449 results on '"McCracken, D."'
Search Results
2. Simplistic understandings of farmer motivations could undermine the environmental potential of the common agricultural policy
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Brown, C., Kovács, E., Villamayor-Tomas, S., Albizua, A., Galanaki, A., Grammatikopoulou, I., McCracken, D., Olsson, J.A., Zinngrebe, Y., Brown, C., Kovács, E., Villamayor-Tomas, S., Albizua, A., Galanaki, A., Grammatikopoulou, I., McCracken, D., Olsson, J.A., and Zinngrebe, Y.
- Abstract
The European Union Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has failed to achieve its aim of preserving European farmland biodiversity, despite massive investment in subsidies to incentivise environmentally-beneficial farming practices. This failure calls into question the design of the subsidy schemes, which are intended to either function as a safety net and make farming profitable or compensate farmers for costs and loss of income while undertaking environmental management. In this study, we assess whether the design of environmental payments in the CAP reflects current knowledge about farmers’ decision-making as found in the research literature. We do so on the basis of a comprehensive literature review on farmers’ uptake of agri-environmental management practices over the past 10 years and interviews specifically focused on Ecological Focus Areas with policy-makers, advisors and farmers in seven European countries. We find that economic and structural factors are the most commonly-identified determinants of farmers’ adoption of environmental management practices in the literature and in interviews. However, the literature suggests that these are complemented by – and partially dependent on – a broad range of social, attitudinal and other contextual factors that are not recognised in interview responses or, potentially, in policy design. The relatively simplistic conceptualisation of farmer behaviour that underlies some aspects of policy design may hamper the effectiveness of environmental payments in the CAP by over-emphasising economic considerations, potentially corroding farmer attitudes to policy and environmental objectives. We conclude that an urgent redesign of agricultural subsidies is needed to better align them with the economic, social and environmental factors affecting farmer decision-making in a complex production climate, and therefore to maximise potential environmental benefits.
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- 2024
3. Detecting temporal changes in the extent of High Nature Value farmlands: The case-study of the Entre-Douro-e-Minho Region, Portugal
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Lomba, A., Buchadas, A., Corbelle-Rico, E., Jongman, R., and McCracken, D.
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- 2020
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4. INNV-05. OUTCOMES OF RECURRENT GLIOBLASTOMA PATIENTS WITH RADIATION NECROSIS FOLLOWING GAMMATILE BRACHYTHERAPY IMPLANTATION
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McCracken, D Jay, primary, McCracken, Courtney, additional, Kenning, Tyler, additional, Nowlan, Adam, additional, and Dunbar, Erin, additional
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- 2023
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5. Conflicts between agriculture and biodiversity conservation in Europe: Looking to the future by learning from the past
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Lécuyer, L., primary, Alard, D., additional, Calla, S., additional, Coolsaet, B., additional, Fickel, T., additional, Heinsoo, K., additional, Henle, K., additional, Herzon, I., additional, Hodgson, I., additional, Quétier, F., additional, McCracken, D., additional, McMahon, B.J., additional, Melts, I., additional, Sands, D., additional, Skrimizea, E., additional, Watt, A., additional, White, R., additional, and Young, Juliette, additional
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- 2021
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6. Spatial Variation in Demography and Population Growth Rate: The Importance of Natal Location
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Reid, J. M., Bignal, E. M., Bignal, S., McCracken, D. I., and Monaghan, P.
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- 2006
7. Identifying the Demographic Determinants of Population Growth Rate: A Case Study of Red-Billed Choughs Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
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Reid, J. M., Bignal, E. M., Bignal, S., McCracken, D. I., and Monaghan, P.
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- 2004
8. Age-Specific Reproductive Performance in Red-Billed Choughs Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax: Patterns and Processes in a Natural Population
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Reid, J. M., Bignal, E. M., Bignal, S., McCracken, D. I., and Monaghan, P.
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- 2003
9. Environmental Variability, Life-History Covariation and Cohort Effects in the Red-Billed Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
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Reid, J. M., Bignal, E. M., Bignal, S., McCracken, D. I., and Monaghan, P.
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- 2003
10. Lung Cancer in the Elderly—Important Considerations When Assessing Fitness for Treatment
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McCracken, D. J. and Moore, A. J.
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- 2018
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11. O-175 The role that a photosynthesisation disease plays in lamb production and losses in Scottish hill flocks
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McAuliffe, F., primary, McLaren, A., additional, Sargison, N., additional, Brülisauer, F., additional, Kent, A., additional, and McCracken, D., additional
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- 2023
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12. The Effect of External Ventricular Drain Use in Intracerebral Hemorrhage
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Lovasik, Brendan P., McCracken, D. Jay, McCracken, Courtney E., McDougal, Margaret E., Frerich, Jason M., Samuels, Owen B., and Pradilla, Gustavo
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- 2016
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13. Pituitary Tumors: Diagnosis and Management
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Mccracken, D. Jay, primary, Chu, Jason, additional, and Oyesiku, Nelson M., additional
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- 2018
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14. Contributors
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Abecassis, Isaac Josh, primary, Agarwal, Vijay, additional, Agarwalla, Pankaj K., additional, Ahuja, Christopher S., additional, Alalade, Andrew Folusho, additional, Alli, Saira, additional, Aquilina, Kristian, additional, Armonda, Rocco A., additional, Baird, Lissa, additional, Bales, James W., additional, Bambakidis, Nicholas C., additional, Barrow, Daniel L., additional, Bauer, David F., additional, Beecher, Jeffrey S., additional, Bell, Randy S, additional, Belli, Antonio, additional, Benzel, Edward C., additional, Bonow, Robert H., additional, Bracale, Umberto Marcello, additional, Browd, Samuel R., additional, Bulsara, Ketan, additional, Cadotte, David W., additional, Cappabianca, Paolo, additional, Cavallo, Luigi Maria, additional, Chan, Alvin Y., additional, Chen, Roc Peng, additional, Chiarelli, Peter A., additional, Choudhri, Omar, additional, Chowdhary, Michelle, additional, Chu, Jason, additional, Cirivello, Michael J., additional, de Araújo Coimbra, Pablo Picasso, additional, Collins, Kelly L., additional, Daartz, Juliane, additional, de Divitiis, Oreste, additional, Deinsberger, Wolfgang, additional, Dekker, Simone