as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is produced from Agaricus bisporus mushroom powder that has been exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation to induce the conversion of provitamin D2 (ergosterol) to vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). The NF contains concentrations of vitamin D in the form of vitamin D2 in the range of 245–460 μg/g. The information provided on the production process, composition and specifications of the NF does not raise safety concerns. The applicant intends to add the NF as an ingredient in a variety of foods and beverages in amounts that result in either 1.2 or 2.4 μg vitamin D2 per 100 g or 100 mL of the food as consumed. The applicant also intends to add the NF in food supplements at a maximum of 15 μg vitamin D2/day for individuals above 1 year of age, as well as in foods for special medical purposes (FSMPs). The estimates for combined intake of vitamin D from the NF, the background diet and fortified foods, were below the ULs for vitamin D as established previously by the NDA Panel for children, adolescents and adults, i.e. 50 and 100 μg/day. The estimated combined vitamin D intake in infants (6–12 months) is also below the UL for vitamin D of 35 μg/day. The Panel considers that taking into account the composition of the NF and the proposed conditions of use, the consumption of the NF is not nutritionally disadvantageous for the proposed target population. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following two requests from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the revision of the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for preformed vitamin A and β‐carotene. Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted for priority adverse health effects of excess vitamin A intake, namely teratogenicity, hepatotoxicity and endpoints related to bone health. Available data did not allow to address whether β‐carotene could potentiate preformed vitamin A toxicity. Teratogenicity was selected as the critical effect on which to base the UL for preformed vitamin A. The Panel proposes to retain the UL for preformed vitamin A of 3000 μg RE/day for adults. This UL applies to men and women, including women of child‐bearing age, pregnant and lactating women and post‐menopausal women. This value was scaled down to other population groups using allometric scaling (body weight0.75), leading to ULs between 600 μg RE/day (infants 4–11 months) and 2600 μg RE/day (adolescents 15–17 years). Based on available intake data, European populations are unlikely to exceed the UL for preformed vitamin A if consumption of liver, offal and products thereof is limited to once per month or less. Women who are planning to become pregnant or who are pregnant are advised not to consume liver products. Lung cancer risk was selected as the critical effect of excess supplemental β‐carotene. The available data were not sufficient and suitable to characterise a dose–response relationship and identify a reference point; therefore, no UL could be established. There is no indication that β‐carotene intake from the background diet is associated with adverse health effects. Smokers should avoid consuming food supplements containing β‐carotene. The use of supplemental β‐carotene by the general population should be limited to the purpose of meeting vitamin A requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety of plant preparations from the root or rhizome of Rheum palmatum L., Rheum officinale Baill. and their hybrids, from the bark of Rhamnus frangula L. and Rhamnus purshiana DC. and from the leaf or fruit of Cassia senna L., which have been placed under Union scrutiny in Part C of Annex III in accordance with Article 8(4) of Regulation (EC) No 1925/2006. The NDA Panel reviewed the additional scientific data submitted during the period of scrutiny and the public consultation by interested parties. The pertinent scientific data were in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity studies on the plant preparations under consideration. All the results of the genotoxicity studies on plant preparations were negative. However, the plant preparations that were tested in the submitted studies were not sufficiently characterised with respect to the content of total and individual hydroxyanthracene derivatives (HADs) and components other than HADs. The studies confirmed the presence of ■■■■■, known to be genotoxic in vivo, and ■■■■■, shown to be genotoxic in vitro. In line with the EFSA Scientific Committee statement on genotoxicity assessment of chemical mixtures, considering the presence of an in vivo genotoxic compound, the plant preparations used in these studies have to be considered of concern for genotoxicity. Thus, the safety of preparations containing HADs from the root or rhizome of Rheum palmatum L., Rheum officinale Baill. and their hybrids, from the leaf or fruit of Cassia senna L. and from the bark of Rhamnus frangula L. and Rhamnus purshiana DC. cannot be established based on the submitted studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A preface to the journal "Journal of Toxicology & Environmental Health: Part A," is presented.

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of magnesium l‐threonate as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 and to address the bioavailability of magnesium from this source in the context of Directive 2002/46/EC. The NF, produced by chemical synthesis, is intended to be used as new source for magnesium in food supplements at a maximum intake level of 3000 mg per day by adults, except for pregnant and lactating women. This dose corresponds to ~ 2730 mg l‐threonate and 250 mg magnesium, which also corresponds to the UL for supplemental magnesium from readily dissociable magnesium salts. Based on results obtained from a dissociation study, two rat studies and one human trial, the Panel considers that magnesium is bioavailable from the NF. The NF may contain up to 1% oxalic acid. The Panel considers that an additional exposure to oxalic acid, that is up to 30 mg daily from the NF, is not to be of safety concern. The Panel concludes that the NF is not nutritionally disadvantageous. In 2008, the EFSA ANS Panel concluded that a human intake of l‐threonate of 2700 mg per day is safe. This intake is similar to the maximum intake of l‐threonate from the NF under the maximum proposed uses, and the NDA Panel concurs with the ANS Panel that this intake is safe. The Panel considers that there are no concerns regarding the genotoxicity of the NF. The Panel concludes that the NF, Mg l‐threonate, is safe under the proposed conditions of use. The Panel concludes that the NF is a source from which magnesium is bioavailable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on ashitaba sap as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. Ashitaba sap is collected from harvested stems of Angelica keiskei plants. The principal constituents of the sap with regard to the safety assessment are chalcones (1%–2.25%) and furanocoumarins (< 0.01%). The applicant proposed to use the NF in food supplements at a maximum dose of 780 mg per day. The target population is adults excluding pregnant and lactating women. Taking into consideration the composition of the NF and the proposed uses, the composition of the NF is not nutritionally disadvantageous. There are no concerns regarding genotoxicity of the NF. Based on a 90‐day oral toxicity study performed with the product as intended to be placed on the market (30% ashitaba sap powder and 70% cyclodextrins), the Panel establishes a safe dose of 0.5 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day for the product as it is intended to be placed on the market. For the target population, i.e. adults, this safe dose corresponds to 35 mg per day of the product as it is intended to be placed on the market and 137 mg per day of the NF, which is lower than the use level proposed by the applicant. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe for the target population at intake levels up to 137 mg per day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the extension of use of isomalto‐oligosaccharide (IMO) as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF consists of glucose oligomers with degrees of polymerisation of 3–9, along with various amounts of mono‐ and disaccharides. The NF comes in both syrup and powder form. The applicant intends to extend the current uses of the NF as an ingredient in several foods, and use the NF in food supplements aimed at the general population older than 10 years of age. The information provided on the manufacturing process, composition and specifications of the NF is sufficient and does not raise safety concerns. Along with literature data, the applicant carried out a tolerability study in adult volunteers with the NF at doses up to 120 g/day. The Panel concludes that this study provides reassurance that the NF is tolerable at doses of 120 g/day. Conservative intake estimates resulting from the use of the NF as an ingredient according to the currently authorised uses and new proposed uses result in a highest intake estimate in adolescents of 112 g/day at the 95th percentile, and reach 142 g/day in adolescents when the use as a food supplement is included. The Panel notes this amount is higher than the dose of 120 g/day for which tolerability has been demonstrated. However, considering the source, compositional characterisation, production process and nature of the NF, as well as the available nutritional and toxicological data on the NF, the Panel considers that the NF does not present safety concerns under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on HelixComplex Snail Mucus (HSM) as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF consists of snail mucus collected from Helix aspersa maxima and is proposed to be used by adults as a food supplement. The data provided by the applicant about the composition and stability of the NF together with the report of the subchronic toxicity study were overall considered unsatisfactory. The Panel noted inconsistencies in the reporting of the certificates of analysis and of the data on the subchronic toxicity provided by the applicant. Owing to these deficiencies, the Panel cannot establish a safe intake level of the NF. The Panel concludes that the safety of the NF has not been established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on isomaltulose syrup (dried) as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF consists of a mixture of mono‐ and disaccharides in powder form, mainly composed of isomaltulose (≥ 75%) and trehalulose (< 13%). The applicant intends to use the NF as a replacement for sucrose already on the market. The information provided on the manufacturing process, composition and specifications of the NF is sufficient and does not raise safety concerns. No absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) or toxicological data were provided for the NF. Instead, the safety of the NF was assessed based on literature data available on isomaltulose and mixtures of isomaltulose and trehalulose. In addition, considering the nature, compositional characterisation and production process of the NF, the Panel considered that such data were sufficient to conclude that the NF is as safe as sucrose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of Schizochytrium sp. (strain CABIO‐A‐2) oil as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. S. sp. is a single‐cell microalga. The NF is a mixture of triglycerides in which docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) represents 38%–44% of fatty acids. The applicant proposed to use the NF in infant formulae (IF) and follow‐on formulae (FOF). The use levels proposed by the applicant were derived from Regulation (EU) 2016/127, which states the mandatory addition of DHA to IF and FOF at the level of 20–50 mg/100 kcal. The evidence provided demonstrated that the strain S. sp. CABIO‐A‐2 is phylogenetically closely related to the strain S. sp. ATCC 20888. The assessment of some already authorised S. sp. oils in the Union list were also based on similarities with the strain ATCC 20888. The applicant provided a 90‐day repeated dose toxicity study in rats with the NF. No adverse effects were observed up to the highest dose tested, i.e. 10.2 g/kg body weight (bw) per day. Taking into account the toxicity studies performed with the NF and with DHA‐oils derived from strains belonging to the genus Schizochytrium, its phylogenetical profile, the production process, the composition of the NF and the absence of marine biotoxins and viable cells in the NF, the Panel considers that there are no concerns with regard to the toxicity of the NF. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on lacto‐N‐fucopentaose I (LNFP‐I)/2′‐fucosyllactose (2'‐FL) mixture as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is mainly composed of the human‐identical milk oligosaccharides (HiMO) LNFP‐I and 2'‐FL, but it also contains d‐lactose, lacto‐N‐tetraose, difucosyllactose, 3‐fucosyllactose, LNFP‐I fructose isomer, 2′‐fucosyl‐d‐lactulose, l‐fucose and 2′‐fucosyl‐d‐lactitol, and a small fraction of other related saccharides. The NF is produced by fermentation by a genetically modified strain (Escherichia coli K‐12 DH1 MDO MP2173b) of E. coli K‐12 DH1 (DSM 4235). The information provided on the identity, manufacturing process, composition and specifications of the NF does not raise safety concerns. The applicant intends to add the NF in a variety of foods, including infant formula (IF) and follow‐on formula, foods for infants and toddlers, foods for special medical purposes and food supplements (FS). The target population is the general population. The anticipated daily intake of LNFP‐I from use in IF is similar to the estimated natural mean highest daily intake in breastfed infants. Overall, the anticipated daily intake of LNFP‐I from the NF as a food ingredient at the maximum proposed use levels is unlikely to exceed the intake level of breastfed infants on a body weight basis. The intake in breastfed infants on a body weight basis is expected to be safe also for other population groups. The anticipated 2'‐FL intake is generally rather low. The use of the NF in FS is not intended if other foods with added NF components or human milk (for infants and young children) are consumed on the same day. The Panel concludes that the NF, a mixture of LNFP‐I and 2'‐FL, is safe under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of Schizochytrium sp. (TKD‐1) oil as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. Schizochytrium sp. is a single‐cell microalga. The strain TKD‐1, used by the applicant (ATK Biotech Co. Ltd.), belongs to the species Schizochytrium limacinum. The NF is a mixture of triglycerides in which docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) represents 53%–61% of fatty acids. The applicant proposed to use the NF in infant formulae (IF) and follow‐on formulae (FOF). The use levels proposed by the applicant were derived from Regulation (EU) 2016/127, which states the mandatory addition of DHA to IF and FOF at the level of 20–50 mg/100 kcal. S. limacinum was attributed the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) status with the qualification 'for production purposes only'. Data provided by the applicant demonstrated the absence of viable cells in the NF. No toxicological studies were performed with the NF. However, based on the available toxicological data on oils derived from Schizochytrium sp., the QPS status of the source of the NF, the production process, the composition of the NF and the absence of marine biotoxins and viable cells in the NF, the Panel considers there are no concerns with regard to toxicity of the NF. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission (EC), the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for manganese. Systematic reviews of the literature of human and animal data were conducted to assess evidence regarding excess manganese intake (including authorised manganese salts) and the priority adverse health effect, i.e. manganese‐induced neurotoxicity. Available human and animal studies support neurotoxicity as a critical effect, however, data are not sufficient and suitable to characterise a dose–response relationship and identify a reference point for manganese‐induced neurotoxicity. In the absence of adequate data to establish an UL, estimated background dietary intakes (i.e. manganese intakes from natural dietary sources only) observed among high consumers (95th percentile) were used to provide an indication of the highest level of intake where there is reasonable confidence on the absence of adverse effects. A safe level of intake of 8 mg/day was established for adults ≥ 18 years (including pregnant and lactating women) and ranged between 2 and 7 mg/day for other population groups. The application of the safe level of intake is more limited than an UL because the intake level at which the risk of adverse effects starts to increase is not defined. This publication is linked to the following EFSA Journal