E., additional, Dewan, Michael C., additional, Di Maio, Salvatore, additional, Ding, Dale, additional, Ellenbogen, Richard G., additional, Ene, Chibawanye, additional, Fehlings, Michael, additional, de Carvalho, Flávio Leitão, additional, Fink, James R., additional, Fink, Kathleen R. Tozer, additional, Fridley, Jared, additional, Ghobrial, George M., additional, Gleeson, Michael, additional, Goel, Atul, additional, Gokaslan, Ziya L., additional, Goodrich, James Tait, additional, Grant, Gerald A., additional, Gross, Bradley A., additional, Gruss, Joseph, additional, Halasz, Lia, additional, Hanak, Brian W., additional, Hankinson, Todd C., additional, Harrop, James S., additional, Heilman, Carl B., additional, Heller, Robert S., additional, Hoffer, S. Alan, additional, Hofstetter, Christoph P., additional, Hyam, Jonathan A., additional, Impastato, Kate, additional, Isik, Semra, additional, James, Greg, additional, Jha, R. Tushar, additional, Jones, Kristen E., additional, Jowdy, Patrick K., additional, Kalb, Samuel, additional, Keating, Robert F., additional, Kelly, Cory M., additional, Kitchen, Neil D., additional, Ko, Andrew L., additional, Koch, Matthew J., additional, Kondziolka, Douglas, additional, Kuo, Chao-Hung, additional, Larson, A. Noelle, additional, Lawton, Michael T., additional, Lee, Amy, additional, Levitt, Michael R., additional, Levy, Elad I., additional, Loeffler, Jay S., additional, Lucas, Timothy H, additional, Magge, Suresh N., additional, Marchan, Edward M., additional, Marsh, Henry, additional, Mason, Alexander M., additional, Mastorakos, Panagiotis, additional, McCracken, D. Jay, additional, Midha, Rajiv, additional, Morton, Ryan P., additional, Mueller, Kyle, additional, Mullin, Jeffrey P., additional, Nadi, Mustafa, additional, Nakaji, Peter, additional, Nerva, John D., additional, Niazi, Toba N., additional, Ojemann, Jeffrey G., additional, Oyelese, Adetokunbo, additional, Oyesiku, Nelson M., additional, Patel, Anoop P., additional, Peterson, Eric C., additional, Polly, David W., additional, Quach, Helen, additional, Rajan, Shobana, additional, Ravanpay, Ali, additional, Robinson, Leslie C., additional, Rocha, Ricardo, additional, Royce, Trevor J., additional, Rutka, James T., additional, Sekhar, Laligam N., additional, Selman, Warren, additional, Shah, Ashish H., additional, Shallwani, Hussain, additional, Sharma, Deepak, additional, Sharma, Mohan Raj, additional, Silbergeld, Daniel L., additional, Silva, Dulanka, additional, da Silva, Harley Brito, additional, Silveira, Luke, additional, Smith, Edward, additional, Solari, Domenico, additional, Soliman, Hesham, additional, Somma, Teresa, additional, Starke, Robert M., additional, Straus, David C., additional, Teo, Charles, additional, Toma, Ahmed, additional, Tseng, Yolanda D., additional, Tubbs, R. Shane, additional, Vakharia, Kunal, additional, Villa, Alessandro, additional, Wait, Scott D., additional, Walcott, Brian P., additional, Wathen, Connor, additional, Wellons, John C., additional, Wilson, Mark, additional, Wolf, Amparo, additional, Xu, Linda, additional, Yang, Tong, additional, Young, Christopher C., additional, and Zrinzo, Ludvic, additional
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- 2018
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15. Progesterone-only contraception is associated with a shorter progression-free survival in premenopausal women with WHO Grade I meningioma
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Harland, Tessa A., Freeman, Jacob L., Davern, Monica, McCracken, D. Jay, Celano, Emma C., Lillehei, Kevin, Olson, Jeffrey J., and Ormond, D. Ryan
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- 2017
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16. Virtual review following indwelling pleural catheter (IPC) insertion
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McCracken, D, primary, Bradley, C, additional, Kerr, K, additional, and Magee, N, additional
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- 2022
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17. Numerical Simulation of the Four Roll Bending Process
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Leacock, A. G., McCracken, D., Brown, D., McMurray, R., Hinduja, Srichand, editor, and Li, Lin, editor
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- 2010
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18. Phase I trial of dose-escalating metronomic temozolomide plus bevacizumab and bortezomib for patients with recurrent glioblastoma
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McCracken, D. Jay, Celano, Emma C., Voloschin, Alfredo D., Read, William L., and Olson, Jeffrey J.
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- 2016
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19. 85. A retrospective cohort study into lamb losses on a hill sheep farm, with a particular focus on the role plochteach plays in lamb performance and blackloss
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McAuliffe, F., primary, Sargison, N., additional, McLaren, A., additional, Brulisauer, F., additional, Kent, A., additional, and McCracken, D., additional
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- 2022
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20. Investigating Patterns and Processes of Demographic Variation: Environmental Correlates of Pre-Breeding Survival in Red-Billed Choughs Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
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Reid, J. M., Bignal, E. M., Bignal, S., McCracken, D. I., Bogdanova, M. I., and Monaghan, P.
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- 2008
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21. COHEN, Alan, HAMMEL, Tanja and RINDLISBACHER, Jasmin (editors). Mary Elizabeth Barber. Growing wild. The correspondence of a pioneering woman naturalist from the Cape
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McCracken, D. P., primary
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- 2021
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22. TRLS-05. A multicenter observational study of Cs-131 seeds embedded in a collagen carrier tile for newly diagnosed and recurrent operable intracranial neoplasms –Trial in progress
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Dunbar, Erin, primary, McCracken, D Jay, additional, Nowlan, Adam, additional, Chen, Clark, additional, Dusenbery, Kathryn, additional, Ferreira, Clara, additional, Kotecha, Rupesh, additional, McDermott, Michael, additional, Jaikumar, Sivakumar, additional, Shen, Colette, additional, Monyak, David, additional, Trusheim, John, additional, Wanebo, John, additional, Day, Samuel, additional, Lee, Stuart, additional, Wardak, Zabi, additional, Patel, Toral, additional, Choi, Mehee, additional, Misell, Lisa, additional, and Brachman, David, additional
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- 2021
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23. A Biochemical and Ultrastructural Evaluation of the Taxonomic Position of Glaucosphaera vacuolata Korsh.
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McCracken, D. A., Nadakavukaren, M. J., and Cain, J. R.
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- 1980
24. Amylose in Floridean Starch
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McCracken, D. A. and Cain, J. R.
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- 1981
25. New Books
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Robinson, Richard, Thomas, F. W., Sprott, W. J. H., McCracken, D. J., Kneale, Martha, Lewy, C., Acton, H. B., Kneale, William, Spilsbury, R. J., Passmore, J. A., Nowell-Smith, P. H., Whiteley, C. H., Hampshire, S., Macdonald, Margaret, and Peters, Richard
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- 1949
26. Starch in Fungi. II. Induction of Amyloidity in Members of Diverse Genera
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McCracken, D. A., Nadakavukaren, M. J., and Dodd, J. D.
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- 1973
27. Ethical Positivism
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McCracken, D. J.
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- 1948
28. COVID-19 vaccine coverage in health-care workers in England and effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against infection (SIREN): a prospective, multicentre, cohort study
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Hall, Victoria Jane, primary, Foulkes, Sarah, additional, Saei, Ayoub, additional, Andrews, Nick, additional, Oguti, Blanche, additional, Charlett, Andre, additional, Wellington, Edgar, additional, Stowe, Julia, additional, Gillson, Natalie, additional, Atti, Ana, additional, Islam, Jasmin, additional, Karagiannis, Ioannis, additional, Munro, Katie, additional, Khawam, Jameel, additional, Chand, Meera A, additional, Brown, Colin S, additional, Ramsay, Mary, additional, Lopez-Bernal, Jamie, additional, Hopkins, Susan, additional, Andrews, N, additional, Atti, A, additional, Aziz, H, additional, Brooks, T, additional, Brown, CS, additional, Camero, D, additional, Carr, C, additional, Chand, MA, additional, Charlett, A, additional, Crawford, H, additional, Cole, M, additional, Conneely, J, additional, D'Arcangelo, S, additional, Ellis, J, additional, Evans, S, additional, Foulkes, S, additional, Gillson, N, additional, Gopal, R, additional, Hall, L, additional, Hall, VJ, additional, Harrington, P, additional, Hopkins, S, additional, Hewson, J, additional, Hoschler, K, additional, Ironmonger, D, additional, Islam, J, additional, Kall, M, additional, Karagiannis, I, additional, Kay, O, additional, Khawam, J, additional, King, E, additional, Kirwan, P, additional, Kyffin, R, additional, Lackenby, A, additional, Lattimore, M, additional, Linley, E, additional, Lopez-Bernal, J, additional, Mabey, L, additional, McGregor, R, additional, Miah, S, additional, Monk, EJM, additional, Munro, K, additional, Naheed, Z, additional, Nissr, A, additional, O'Connell, AM, additional, Oguti, B, additional, Okafor, H, additional, Organ, S, additional, Osbourne, J, additional, Otter, A, additional, Patel, M, additional, Platt, S, additional, Pople, D, additional, Potts, K, additional, Ramsay, M, additional, Robotham, J, additional, Rokadiya, S, additional, Rowe, C, additional, Saei, A, additional, Sebbage, G, additional, Semper, A, additional, Shrotri, M, additional, Simmons, R, additional, Soriano, A, additional, Staves, P, additional, Taylor, S, additional, Taylor, A, additional, Tengbe, A, additional, Tonge, S, additional, Vusirikala, A, additional, Wallace, S, additional, Wellington, E, additional, Zambon, M, additional, Corrigan, D, additional, Sartaj, M, additional, Cromey, L, additional, Campbell, S, additional, Braithwaite, K, additional, Price, L, additional, Haahr, L, additional, Stewart, S, additional, Lacey, ED, additional, Partridge, L, additional, Stevens, G, additional, Ellis, Y, additional, Hodgson, H, additional, Norman, C, additional, Larru, B, additional, Mcwilliam, S, additional, Roynon, A, additional, Northfield, J, additional, Winchester, S, additional, Cieciwa, P, additional, Pai, A, additional, Bakker, P, additional, Loughrey, C, additional, Watt, A, additional, Adair, F, additional, Hawkins, A, additional, Grant, A, additional, Temple-Purcell, R, additional, Howard, J, additional, Slawson, N, additional, Subudhi, C, additional, Davies, S, additional, Bexley, A, additional, Penn, R, additional, Wong, N, additional, Boyd, G, additional, Rajgopal, A, additional, Arenas-Pinto, A, additional, Matthews, R, additional, Whileman, A, additional, Laugharne, R, additional, Ledger, J, additional, Barnes,, T, additional, Jones, C, additional, Osuji, N, additional, Chitalia, N, additional, Bailey, T, additional, Akhtar, S, additional, Harrison, G, additional, Horne, S, additional, Walker, N, additional, Agwuh, K, additional, Maxwell, V, additional, Graves, J, additional, Williams, S, additional, O'Kelly, A, additional, Ridley, P, additional, Cowley, A, additional, Johnstone, H, additional, Swift, P, additional, Democratis, J, additional, Meda, M, additional, Brake, S, additional, Gunn, J, additional, Selassi, A, additional, Hams, S, additional, Irvine, V, additional, Chandrasekaran, B, additional, Forsyth, C, additional, Radmore, J, additional, Thomas, C, additional, Brown, K, additional, Roberts, S, additional, Burns, P, additional, Gajee, K, additional, Lewis, T, additional, Byrne, TM, additional, Sanderson, F, additional, Knight, S, additional, Macnaughton, E, additional, Burton, BJL, additional, Smith, H, additional, Chaudhuri, R, additional, Aeron-Thomas, J, additional, Hollinshead, K, additional, Shorten, RJ, additional, Swan, A, additional, Favager, C, additional, Murira, J, additional, Baillon, S, additional, Hamer, S, additional, Shah, A, additional, Russell, J, additional, Brennan, D, additional, Dave, A, additional, Chawla, A, additional, Westwell, F, additional, Adeboyeku, D, additional, Papineni, P, additional, Pegg, C, additional, Williams, M, additional, Ahmad, S, additional, Horsley, A, additional, Gabriel, C, additional, Pagget, K, additional, Maloney, G, additional, Ashcroft, J, additional, Del