article: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.p211201 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on monosodium salt of l‐5‐methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5‐MTHF) as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 and to address the bioavailability of folate from this source in the context of Directive 2002/46/EC, Regulation (EU) No 609/2013 and Regulation (EC) No 1925/2006. The NF is produced by chemical synthesis and consists of at least 95% (w/w) of 5‐MTHF and 4%–5% (w/w) of sodium. It is proposed to be used as a partial or complete substitute to folic acid and other sources of added folate in a number of food categories. The production process, composition, specifications and stability of the NF do not raise safety concerns. When used as an ingredient in different food matrices, proper processing/storage conditions need to be considered to preserve the stability of the NF. Regarding bioavailability, the Panel considers that the NF readily dissociates into Na and l‐methylfolate ions, which subsequently are absorbed and enter the circulation. Thus, the bioavailability of 5‐MTHF from the NF is comparable to that of other currently authorised salts of 5‐MTHF. The Panel considers that the consumption of the NF is not nutritionally disadvantageous as long as the combined intake of the NF and the other supplemental forms of folate under their authorised conditions of use is below the ULs established for the different age groups of the general population. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use. The Panel also concludes that the NF is a source from which folate is bioavailable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of an extension of use of Yarrowia (Y.) lipolytica yeast biomass as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The extension of use pertains to the use of the NF as a food ingredient in a number of food categories, in foods for special medical purposes and in foods for total diet replacement for weight control. In 2018, Y. lipolytica was attributed the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) status for production purposes, including food and feed products based on biomass. The Panel considers that the data provided sufficient information with respect to the stability of the NF, also when used as a food ingredient. The concentrations of the analysed processing contaminants do not raise safety concerns. The Panel also considers that consumption of the NF is not nutritionally disadvantageous under the proposed conditions of use. The Panel concludes that the NF, Y. lipolytica yeast biomass, is safe under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of a change of specifications of the novel food (NF) oleoresin from Haematococcus pluvialis containing astaxanthin (ATX) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is already authorised as ingredient for the use in food supplements as defined in Directive 2002/46EC in accordance to Regulation (EU) 2017/2470. The NF concerns an oleoresin which contains ~ 10% ATX, obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction of the homogenised and dried biomass of cultivated H. pluvialis. This NF has been assessed by the Panel in 2014. With the present dossier, the applicant proposed to lower the minimum specification limits for protein and ATX monoesters for the NF, and to increase the maximum specification limit for the relative amount of ATX diesters in total ATX. An increase of the maximum specification limit for the 9‐cis isomer is also applied for. Although the data are limited regarding bioavailability and distribution in humans of these three naturally occurring ATX isomers, the available in vitro and in vivo data suggest that the 13‐cis rather than the 9‐cis ATX is selectively absorbed, i.e. has a higher bioavailability and/or possibly emerges from isomerisation of all‐trans ATX. The Panel notes that the toxicity of the individual ATX isomers has not been studied individually. However, the ADI of 0.2 mg/kg, which was established for synthetic ATX and ATX from H. pluvialis, applies also for ATX in the oleoresin from H. pluvialis with the proposed changes of specifications. The Panel concludes that the NF, oleoresin from H. pluvialis containing ATX, is safe with the proposed specification limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission (EC), the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the revision of the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for folic acid/folate. Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted to assess evidence on priority adverse health effects of excess intake of folate (including folic acid and the other authorised forms, (6S)‐5‐methyltetrahydrofolic acid glucosamine and l‐5‐methyltetrahydrofolic acid calcium salts), namely risk of cobalamin‐dependent neuropathy, cognitive decline among people with low cobalamin status, and colorectal cancer and prostate cancer. The evidence is insufficient to conclude on a positive and causal relationship between the dietary intake of folate and impaired cognitive function, risk of colorectal and prostate cancer. The risk of progression of neurological symptoms in cobalamin‐deficient patients is considered as the critical effect to establish an UL for folic acid. No new evidence has been published that could improve the characterisation of the dose–response between folic acid intake and resolution of megaloblastic anaemia in cobalamin‐deficient individuals. The ULs for folic acid previously established by the Scientific Committee on Food are retained for all population groups, i.e. 1000 μg/day for adults, including pregnant and lactating women, 200 μg/day for children aged 1–3 years, 300 μg/day for 4–6 years, 400 μg/day for 7–10 years, 600 μg/day for 11–14 years and 800 μg/day for 15–17 years. A UL of 200 μg/day is established for infants aged 4–11 months. The ULs apply to the combined intake of folic acid, (6S)‐5‐methyltetrahydrofolic acid glucosamine and l‐5‐methyltetrahydrofolic acid calcium salts, under their authorised conditions of use. It is unlikely that the ULs for supplemental folate are exceeded in European populations, except for regular users of food supplements containing high doses of folic acid/5‐methyl‐tetrahydrofolic acid salts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of the extension of use of 2′‐fucosyllactose (2′‐FL) as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is already authorised as ingredient in several food categories, including infant formula (IF) and follow‐on formula (FOF). The applicant proposed to increase the maximum use levels of the NF in IF and FOF. EFSA estimated the anticipated daily intake of the NF from the proposed extension of use, including the already authorised conditions of use in other food categories. Additionally, a new intake estimate limited to the already authorised conditions of use of the NF was carried out following EFSA's current approach. The estimated daily intake of the NF from high consumption of IF alone at the proposed maximum use level in infants < 16 weeks of age is similar to the estimated natural highest mean daily intake of 2′‐FL from human milk in breastfed infants. The estimated highest P95 daily intakes of the NF from the proposed extension of use in IF and FOF (including the authorised uses in other food categories) and from the already authorised conditions of use, are comparable and both higher than the estimated natural highest mean daily intake of 2′‐FL from human milk in infants and to a lesser extent in young children. The Panel considers that the proposed extension of use of the NF in IF and FOF only marginally affects the highest P95 daily intake estimate from the authorised conditions of use, and therefore does not affect the safety of the NF. The Panel concludes that the NF, 2′‐FL, is safe under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on 2′‐fucosyllactose (2'‐FL) as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is mainly composed of the human‐identical milk oligosaccharide (HiMO) 2'‐FL, but it also contains d‐lactose, l‐fucose, fucosylgalactose, difucosyllactose, d‐glucose and d‐galactose, and a small fraction of other related saccharides. The NF is produced by fermentation by a genetically modified strain (Escherichia coli SGR5) of E. coli W (ATCC 9637). The information provided on the identity, manufacturing process, composition and specifications of the NF does not raise safety concerns. The applicant applies for the same use and use levels as already authorised for 2'‐FL and included in the Union list of NFs, with the general population as target population. The Panel noted that the available intake estimate is not recent (2015) and based on a different database (2008–2010 UK data) than that used by EFSA. For this reason, the Panel decided to perform a new intake estimate according to the current EFSA approach. The Panel notes that the highest P95 daily intake of the NF from the use as food ingredient is higher than the estimated natural highest mean daily intake in breastfed infants and marginally higher in young children. The applicant also proposes to extend the use of 2'‐FL in food supplements (FS) for infants at the use level of 1.2 g/day. The resulting estimated intake in infants from the proposed use in FS is within the natural intake of 2'‐FL in breastfed infants. FS are not intended to be used if other foods with added 2'‐FL or human milk are consumed on the same day. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following an application from Greenleaf Medical AB, submitted for authorisation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 via the Competent Authority of Sweden, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the scientific substantiation of a health claim related to Appethyl® and reduction of body weight. Appethyl® is an aqueous extract from spinach leaves standardised by the manufacturing process and its lipase/colipase inhibition capacity in vitro. The Panel considers that the food is sufficiently characterised. A reduction in body weight is a beneficial physiological effect for overweight/obese individuals. The applicant identified a total of three human intervention studies that investigated the effects of Appethyl® on body weight as being pertinent to the claim. In weighing the evidence, the Panel took into account that Appethyl® (5 g/day for 12 weeks) had no effect on body weight as compared to placebo under minimal dietary counselling and moderate physical activity, and that no beneficial physiological effects are to be expected for the target population of overweight/obese individuals from the weight loss that could be attributed to the intervention with Appethyl® under predefined energy restriction and moderate physical activity. The Panel also considered that the effect of Appethyl® (5 g/day for 24 weeks) on body weight maintenance after initial weight loss shown in one study has not been replicated in different settings, which questions the external validity of the results, and that no evidence was provided for a plausible mechanism by which daily consumption of Appethyl® could exert a sustained effect on body weight in humans. The Panel concludes that a cause‐and‐effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of Appethyl® and a reduction of body weight under the conditions of use proposed by the applicant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on 3′‐sialyllactose (3′‐SL) sodium salt as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is mainly composed of the human‐identical milk oligosaccharide (HiMO) 3′‐SL (sodium salt), but it also contains sialic acid, d‐glucose, d‐lactose, 3′‐sialyllactulose and 6′‐sialyllactose sodium salts and a small fraction of other related saccharides. The NF is produced by fermentation by a genetically modified strain (Escherichia coli NEO3) of E. coli W (ATCC 9637). The information provided on the identity, manufacturing process, composition and specifications of the NF does not raise safety concerns. The applicant intends to add the NF to a variety of foods, including infant formula and follow‐on formula, food for special medical purposes and food supplements (FS). The target population is the general population. The applicant applies for the same uses and use levels as already assessed for 3′‐SL sodium salt produced by a genetically modified strain of E. coli K‐12 DH1, with the exception for the use in FS, which is proposed to be higher (from 0.5 to 1.0 g/day) in individuals from 3 years of age. Since the NF as a food ingredient would be consumed at the same extent as the already assessed 3′‐SL sodium salt, no new estimates of the intakes have been carried out. The Panel notes that the maximum daily intake of 3′‐SL from the proposed use of the NF in FS for individuals from 3 years of age (1.0 g/day) is lower than the estimated highest mean daily intake of 3′‐SL in breastfed infants. FS are not intended to be used if other sources of 3′‐SL are consumed on the same day. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to review a scientific assessment related to a notification from DuPont Nutrition Biosciences Aps on behenic acid from mustard seeds to be used in the manufacturing of certain emulsifiers pursuant to Article 21(2) of Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 – for permanent exemption from labelling. The EC requested EFSA to consider comments raised by the German authorities in relation to: (a) the maximum amount of mustard protein that could be consumed from the emulsifiers manufactured from behenic acid (E470a, E471 and E477) on a single occasion and (b) the minimal observed eliciting dose (MOED) triggering allergic reactions in mustard‐allergic individuals. The maximum amount of mustard protein content in behenic acid was re‐assessed in view of new analytical data provided by the applicant. Intake estimates by the EFSA ANS Panel for E471 (adults) were used as a proxy for the combined intake (E470a, E471 and E477). Food challenge data and systematic reviews thereof deriving population minimal observed eliciting dose distributions for mustard protein were used to calculate the MOED and estimate the risk. The margin of exposure between the MOED (0.26 mg mustard protein) and the maximum amount of mustard protein that could be consumed from the emulsifiers on a single occasion (0.00895475 mg) is 29. It is predicted that between 0.1% and 1% of the mustard allergic population would react with mild objective symptoms to that dose. Overall, the assessment is conservative, particularly in relation to the exposure. Based on the information and data available, the NDA Panel concludes that it is extremely unlikely (≤ 1% probability) that oral consumption of emulsifiers to be manufactured using behenic acid from mustard seeds (i.e. E470a, E471 and E477) will trigger an allergic reaction in mustard‐allergic individuals under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on partially hydrolysed protein from spent barley (Hordeum vulgare) and rice (Oryza sativa) as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is produced by enzymatically treating the pasteurised spent barley and rice residues of the mash step of beer production. Several mechanical treatment steps of the partial hydrolysate are employed to obtain the final product. The NF consists mainly of partially‐hydrolysed proteins from spent barley and rice and it is in powdered form. The Panel notes that there are no safety concerns regarding the stability of the NF if the NF complies with the proposed specification limits during its entire shelf life of 15 months. The NF is proposed to be used as an ingredient in various foods such as dairy products, bakery products, pasta, fruit and vegetable spreads, snacks, and single meal replacements for weight reduction. The target population is the general population. Considering protein quality aspects, the Panel concludes that the NF is not a suitable protein source for the nutrition of infants. The Panel notes that, considering the composition of the NF, the proposed conditions of use and that the NF will not be the sole source of dietary protein, the consumption of the NF is not nutritionally disadvantageous. Taking into account the production process, the extensive compositional characterisation of the NF and the history of use of the source the Panel considers that no toxicological studies are required on the NF. Moreover, the Panel considers that the NF has the potential capacity to sensitise individuals and to induce allergic reactions in individuals allergic to barley and rice. With the exception of possible allergenicity, the Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed uses and use levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following two requests from the European Commission (EC), the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the revision of the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for vitamin D and to propose a conversion factor (CF) for calcidiol monohydrate into vitamin D3 for labelling purposes. Vitamin D refers to ergocalciferol (vitamin D2), cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), and calcidiol monohydrate. Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted to assess the relative bioavailability of calcidiol monohydrate versus vitamin D3 on serum 25(OH)D concentrations, and for priority adverse health effects of excess vitamin D intake, namely persistent hypercalcaemia/hypercalciuria and endpoints related to musculoskeletal health (i.e. falls, bone fractures, bone mass/density and indices thereof). Based on the available evidence, the Panel proposes a CF for calcidiol monohydrates of 2.5 for labelling purposes. Persistent hypercalciuria, which may be an earlier sign of excess vitamin D than persistent hypercalcaemia, is selected as the critical endpoint on which to base the UL for vitamin D. A lowest‐observed‐adverse‐effect‐level (LOAEL) of 250 μg/day is identified from two randomised controlled trials in humans, to which an uncertainty factor of 2.5 is applied to account for the absence of a no‐observed‐adverse‐effect‐level (NOAEL). A UL of 100 μg vitamin D equivalents (VDE)/day is established for adults (including pregnant and lactating women) and for adolescents aged 11–17 years, as there is no reason to believe that adolescents in the phase of rapid bone formation and growth have a lower tolerance for vitamin D compared to adults. For children aged 1–10 years, a UL of 50 μg VDE/day is established by considering their smaller body size. Based on available intake data, European populations are unlikely to exceed the UL, except for regular users of food supplements containing high doses of vitamin D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following an application from Procter & Gamble BV pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 via the Competent Authority of Belgium, the Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the scientific substantiation of a health claim related to choline and contribution to normal liver function of the foetus and exclusively breastfed infant. The scope of the application was proposed to fall under a health claim referring to children's development and health. The Panel considers that choline is sufficiently characterised. The claimed effect proposed by the applicant is contribution 'to normal foetal and infant development, especially liver'. The proposed target population is 'unborn fetuses and breastfed infants'. Choline is involved in the structure of cell membranes, cell signalling, metabolism and transport of lipids and cholesterol and neurotransmitter synthesis. Although choline can be synthesised de novo by the human body, depletion‐repletion studies in humans show that low choline intake leads to liver dysfunction and muscle damage, which are reverted by the administration of dietary choline. For these functions, de novo synthesis of choline by the human body is insufficient and choline must be obtained from dietary sources. No human studies have addressed the effect of low maternal dietary choline intake on liver function in the fetus or exclusively breastfed infants. However, the Panel considers that the biological role of choline in normal liver function and dietary choline being essential for the function applies to all ages, including fetus and infants. The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has been established between the intake of choline by pregnant and lactating women and contribution to normal liver function of the fetus and exclusively breastfed infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on an ethanolic extract of the dried biomass of the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is an ethanolic extract of the dried biomass of the microalga P. tricornutum diluted in a medium‐chain triglyceride oil carrier, with standardised fucoxanthin and tocopherol content. The main component of the NF is fat (78% on average), followed by crude protein (10% on average). The Panel is of the view that a consistent and safe production process has not been demonstrated. Additionally, the Panel considers that the information provided on the composition of the NF is not complete and may raise safety concerns. The applicant proposed to use the NF as a food supplement at the use level of 437 mg/day, with the target population being adults, excluding pregnant and breastfeeding women. There is no history of use of the NF or of its source, i.e. P. tricornutum. The Panel notes that the source of the NF, P. tricornutum, was not granted the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) status by the EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), due to the lack of a safe history of use in the food chain and on its potential for production of bioactive compounds with toxic effects. There were no concerns regarding genotoxicity of the NF. In the 90‐day study provided, a number of adverse effects were observed, some of them seen already at the lowest dose tested (750 mg/kg body weight (bw) day), which was identified by the Panel as the lowest‐observed‐adverse‐effect‐level (LOAEL). The potential phototoxicity of pheophorbide A and pyropheophorbide A in the NF was not addressed in this study. Although noting the uncertainties identified by the Panel regarding the analytical determination of these substances in the NF and the limitations in the publicly available toxicity data, a low margin of exposure (MoE) was calculated for these substances at the proposed use levels. The Panel concludes that the safety of the NF under the proposed uses and use levels has not been established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of an apple fruit cell culture biomass as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 and intended as an ingredient for food supplements in adults. The cells have been sourced from the callus grown on a piece of apple placed on a solid medium under sterile conditions. The de‐differentiated apple cells are then cultivated in liquid medium. The medium contains sucrose, vitamins, minerals, trace elements and the two synthetic plant hormone analogues, benzylaminopurine (< 0.1 mg/kg) and 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (< 0.25 mg/kg). These plant hormones are regulated under the EU pesticide legislation and their residue levels in the NF are in compliance with the EU maximum residue levels. The main components of the NF are carbohydrates (including sugars and non‐digestible carbohydrates), ash, proteins and smaller amounts of fatty acids and organic acids. Except for the amount of total fat and the organic acids (succinic and l‐malic acid), the quantities of the compositional parameters of the NF and apple have little in common. The Panel considers that a provided subchronic toxicity study was not needed to establish the safety of this NF, when taking into account the source of the NF, i.e. apples, the production process, the low intended use level and the composition of the NF, despite the noted differences to apple. The Panel considers that the NF contains proteins, which were not detected in apple and which may be allergenic. The Panel concludes that the NF, an apple fruit cell culture biomass, is safe under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Commission asked EFSA to deliver an opinion on the nutritional safety and suitability of a specific protein hydrolysate. It is derived from a whey protein concentrate and used in an infant and follow‐on formula manufactured by FrieslandCampina Nederland B.V., which submitted a dossier to the European Commission to request an amendment of Regulation (EU) 2016/127 with respect to the protein sources that may be used in the manufacture of infant and/or follow‐on formula. The protein hydrolysate under evaluation is sufficiently characterised with respect to the fraction of the hydrolysed protein. In the pertinent intervention study provided, an infant formula manufactured from the protein hydrolysate with a protein content of 2.4 g/100 kcal and consumed as the sole source of nutrition by infants for 3 months led to a growth equivalent to a formula manufactured from intact cow's milk protein with a protein content of 2.1 g/100 kcal. Data on gastrointestinal tolerance of the formula did not raise any concerns. No experimental data have been provided on the nutritional safety and suitability of this protein source in follow‐on formula. Given that it is consumed with complementary foods and the protein source is nutritionally safe and suitable in an infant formula that is the sole source of nutrition of infants, the Panel considers that the protein hydrolysate is also a nutritionally safe and suitable protein source for use in follow‐on formula. The Panel concludes that the protein