Rosario, I, additional, Crosby-Nwaobi, R, additional, Flanagan, D, additional, Dhasmana, D, additional, Fowler, S, additional, Cameron, E, additional, Prentice, L, additional, Sinclair, C, additional, Bateman, V, additional, McLelland-Brooks, K, additional, Ho, A, additional, Murphy, M, additional, Cochrane, A, additional, Gibson, A, additional, Black, K, additional, Tempeton, K, additional, Donaldson, S, additional, Coke, L, additional, Elumogo, N, additional, Elliott, J, additional, Padgett, D, additional, Cross, A, additional, Mirfenderesky, M, additional, Joyce, S, additional, Sinanovic, I, additional, Howard, M, additional, Cowling, P, additional, Brazil, M, additional, Hanna, E, additional, Abdelrazik, A, additional, Brand, S, additional, Sheridan, EA, additional, Wadams, B, additional, Lloyd, A, additional, Mouland, J, additional, Giles, J, additional, Pottinger, G, additional, Coles, H, additional, Joseph, M, additional, Lee, M, additional, Orr, S, additional, Chenoweth, H, additional, Browne, D, additional, Auckland, C, additional, Lear, R, additional, Mahungu, T, additional, Rodger, A, additional, Warren, S, additional, Brooking, D, additional, Pai, S, additional, Druyeh, R, additional, Smith, E, additional, Stone, S, additional, Meisner, S, additional, Delgado, D, additional, Underhill, E, additional, Keen, L, additional, Aga, M, additional, Domingos, P, additional, Gormley, S, additional, Kerrison, C, additional, Birch, S, additional, DeSilva, T, additional, Allsop, L, additional, Ambalkar, S, additional, Beekes, M, additional, Jose, S, additional, Tomlinson, J, additional, Painter, Sharen, additional, Price, C, additional, Pepperell, J, additional, James, K, additional, Trinick, T, additional, Moore, L, additional, Day, J, additional, Boulos, A, additional, Knox, I, additional, Defever, E, additional, McCracken, D, additional, Gray, K, additional, Houston, A, additional, Planche, T, additional, Pritchard Jones, R, additional, Wycherley, Diane, additional, Bennett, S, additional, Marrs, J, additional, Nimako, K, additional, Stewart, B, additional, Bain, SC, additional, Kalakonda, N, additional, Khanduri, S, additional, Ashby, A, additional, Holden, M, additional, Mahabir, N, additional, Harwood, J, additional, Payne, B, additional, Court, K, additional, White, N, additional, Longfellow, R, additional, Hughes, LE, additional, Green, ME, additional, Halkes, M, additional, Mercer, P, additional, Roebuck, A, additional, Wilson-Davies, E, additional, Gallego, L, additional, Lazarus, R, additional, Aldridge, N, additional, Berry, L, additional, Game, F, additional, Reynolds, T, additional, Holmes, C, additional, Wiselka, M, additional, Higham, A, additional, Booth, M, additional, Duff, C, additional, Alderton, J, additional, Hilton, D, additional, Powell, J, additional, Jackson, A, additional, Plant, AJ, additional, Ahmed, N, additional, Chin, T, additional, Qazzafi, MZ, additional, Moody, AM, additional, Tilley, RE, additional, Donaghy, T, additional, O'Kane, M, additional, Shipman, K, additional, Sierra, R, additional, Parmar, C, additional, Mills, G, additional, Harvey, D, additional, Huang, YWJ, additional, Birch, J, additional, Robinson, L, additional, Board, S, additional, Broadley, A, additional, Laven, C, additional, Todd, N, additional, Eyre, DW, additional, Jeffery, K, additional, Dunachie, S, additional, Duncan, C, additional, Klenerman, P, additional, Turtle, L, additional, Baxendale, H, additional, and Heeney, JL, additional
- Published
- 2021
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29. Taking the steps toward sustainable livestock: our multidisciplinary global farm platform journey. [Open Access]
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RIVERO, M. J., EVANS, A.C.O., BERNADT, A., CARTMILL, A., DOWSEY, A., FARRUGIA, A., MIGNOLET, C., ENRIQUEZ-HIDALGO, D., CHADWICK, D., MCCRACKEN, D. I., BUSCH, D., PEREYRA GODAY, F., MARTIN, G. B., SANDFORD, G. R., SHERIDAN, H., WRIGHT, I., BRUNET, L., EISLER, M. C., LOPEZ,VILLALOBOS, N., ROVIRA, P.J., HARRIS, P., MURPHY, P., WILLIAMS, A. P., JACKSON, R. D., MACHADO, R., SURAJ, P. T., PUECH, T., BOLAND, T. M., AYALA, W., and LEE, M. R. F.
- Subjects
PRECISION FARMING ,GRAZING SYSTEMS ,SISTEMAS DE PRODUCCIÓN ,MIXED FARMING ,CIRCULARITY ,RESEARCH FARMS ,RUMINANT LIVESTOCK - Abstract
Ruminant livestock are a vital global source of highquality protein and bioavailable minerals and vitamins. They support healthy dietary choices by providing milk and meat produced from less productive land and food industry byproducts. However, despite the contribution of ruminants to food systems and the circular bioeconomy, ruminant production systems are increasingly questioned due to their environmental impact, particularly their significant contribution to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and associated global warming. There is a need, therefore, to identify a pathway to sustainable global ruminant production. In 2014, our group defined eight strategies or ?steps? (Eisler et al., 2014), to mitigate the environmental impactsof ruminant production while optimizing the quantity and quality of the food they produce. To realize these goals, we established the ?Global Farm Platform? initiative (www.globalfarmplatform.org), a network of ?farm platforms? or research farms (RFs), to explore multidisciplinary strategies and evaluate different production systems around theglobe (Table 1). Here, we provide a perspective on our approach and the steps we are taking to realize the ambition of supporting sustainable ruminant livestock production as a part of future food systems contributing to both human and planetary health.