hydrolysate under evaluation is a nutritionally safe and suitable protein source for use in infant and follow‐on formula, as long as the formula in which it is used contains a minimum of 2.4 g/100 kcal protein and complies with the compositional criteria of Regulation (EU) 2016/127 and the amino acid pattern in its Annex IIIA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on 3‐fucosyllactose (3‐FL) as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is mainly composed of the human‐identical milk oligosaccharide (HiMO) 3‐FL, but it also contains d‐lactose, l‐fucose, 3‐fucosyllactulose and a small fraction of other related saccharides. The NF is produced by fermentation by a genetically modified strain (Escherichia coli K‐12 DH1 MDO MAP1834) of E. coli K‐12 DH1 (DSM 4235). The information provided on the manufacturing process, composition and specifications of the NF does not raise safety concerns. The applicant intends to add the NF to a variety of foods, including infant formula and follow‐on formula, food for special medical purposes and food supplements (FS). The target population is the general population. The anticipated daily intake of 3‐FL from both proposed and combined (authorised and proposed) uses at their respective maximum use levels in all population categories does not exceed the highest intake level of 3‐FL from human milk in infants on a body weight basis. The intake of 3‐FL in breastfed infants on a body weight basis is expected to be safe also for other population groups. The intake of other carbohydrate‐type compounds structurally related to 3‐FL is also considered of no safety concern. FS are not intended to be used if other foods with added 3‐FL or human milk are consumed on the same day. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on 6′‐sialyllactose (6′‐SL) sodium salt as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is mainly composed of the human‐identical milk oligosaccharide (HiMO) 6′‐SL (sodium salt), but it also contains sialic acid, d‐glucose, d‐lactose, 6′‐sialyllactulose sodium salt, 3′‐sialyllactose (3′‐SL) sodium salt and a small fraction of other related saccharides. The NF is produced by fermentation by a genetically modified strain (Escherichia coli NEO6) of E. coli W (ATCC 9637). The information provided on the identity, manufacturing process, composition and specifications of the NF does not raise safety concerns. The applicant intends to add the NF to a variety of foods, including infant formula and follow‐on formula, food for special medical purposes and food supplements (FS). The target population is the general population. The applicant applies for the same uses and use levels already assessed for 6′‐SL sodium salt produced by fermentation by a genetically modified strain of E. coli K‐12 DH1. Therefore, since the NF would be consumed at the same extent as the already assessed 6′‐SL sodium salt, no new estimates of the intake have been carried out. Similarly, FS are not intended to be used if other foods with added 6′‐SL or human milk are consumed on the same day. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on UV‐treated powder of whole yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The term yellow mealworm refers to the larval form of the insect species T. molitor. The NF is the UV‐treated powder of the whole, thermally dried yellow mealworm. The NF consists mainly of crude protein, fat, digestible carbohydrates and fibre (chitin). The Panel notes that the levels of contaminants in the NF highly depend on the occurrence levels of these substances in the insect feed. The Panel notes furthermore that there are no safety concerns regarding the stability of the NF if the NF complies with the proposed specification limits during its entire shelf life. The NF has a high protein content, although the true protein content in the NF is overestimated when using the nitrogen‐to‐protein conversion factor of 6.25, due to the presence of non‐protein nitrogen. The applicant proposed to use the NF as an ingredient in various food products, such as bakery products, pasta, compotes of fruit/vegetables and cheese. The target population is the general population. The Panel notes that considering the composition of the NF, the proposed conditions of use and that the NF will not be the sole source of dietary protein, the consumption of the NF is not nutritionally disadvantageous. Despite the UV treatment, the Panel notes that the NF is not a significant dietary contributor of vitamin D3. The submitted toxicity studies from the literature did not raise safety concerns. The Panel considers that the consumption of the NF may induce primary sensitisation and allergic reactions to yellow mealworm proteins and may cause allergic reactions in subjects with allergies to crustaceans and dust mites. Additionally, allergens from the feed may end up in the NF. With the exception of possible allergenicity, the Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed uses and use levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on yellow/orange tomato extract used as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2283/2015. The NF which is the subject of the application is a carotenoid‐rich extract from the yellow/orange tomato containing predominantly phytoene and phytofluene, as well as a lesser amount of beta‐carotene, zeta‐carotene and lycopene. The NF is produced from the tomato pulp using supercritical CO2 extraction. The applicant proposes the use of the NF in cereal bars, functional drinks and as a food supplement in individuals above 15 years of age. For the use of the NF in cereal bars and functional drinks, the Panel considers, the target population is the general population. According to EFSA's latest exposure assessment for lycopene as a food additive (EFSA ANS Panel, 2017), the highest P95 intakes for children (< 10 and 10–17 years) and adults when combined to the use of lycopene as a food colour from natural occurrence would exceed the established acceptable daily intake (ADI) for lycopene (0.5 mg/kg body weight (bw) day). The estimated intakes of the NF would lead to an exceedance of the ADI when considering natural occurrence and exposure to lycopene when used as a food additive. Due to the absence of safety data regarding phytoene and phytofluene intake from the NF, and the contribution of the NF to the estimated high daily intakes of lycopene, the Panel considers that it cannot be established whether or not the consumption of the NF is nutritionally disadvantageous. The Panel concludes that the safety of the NF has not been established under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for vitamin B6. Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted by a contractor. The relationship between excess vitamin B6 intakes and the development of peripheral neuropathy is well established and is the critical effect on which the UL is based. A lowest‐observed‐effect‐level (LOAEL) could not be established based on human data. A reference point (RP) of 50 mg/day is identified by the Panel from a case–control study, supported by data from case reports and vigilance data. An uncertainty factor (UF) of 4 is applied to the RP to account for the inverse relationship between dose and time to onset of symptoms and the limited data available. The latter covers uncertainties as to the level of intake that would represent a LOAEL. This leads to a UL of 12.5 mg/day. From a subchronic study in Beagle dogs, a LOAEL of 50 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day can be identified. Using an UF of 300, and a default bw of 70 kg, a UL of 11.7 mg/day can be calculated. From the midpoint of the range of these two ULs and rounding down, a UL of 12 mg/day is established by the Panel for vitamin B6 for adults (including pregnant and lactating women). ULs for infants and children are derived from the UL for adults using allometric scaling: 2.2–2.5 mg/day (4–11 months), 3.2–4.5 mg/day (1–6 years), 6.1–10.7 mg/day (7–17 years). Based on available intake data, EU populations are unlikely to exceed ULs, except for regular users of food supplements containing high doses of vitamin B6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on paramylon as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. Paramylon is a linear, unbranched beta‐1,3‐ᴅ‐glucan polymer that is isolated from the single‐cell microalga Euglena gracilis. The NF consists of at least 95% beta‐glucan and minor amounts of protein, fat, ash and moisture. The applicant proposed to use the NF in food supplements, as a food ingredient added to a number of food