- Published
- 2021
30. Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050
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Micah A, Cogswell I, Cunningham B, Ezoe S, Harle A, Maddison E, McCracken D, Nomura S, Simpson K, Stutzman H, Tsakalos G, Wallace L, Zhao Y, Zende R, Abbafati C, Abdelmasseh M, Abedi A, Abegaz K, Abhilash E, Abolhassani H, Abrigo M, Adhikari T, Afzal S, Ahinkorah B, Ahmadi S, Ahmed H, Ahmed M, Rashid T, Ajami M, Aji B, Akalu Y, Akunna C, Al Hamad H, Alam K, Alanezi F, Alanzi T, Alemayehu Y, Alhassan R, Alinia C, Aljunid S, Almustanyir S, Alvis-Guzman N, Alvis-Zakzuk N, Amini S, Amini-Rarani M, Amu H, Ancuceanu R, Andrei C, Andrei T, Angell B, Anjomshoa M, Antonio C, Antony C, Aqeel M, Arabloo J, Arab-Zozani M, Aripov T, Arrigo A, Ashraf T, Atnafu D, Ausloos M, Avila-Burgos L, Awan A, Ayano G, Ayanore M, Azari S, Azhar G, Babalola T, Bahrami M, Baig A, Banach M, Barati N, Barnighausen T, Barrow A, Basu S, Baune B, Bayati M, Benzian H, Berman A, Bhagavathula A, Bhardwaj N, Bhardwaj P, Bhaskar S, Bibi S, Bijani A, Bodolica V, Bragazzi N, Braithwaite D, Breitborde N, Breusov A, Briko N, Busse R, Cahuana-Hurtado L, Callander E, Camera L, Castaneda-Orjuela C, Catala-Lopez F, Charan J, Chatterjee S, Chattu S, Chattu V, Chen S, Cicero A, Dadras O, Dahlawi S, Dai X, Dalal K, Dandona L, Dandona R, Davitoiu D, De Neve J, de Sa A, Denova-Gutierrez E, Dhamnetiya D, Dharmaratne S, Doshmangir L, Dube J, Ehsani-Chimeh E, Zaki M, El Tantawi M, Eskandarieh S, Farzadfar F, Ferede T, Fischer F, Foigt N, Freitas A, Friedman S, Fukumoto T, Fullman N, Gaal P, Gad M, Garcia-Gordillo M, Garg T, Ghafourifard M, Ghashghaee A, Gholamian A, Gholamrezanezhad A, Ghozali G, Gilani S, Glavan I, Glushkova E, Goharinezhad S, Golechha M, Goli S, Guha A, Gupta V, Haakenstad A, Haider M, Hailu A, Hamidi S, Hanif A, Harapan H, Hartono R, Hasaballah A, Hassan S, Hassanein M, Hayat K, Hegazy M, Heidari G, Hendrie D, Heredia-Pi I, Herteliu C, Hezam K, Holla R, Hossain S, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc S, Huda T, Hwang B, Iavicoli I, Idrisov B, Ilesanmi O, Irvani S, Islam S, Ismail N, Isola G, Jahani M, Jahanmehr N, Jakovljevic M, Janodia M, Javaheri T, Jayapal S, Jayawardena R, Jazayeri S, Jha R, Jonas J, Joo T, Joukar F, Jurisson M, Kaambwa B, Kalhor R, Kanchan T, Kandel H, Matin B, Karimi S, Kassahun G, Kayode G, Karyani A, Keikavoosi-Arani L, Khader Y, Khajuria H, Khalilov R, Khammarnia M, Khan J, Khubchandani J, Kianipour N, Kim G, Kim Y, Kisa A, Kisa S, Kohler S, Kosen S, Koteeswaran R, Laxminarayana S, Koyanagi A, Krishan K, Kumar G, Kusuma D, Lamnisos D, Lansingh V, Larsson A, Lasrado S, Le L, Lee S, Lee Y, Lim S, Lobo S, Lozano R, Abd El Razek H, Abd El Razek M, Mahdavi M, Majeed A, Makki A, Maleki A, Malekzadeh R, Manda A, Mansour-Ghanaei F, Mansournia M, Arnedo C, Martinez-Valle A, Masoumi S, Maude R, Mckee M, Medina-Solis C, Menezes R, Meretoja A, Meretoja T, Mesregah M, Mestrovic T, Kostova N, Miller T, Mini G, Mirica A, Mirrakhimov E, Mohajer B, Mohamed T, Mohammadi M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammed S, Moitra M, Mokdad A, Molokhia M, Moni M, Moradi Y, Morze J, Mousavi S, Mpundu-Kaambwa C, Muriithi M, Muthupandian S, Nagarajan A, Naimzada M, Nangia V, Naqvi A, Narayana A, Nascimento B, Naveed M, Nayak B, Nazari J, Ndejjo R, Negoi I, Kandel S, Nguyen T, Nonvignon J, Noubiap J, Nwatah V, Oancea B, Ojelabi F, Olagunju A, Olakunde B, Olgiati S, Olusanya J, Onwujekwe O, Otoiu A, Otstavnov N, Otstavnov S, Owolabi M, Padubidri J, Palladino R, Panda-Jonas S, Park E, Kan F, Pawar S, Toroudi H, Pereira D, Perianayagam A, Pesudovs K, Piccinelli C, Postma M, Prada S, Rabiee M, Rabiee N, Rahim F, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rahmani A, Ram U, Ranabhat C, Ranasinghe P, Rao C, Rathi P, Rawaf D, Rawaf S, Rawal L, Rawassizadeh R, Reiner R, Renzaho A, Reshmi B, Riaz M, Ripon R, Saad A, Sahraian M, Sahu M, Salama J, Salehi S, Samy A, Sanabria J, Sanmarchi F, Santos J, Santric-Milicevic M, Sathian B, Savic M, Saxena D, Sayyah M, Schwendicke F, Senthilkumaran S, Sepanlou S, Seylani A, Shahabi S, Shaikh M, Sheikh A, Shetty A, Shetty P, Shibuya K, Shrime M, Shuja K, Singh J, Skryabin V, Skryabina A, Soltani S, Soofi M, Spurlock E, Stefan S, Szerencses V, Szocska M, Tabares-Seisdedos R, Taddele B, Tefera Y, Thavamani A, Tobe-Gai R, Topor-Madry R, Tovani-Palone M, Tran B, Car L, Ullah A, Ullah S, Umar N, Undurraga E, Valdez P, Vasankari T, Villafane J, Violante F, Vlassov V, Vo B, Vollmer S, Vos T, Vu G, Vu L, Wamai R, Werdecker A, Woldekidan M, Wubishet B, Xu G, Yaya S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi V, Yigit V, Yip P, Yirdaw B, Yonemoto N, Younis M, Yu C, Yunusa I, Moghadam T, Zandian H, Zastrozhin M, Zastrozhina A, Zhang Z, Ziapour A, Zuniga Y, Hay S, Murray C, Dieleman J, and Global Burden Dis Hlth Financing
- Abstract
Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached $8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total, $40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this, $13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and $1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4%) of the funds focused on country-level coordination and $2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7%) of COVID-19 development assistance for health went to Latin America, despite this region reporting 34.3% of total recorded COVID-19 deaths in low-income or middle-income countries in 2020. Spending on health is expected to rise to $1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
- Published
- 2021
31. Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: A review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990–2050
- Author
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Micah, A.E., Cogswell, I.E., Cunningham, B., Ezoe, S., Harle, A.C., Maddison, E.R., McCracken, D., Nomura, S., Simpson, K.E., Stutzman, H.N., Tsakalos, G., Wallace, L.E., Zhao, Y., Zende, R.R., Abbafati, C., Abdelmasseh, M., Abedi, A., Abegaz, K.H., Abhilash, E.S., Abolhassani, H., Abrigo, M.R.M., Adhikari, T.B., Afzal, S., Ahinkorah, B.O., Ahmadi, S., Ahmed, H., Ahmed, M.B., Ahmed Rashid, T., Ajami, M., Aji, B., Akalu, Y., Akunna, C.J., Al Hamad, H., Alam, K., Alanezi, F.M., Alanzi, T.M., Alemayehu, Y., Alhassan, R.K., Alinia, C., Aljunid, S.M., Almustanyir, S.A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Alvis-Zakzuk, N.J., Amini, S., Amini-Rarani, M., Amu, H., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, C.L., Andrei, T., Angell, B., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C.A.T., Antony, C.M., Aqeel, M., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aripov, T., Arrigo, A., Ashraf, T., Atnafu, D.D., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Awan, A.T., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M.A., Azari, S., Azhar, G.S., Babalola, T.K., Bahrami, M.A., Baig, A.A., Banach, M., Barati, N., Bärnighausen, T.W., Barrow, A., Basu, S., Baune, B.T., Bayati, M., Benzian, H., Berman, A.E., Bhagavathula, A.S., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhaskar, S., Bibi, S., Bijani, A., Bodolica, V., Bragazzi, N.L., Braithwaite, D., Breitborde, N.J.K., Breusov, A.V., Briko, N.I., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Callander, E.J., Cámera, L.A., Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A., Catalá-López, F., Charan, J., Chatterjee, S., Chattu, S.K., Chattu, V.K., Chen, S., Cicero, A.F.G., Dadras, O., Dahlawi, S.M.A., Dai, X., Dalal, K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Davitoiu, D.V., De Neve, J-W, de Sá-Junior, A.R., Denova-Gutiérrez, E., Dhamnetiya, D., Dharmaratne, S.D., Doshmangir, L., Dube, J., Ehsani-Chimeh, E., El Sayed Zaki, M., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Farzadfar, F., Ferede, T.Y., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Freitas, A., Friedman, S.D., Fukumoto, T., Fullman, N., Gaal, P.A., Gad, M.M., Garcia-Gordillo, M.A., Garg, T., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Gholamrezanezhad, A., Ghozali, G., Gilani, S.A., Glăvan, I-R, Glushkova, E.V., Goharinezhad, S., Golechha, M., Goli, S., Guha, A., Gupta, V.B., Gupta, V.K., Haakenstad, A., Haider, M.R., Hailu, A., Hamidi, S., Hanif, A., Harapan, H., Hartono, R.K., Hasaballah, A.I., Hassan, S., Hassanein, M.H., Hayat, K., Hegazy, M.I., Heidari, G., Hendrie, D., Heredia-Pi, I., Herteliu, C., Hezam, K., Holla, R., Hossain, S.., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Huda, T.M., Hwang, B-F, Iavicoli, I., Idrisov, B., Ilesanmi, O.S., Irvani, S.S.N., Islam, S.M.S., Ismail, N.E., Isola, G., Jahani, M.A., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., Janodia, M.D., Javaheri, T., Jayapal, S.K., Jayawardena, R., Jazayeri, S.B., Jha, R.P., Jonas, J.B., Joo, T., Joukar, F., Jürisson, M., Kaambwa, B., Kalhor, R., Kanchan, T., Kandel, H., Karami Matin, B., Karimi, S.E., Kassahun, G., Kayode, G.A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Keikavoosi-Arani, L., Khader, Y.S., Khajuria, H., Khalilov, R., Khammarnia, M., Khan, J., Khubchandani, J., Kianipour, N., Kim, G.R., Kim, Y.J., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kohler, S., Kosen, S., Koteeswaran, R., Koulmane Laxminarayana, S.L., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Kumar, G.A., Kusuma, D., Lamnisos, D., Lansingh, V.C., Larsson, A.O., Lasrado, S., Le, L.K.D., Lee, S.W.H., Lee, Y.Y., Lim, S.S., Lobo, S.W., Lozano, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Mahdavi, M.M., Majeed, A., Makki, A., Maleki, A., Malekzadeh, R., Manda, A.L., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansournia, M.A., Marrugo Arnedo, C.A., Martinez-Valle, A., Masoumi, S.Z., Maude, Ri.J., McKee, M., Medina-Solís, C.E., Menezes, R.G., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T.J., Mesregah, M.K., Mestrovic, T., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T.R., Mini, G.K., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Mohajer, B., Mohamed, T.A., Mohammadi, M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, S., Moitra, M., Mokdad, A.H., Molokhia, M., Moni, M.A., Moradi, Y., Morze, J., Mousavi, S.M., Mpundu-Kaambwa, C., Muriithi, M.K, Muthupandian, S., Nagarajan, A.J., Naimzada, M.D., Nangia, V., Naqvi, A.A., Narayana, A.I., Nascimento, B.R., Naveed, M., Nayak, B.P., Nazari, J., Ndejjo, R., Negoi, I., Neupane Kandel, S., Nguyen, T.H., Nonvignon, J., Noubiap, J.J., Nwatah, V.E., Oancea, B., Ojelabi, F.A.O., Olagunju, A.T., Olakunde, B.O., Olgiati, S., Olusanya, J.O., Onwujekwe, O.E., Otoiu, A., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S.S., Owolabi, M.O., Padubidri, J.R., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Park, E-C, Pashazadeh Kan, F., Pawar, S., Pazoki Toroudi, H., Pereira, D.M., Perianayagam, A., Pesudovs, K., Piccinelli, C., Postma, M.J., Prada, S.I., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M.H.U., Rahman, M., Rahmani, A.M., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C.L., Ranasinghe, P., Rao, C.R., Rathi, P., Rawaf, D.L., Rawaf, S., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Reiner Jr, R.C., Renzaho, A.M.N., Reshmi, B., Riaz, M.A., Ripon, R.K., Saad, A.M., Sahraian, M.A., Sahu, M., Salama, J.S., Salehi, S., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Sanmarchi, F., Santos, J.V., Santric-Milicevic, M.M., Sathian, B., Savic, M., Saxena, D., Sayyah, M., Schwendicke, F., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S.G., Seylani, A., Shahabi, S., Shaikh, M.A., Sheikh, A., Shetty, A., Shetty, P.H., Shibuya, K., Shrime, M.G., Shuja, K.H., Singh, J.A., Skryabin, V.Y., Skryabina, A.A., Soltani, S., Soofi, M., Spurlock, E.E., Stefan, S.C., Szerencsés, V., Szócska, M., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Taddele, B.W., Tefera, Y.G., Thavamani, A., Tobe-Gai, R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Tran, B.X., Tudor Car, L., Ullah, A., Ullah, S., Umar, N., Undurraga, E.A., Valdez, P.R., Vasankari, T.J., Villafañe, J.H., Violante, F.S., Vlassov, V., Vo, B., Vollmer, S., Vos, T., Vu, G.T., Vu, L.G., Wamai, R.G., Werdecker, A., Woldekidan, M.A., Wubishet, B.L., Xu, G., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yiğit, V., Yip, P., Yirdaw, B.W., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M.Z., Yu, C., Yunusa, I., Zahirian Moghadam, T., Zandian, H., Zastrozhin, M.S., Zastrozhina, A., Zhang, Z-J, Ziapour, A., Zuniga, Y.M.H., Hay, S.I., Murray, C. J.L., Dieleman, J.L., Micah, A.E., Cogswell, I.E., Cunningham, B., Ezoe, S., Harle, A.C., Maddison, E.R., McCracken, D., Nomura, S., Simpson, K.E., Stutzman, H.N., Tsakalos, G., Wallace, L.E., Zhao, Y., Zende, R.R., Abbafati, C., Abdelmasseh, M., Abedi, A., Abegaz, K.H., Abhilash, E.S., Abolhassani, H., Abrigo, M.R.M., Adhikari, T.B., Afzal, S., Ahinkorah, B.O., Ahmadi, S., Ahmed, H., Ahmed, M.B., Ahmed