categories and in foods for total diet replacement for weight control. In 2019, E. gracilis was attributed the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) status with the qualification 'for production purposes only', which includes food products based on microbial biomass of the microalga. Based on the information provided, E. gracilis is not expected to survive the manufacturing process. The submitted toxicity studies did not raise safety concerns. No adverse effects were observed in the subchronic toxicity studies, up to the highest dose tested, i.e. 5,000 mg NF/kg body weight per day. In view of the QPS status of the source of the NF, supported by the manufacturing process, compositional data and lack of toxicity observed in the toxicity studies, the Panel has no safety concerns and concludes that the NF, i.e. paramylon, is safe under the proposed uses and use levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of the extension of use of partially defatted chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) powder with a high fibre content as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is already authorised and included in the Union list of NFs and is produced according to the same production process. This application is limited to an assessment of the extension of use of the NF as a food ingredient in several food categories with a high moisture content that are subject to thermal processing. The target population for the extension of use is the general population. The information provided on the formation of process contaminants (acrylamide, furan and methylfurans) in a selected food category with added NF (bread) subjected to heat treatment is sufficient for this assessment and does not raise safety concerns. Noting that no safety concerns were identified from the information available on the production process, composition, specifications and proposed uses of the NF, the Panel considers that intake estimates for the NF are not needed for this assessment. The Panel concludes that the NF, partially defatted chia seeds powder with a high fibre content, is safe under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on water lentil protein concentrate from a mixture of Lemna gibba and Lemna minor as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. Water lentil protein concentrate is produced from two water lentil species (L. gibba and L. minor) by separation of the protein fraction of the plant material from fibres, followed by pasteurisation and spray drying. The NF consists mainly of protein, fibre, fat and ash. The applicant proposed to use the NF as a food ingredient in a variety of food categories and as a food supplement. The target population is the general population when used as a food ingredient and exclusively adults when used as a food supplement. The Panel considers that taking into account the composition of the NF and the proposed conditions of use, the consumption of the NF is not nutritionally disadvantageous. There are no concerns regarding genotoxicity of the NF. The Panel considers that the risk of the NF triggering allergic reactions is low. The Panel concludes that the NF, water lentil protein concentrate from a mixture of L. gibba and L. minor, is safe under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on whole seeds of oilseed rape as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF consists of seeds of oilseed rape, in particular double low white flowering varieties of Brassica napus (oilseed rape Brassica napus L. emend. Metzg). The NF's oilseed rape is produced following drying, cleaning and storage procedures traditionally used for oilseed rape in oil production. The NF is proposed to be used as an ingredient in 'Bread and rolls with special ingredients added' and 'Gluten free bread'. The target population is the general population. The highest daily intake of the NF was estimated for young children as 92.6 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day. The Panel notes that intakes of the NF can result in considerably increased levels of glucosinolates consumption as compared to intakes of glucosinolates from background diets. The Panel asked the applicant for additional studies to support the safety of the NF, but these were not provided. The Panel concludes that the safety of whole seeds of oilseed rape under the proposed conditions of use has not been established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for selenium. Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted to identify evidence regarding excess selenium intake and clinical effects and potential biomarkers of effect, risk of chronic diseases and impaired neuropsychological development in humans. Alopecia, as an early observable feature and a well‐established adverse effect of excess selenium exposure, is selected as the critical endpoint on which to base a UL for selenium. A lowest‐observed‐adverse‐effect‐level (LOAEL) of 330 μg/day is identified from a large randomised controlled trial in humans (the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)), to which an uncertainty factor of 1.3 is applied. A UL of 255 μg/day is established for adult men and women (including pregnant and lactating women). ULs for children are derived from the UL for adults using allometric scaling (body weight0.75). Based on available intake data, adult consumers are unlikely to exceed the UL, except for regular users of food supplements containing high daily doses of selenium or regular consumers of Brazil nuts. No risk has been reported with the current levels of selenium intake in European countries from food (excluding food supplements) in toddlers and children, and selenium intake arising from the natural content of foods does not raise reasons for concern. Selenium‐containing supplements in toddlers and children should be used with caution, based on individual needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on 2′‐fucosyllactose (2’‐FL) as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is mainly composed of the human‐identical milk oligosaccharide (HiMO) 2’‐FL, but it also contains d‐lactose, l‐fucose, 3‐fucosyllactose, difucosyllactose, d‐glucose and d‐galactose. The NF is produced by fermentation with a genetically modified strain (APC199) of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032. 2’‐FL, when chemically synthesised or produced by fermentation with derivative strains of Escherichia coli K‐12 DH1 or E. coli BL21 (DE3), is already authorised and included in the EU list of NFs. This application refers to a change in the production process and specifications, while target population, conditions of use and consequently, the anticipated intake remain unchanged. The information provided on the identity, production process, composition and specifications of the NF does not raise safety concerns. The intake of other carbohydrate‐type compounds structurally related to 2’‐FL is also considered of no safety concern. In line with other milk oligosaccharides that are natural components of human milk, the safety assessment of this NF is mainly based on the comparison between the intake of breastfed infants and the estimated intake as NF. Given that the NF would be consumed at the same extent as the already authorised 2’‐FL, the Panel considers that the consumption of the NF at the proposed uses and use levels does not raise safety concerns. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on 6′‐sialyllactose (6’‐SL) sodium salt as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is mainly composed of the human‐identical milk oligosaccharide (HiMO) 6’‐SL, but it also contains d‐lactose, 6′‐sialyllactulose, sialic acid, N‐acetyl‐d‐glucosamine and a small fraction of other related oligosaccharides. The NF is produced by fermentation with two genetically modified strains of Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), the production strain and the optional degradation strain. The information provided on the identity, manufacturing process, composition and specifications of the NF does not raise safety concerns. The applicant intends to add the NF to a variety of foods, including infant formula and follow‐on formula, food for special medical purposes and food supplements. The target population is the general population. In some scenarios at the maximum use levels, the estimated intakes per kg body weight were higher than the high average natural intake of 6’‐SL from human milk. However, given the intrinsic nature of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), the wide range of intakes from human milk, and considering that infants are naturally exposed to similar amounts of these substances, the Panel considers that the consumption of the NF at the proposed conditions of use does not raise safety concerns. The intake of 6’‐SL in breastfed infants on a body weight basis is also expected to be safe for other population groups. The intake of other carbohydrate‐type compounds structurally related to 6’‐SL is also considered of no safety concern. Food supplements are not intended to be used if other foods with added 6’‐SL or human milk are consumed on the same day. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on Lemna minor and Lemna gibba whole plant material as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. Lemna minor and Lemna gibba are aquatic plants commonly named water lentils. The NF is produced by cultivation of Lemna minor and Lemna gibba plants, washing with water and heat treatment. The main constituents of the NF are water, protein and fibre. The Panel notes that the concentration of trace elements and contaminants in the NF is highly dependent on the conditions of cultivation of the plant and the fertiliser composition. The NF is intended to be used as a vegetable, similar to other leafy vegetables. The target population is the general population. The Panel considers that, with the exception of concerns related to the manganese intake, taking into account the composition of the NF and the proposed conditions of use, the consumption of the NF is not nutritionally disadvantageous. The Panel considers that the risk that the consumption of the NF may trigger allergic reactions in humans is low. The Panel concludes that the NF, in consideration of its proposed uses and the concentration of manganese as compared to the normally present concentration of manganese in other leafy vegetables, may be of safety concern, therefore, the safety of the NF cannot currently be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on aqueous extract of Labisia pumila as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is a standardised hydroalcoholic extract from a dried whole plant (including roots) of L. pumila, mixed with maltodextrin (as a drying aid), and proposed by the applicant to be used as a food supplement in amounts up to 750 mg/day. The target population is the general adult population, except pregnant and lactating women. The major constituents of this NF are carbohydrates (up to 85.5%), with a smaller amount of proteins (up to 6.5%), gallic acid (up to 3.7%) and fats (up to 1.6%). The Panel considers that taking into account the composition of the NF and the proposed conditions of use, consumption of the NF is not nutritionally disadvantageous. The provided genotoxicity studies do not raise concerns about the genotoxicity of the NF. Based on the available toxicological data, the Panel considers an intake of up to 5 mg/kg body weight per day as safe. For the target population, this level corresponds to 350 mg/day, which is lower than the use level proposed by the applicant. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe for the target population up to 350 mg/day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on cellobiose as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF consists of two glucose monomers linked by a β‐(1–4) glucosidic bond. The applicant intends to add the NF to a variety of foods, and to food supplements aimed at the general population 3 years and older. The information provided on the manufacturing process, composition and specifications of the NF is sufficient and does not raise safety concerns. The applicant provided a subchronic toxicological study which did not raise safety concerns. The applicant provided a human dose‐escalation study from which the Panel concludes that the consumption of 20 g per day of cellobiose (equivalent to 290 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day in a 70‐kg adult) does not raise concern regarding gastrointestinal tolerability. The maximum anticipated daily intake of cellobiose from the proposed uses is below 290 mg/kg bw per day in the target population. Considering the nature, source, compositional characterisation, and production process of the NF, as well as the toxicological data provided, the Panel considers that the NF does not raise safety concerns under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on β‐hydroxybutyrate (BHB) salts as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF consists of sodium, magnesium and calcium BHB salts, and is proposed to be used by adults as a food ingredient in a number of food categories and as food supplement. The data provided by the applicant about the identity, the production process and the compositional data of the NF over the course of the risk assessment period were overall considered unsatisfactory. The Panel noted inconsistencies in the reporting of the test item used in the subchronic toxicity study and human studies provided by the applicant. Owing to these deficiencies, the Panel cannot establish a safe intake level of the NF. The Panel concludes that the safety of the NF has not been established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the conversion of calcium‐l‐methylfolate and (6S)‐5‐methyltetrahydrofolic acid glucosamine salt (collectively called 5‐MTHF hereafter) into dietary folate equivalents (DFE). Following a systematic review, the conclusions of the opinion are based on one intervention study in adults for intakes < 400 μg/day and three intervention studies in adults for intakes ≥ 400 μg/day. At intakes below 400 μg/day, folic acid (FA) is assumed to be linearly related to responses of biomarkers of intake and status and is an appropriate comparator for deriving a DFE conversion factor for 5‐MTHF. It is proposed to use the same factor as for folic acid for conversion of 5‐MTHF into DFE for intakes < 400 μg/day. As such intake levels are unlikely to be exceeded through fortified food consumption, the conversion factor of 1.7 relative to natural food folate (NF) could be applied to 5‐MTHF added to foods and to food supplements providing < 400 μg/day. At 400 μg/day, 5‐MTHF was found to be more bioavailable than folic acid and a conversion factor of 2 is proposed for this intake level and for higher intakes. The derived DFE equations are DFE = NF + 1.7 × FA + 1.7 × 5‐MTHF for fortified foods and food supplements providing intakes < 400 μg/day; and DFE = NF + 1.7 × FA + 2.0 × 5‐MTHF for food supplements providing intakes ≥ 400 μg/day. Although this assessment applies to calcium‐L‐methylfolate and 5‐MTHF glucosamine salt, it is considered that the influence of the cation on bioavailability is likely to be within the margin of error of the proposed DFE equations. Therefore, the proposed equations can also be applied to 5‐MTHF associated with other cations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron is an indispensable micronutrient that regulates many aspects of cell function, including growth and proliferation. These processes are critically dependent upon signalling via the mammalian or mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Herein, we test whether iron depletion induced by cell incubation with the iron chelator, deferoxamine (DFO), mediates its effects on cell growth through mTORC1-directed signalling and protein synthesis. We have used Caco-2 cells, a well-established in vitro model of human intestinal epithelia. Iron depletion increased expression of iron-regulated proteins (TfR, transferrin receptor and DMT1, divalent metal transporter, as predicted, but it also promoted a marked reduction in growth and proliferation of Caco-2 cells. This was strongly associated with suppressed mTORC1 signalling, as judged by reduced phosphorylation of mTOR substrates, S6K1 and 4E-BP1, and diminished protein synthesis. The reduction in mTORC1 signalling was tightly coupled with increased expression and accumulation of REDD1 (regulated in DNA damage and development 1) and reduced phosphorylation of Akt and TSC2. The increase in REDD1 abundance was rapidly reversed upon iron repletion of cells but was also attenuated by inhibitors of gene transcription, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and by REDD1 siRNA — strategies that also antagonised the loss in mTORC1 signalling associated with iron depletion. Our findings implicate REDD1 and PP2A as crucial regulators of mTORC1 activity in iron-depleted cells and indicate that their modulation may help mitigate atrophy of the intestinal mucosa that may occur in response to iron deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]