Rashid, T., Ajami, M., Aji, B., Akalu, Y., Akunna, C.J., Al Hamad, H., Alam, K., Alanezi, F.M., Alanzi, T.M., Alemayehu, Y., Alhassan, R.K., Alinia, C., Aljunid, S.M., Almustanyir, S.A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Alvis-Zakzuk, N.J., Amini, S., Amini-Rarani, M., Amu, H., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, C.L., Andrei, T., Angell, B., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C.A.T., Antony, C.M., Aqeel, M., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aripov, T., Arrigo, A., Ashraf, T., Atnafu, D.D., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Awan, A.T., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M.A., Azari, S., Azhar, G.S., Babalola, T.K., Bahrami, M.A., Baig, A.A., Banach, M., Barati, N., Bärnighausen, T.W., Barrow, A., Basu, S., Baune, B.T., Bayati, M., Benzian, H., Berman, A.E., Bhagavathula, A.S., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhaskar, S., Bibi, S., Bijani, A., Bodolica, V., Bragazzi, N.L., Braithwaite, D., Breitborde, N.J.K., Breusov, A.V., Briko, N.I., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Callander, E.J., Cámera, L.A., Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A., Catalá-López, F., Charan, J., Chatterjee, S., Chattu, S.K., Chattu, V.K., Chen, S., Cicero, A.F.G., Dadras, O., Dahlawi, S.M.A., Dai, X., Dalal, K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Davitoiu, D.V., De Neve, J-W, de Sá-Junior, A.R., Denova-Gutiérrez, E., Dhamnetiya, D., Dharmaratne, S.D., Doshmangir, L., Dube, J., Ehsani-Chimeh, E., El Sayed Zaki, M., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Farzadfar, F., Ferede, T.Y., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Freitas, A., Friedman, S.D., Fukumoto, T., Fullman, N., Gaal, P.A., Gad, M.M., Garcia-Gordillo, M.A., Garg, T., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Gholamrezanezhad, A., Ghozali, G., Gilani, S.A., Glăvan, I-R, Glushkova, E.V., Goharinezhad, S., Golechha, M., Goli, S., Guha, A., Gupta, V.B., Gupta, V.K., Haakenstad, A., Haider, M.R., Hailu, A., Hamidi, S., Hanif, A., Harapan, H., Hartono, R.K., Hasaballah, A.I., Hassan, S., Hassanein, M.H., Hayat, K., Hegazy, M.I., Heidari, G., Hendrie, D., Heredia-Pi, I., Herteliu, C., Hezam, K., Holla, R., Hossain, S.., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Huda, T.M., Hwang, B-F, Iavicoli, I., Idrisov, B., Ilesanmi, O.S., Irvani, S.S.N., Islam, S.M.S., Ismail, N.E., Isola, G., Jahani, M.A., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., Janodia, M.D., Javaheri, T., Jayapal, S.K., Jayawardena, R., Jazayeri, S.B., Jha, R.P., Jonas, J.B., Joo, T., Joukar, F., Jürisson, M., Kaambwa, B., Kalhor, R., Kanchan, T., Kandel, H., Karami Matin, B., Karimi, S.E., Kassahun, G., Kayode, G.A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Keikavoosi-Arani, L., Khader, Y.S., Khajuria, H., Khalilov, R., Khammarnia, M., Khan, J., Khubchandani, J., Kianipour, N., Kim, G.R., Kim, Y.J., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kohler, S., Kosen, S., Koteeswaran, R., Koulmane Laxminarayana, S.L., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Kumar, G.A., Kusuma, D., Lamnisos, D., Lansingh, V.C., Larsson, A.O., Lasrado, S., Le, L.K.D., Lee, S.W.H., Lee, Y.Y., Lim, S.S., Lobo, S.W., Lozano, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Mahdavi, M.M., Majeed, A., Makki, A., Maleki, A., Malekzadeh, R., Manda, A.L., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansournia, M.A., Marrugo Arnedo, C.A., Martinez-Valle, A., Masoumi, S.Z., Maude, Ri.J., McKee, M., Medina-Solís, C.E., Menezes, R.G., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T.J., Mesregah, M.K., Mestrovic, T., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T.R., Mini, G.K., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Mohajer, B., Mohamed, T.A., Mohammadi, M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, S., Moitra, M., Mokdad, A.H., Molokhia, M., Moni, M.A., Moradi, Y., Morze, J., Mousavi, S.M., Mpundu-Kaambwa, C., Muriithi, M.K, Muthupandian, S., Nagarajan, A.J., Naimzada, M.D., Nangia, V., Naqvi, A.A., Narayana, A.I., Nascimento, B.R., Naveed, M., Nayak, B.P., Nazari, J., Ndejjo, R., Negoi, I., Neupane Kandel, S., Nguyen, T.H., Nonvignon, J., Noubiap, J.J., Nwatah, V.E., Oancea, B., Ojelabi, F.A.O., Olagunju, A.T., Olakunde, B.O., Olgiati, S., Olusanya, J.O., Onwujekwe, O.E., Otoiu, A., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S.S., Owolabi, M.O., Padubidri, J.R., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Park, E-C, Pashazadeh Kan, F., Pawar, S., Pazoki Toroudi, H., Pereira, D.M., Perianayagam, A., Pesudovs, K., Piccinelli, C., Postma, M.J., Prada, S.I., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M.H.U., Rahman, M., Rahmani, A.M., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C.L., Ranasinghe, P., Rao, C.R., Rathi, P., Rawaf, D.L., Rawaf, S., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Reiner Jr, R.C., Renzaho, A.M.N., Reshmi, B., Riaz, M.A., Ripon, R.K., Saad, A.M., Sahraian, M.A., Sahu, M., Salama, J.S., Salehi, S., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Sanmarchi, F., Santos, J.V., Santric-Milicevic, M.M., Sathian, B., Savic, M., Saxena, D., Sayyah, M., Schwendicke, F., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S.G., Seylani, A., Shahabi, S., Shaikh, M.A., Sheikh, A., Shetty, A., Shetty, P.H., Shibuya, K., Shrime, M.G., Shuja, K.H., Singh, J.A., Skryabin, V.Y., Skryabina, A.A., Soltani, S., Soofi, M., Spurlock, E.E., Stefan, S.C., Szerencsés, V., Szócska, M., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Taddele, B.W., Tefera, Y.G., Thavamani, A., Tobe-Gai, R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Tran, B.X., Tudor Car, L., Ullah, A., Ullah, S., Umar, N., Undurraga, E.A., Valdez, P.R., Vasankari, T.J., Villafañe, J.H., Violante, F.S., Vlassov, V., Vo, B., Vollmer, S., Vos, T., Vu, G.T., Vu, L.G., Wamai, R.G., Werdecker, A., Woldekidan, M.A., Wubishet, B.L., Xu, G., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yiğit, V., Yip, P., Yirdaw, B.W., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M.Z., Yu, C., Yunusa, I., Zahirian Moghadam, T., Zandian, H., Zastrozhin, M.S., Zastrozhina, A., Zhang, Z-J, Ziapour, A., Zuniga, Y.M.H., Hay, S.I., Murray, C. J.L., and Dieleman, J.L.
- Abstract
Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached $8·8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8·7–8·8) or $1132 (1119–1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this tota
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- 2021
32. Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990–2050
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Micah, AE, Cogswell, IE, Cunningham, B, Ezoe, S, Harle, AC, Maddison, ER, McCracken, D, Nomura, S, Simpson, KE, Stutzman, HN, Tsakalos, G, Wallace, LE, Zhao, Y, Zende, RR, Abbafati, C, Abdelmasseh, M, Abedi, A, Abegaz, KH, Abhilash, ES, Abolhassani, H, Abrigo, MRM, Adhikari, TB, Afzal, S, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, MB, Ahmed Rashid, T, Ajami, M, Aji, B, Akalu, Y, Akunna, CJ, Al Hamad, H, Alam, K, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Alemayehu, Y, Alhassan, RK, Alinia, C, Aljunid, SM, Almustanyir, SA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, NJ, Amini, S, Amini-Rarani, M, Amu, H, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Angell, B, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, CAT, Antony, CM, Aqeel, M, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aripov, T, Arrigo, A, Ashraf, T, Atnafu, DD, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awan, AT, Ayano, G, Ayanore, MA, Azari, S, Azhar, GS, Babalola, TK, Bahrami, MA, Baig, AA, Banach, M, Barati, N, Bärnighausen, TW, Barrow, A, Basu, S, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Benzian, H, Berman, AE, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Bodolica, V, Gupta, V, Islam, Shariful, Micah, AE, Cogswell, IE, Cunningham, B, Ezoe, S, Harle, AC, Maddison, ER, McCracken, D, Nomura, S, Simpson, KE, Stutzman, HN, Tsakalos, G, Wallace, LE, Zhao, Y, Zende, RR, Abbafati, C, Abdelmasseh, M, Abedi, A, Abegaz, KH, Abhilash, ES, Abolhassani, H, Abrigo, MRM, Adhikari, TB, Afzal, S, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, MB, Ahmed Rashid, T, Ajami, M, Aji, B, Akalu, Y, Akunna, CJ, Al Hamad, H, Alam, K, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Alemayehu, Y, Alhassan, RK, Alinia, C, Aljunid, SM, Almustanyir, SA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, NJ, Amini, S, Amini-Rarani, M, Amu, H, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Angell, B, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, CAT, Antony, CM, Aqeel, M, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aripov, T, Arrigo, A, Ashraf, T, Atnafu, DD, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awan, AT, Ayano, G, Ayanore, MA, Azari, S, Azhar, GS, Babalola, TK, Bahrami, MA, Baig, AA, Banach, M, Barati, N, Bärnighausen, TW, Barrow, A, Basu, S, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Benzian, H, Berman, AE, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Bodolica, V, Gupta, V, and Islam, Shariful
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- 2021
33. Conflicts between agriculture and biodiversity conservation in Europe: looking to the future by learning from the past
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Lécuyer, L., Alard, D., Calla, S., Coolsaet, B., Fickel, T., Heinsoo, K., Henle, K., Herzon, I., Hodgson, I., Quétier, F., McCracken, D., McMahon, B.J., Melts, I., Sands, D., Skrimizea, E., Watt, A., White, R., Young, Juliette, Lécuyer, L., Alard, D., Calla, S., Coolsaet, B., Fickel, T., Heinsoo, K., Henle, K., Herzon, I., Hodgson, I., Quétier, F., McCracken, D., McMahon, B.J., Melts, I., Sands, D., Skrimizea, E., Watt, A., White, R., and Young, Juliette
- Abstract
Conflicts between agriculture and biodiversity conservation in Europe are increasing, due to multiple demands from agricultural ecosystems, including a growing need for high quality and good-value agricultural products, as well as the provision of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Currents trends such as globalization, European policies, and global change, such as climate change and nitrogen atmospheric deposition are potentially driving the emergence or evolution of biodiversity conflicts in Europe. These trends are interwoven with continuing debates around land-sparing and land-sharing, that often lead to conflicting perspectives and social dynamics that influence how local actors interact with each other over agriculture. Whilst some strategies have been put in place to address the potential competition between agriculture and biodiversity, such as reglementary and market-based mechanisms, and non-monetary voluntary approaches, these need to be reflected upon and improved for a future agriculture where the negative impacts of conflicts are minimized. This paper provides a comprehensive update on the current and future trends and evaluates current strategies, to highlight the importance of addressing conflict not only through technical fixes but by developing approaches that involve profound changes in agricultural systems and a shift in how people collaborate, perceive conflict and address it. We propose three emerging pathways—agroecology, a shift to partnerships, and conflict transformation—that would support a positive change for the future of biodiversity conflicts in agriculture.
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- 2021
34. Simplistic understandings of farmer motivations could undermine the environmental potential of the common agricultural policy
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Brown, C., Kovács, E., Villamayor-Tomas, S., Albizua, A., Galanaki, A., Grammatikopoulou, I., McCracken, D., Olsson, J.A., Zinngrebe, Y., Brown, C., Kovács, E., Villamayor-Tomas, S., Albizua, A., Galanaki, A., Grammatikopoulou, I., McCracken, D., Olsson, J.A., and Zinngrebe, Y.
- Abstract
The European Union Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has failed to achieve its aim of preserving European farmland biodiversity, despite massive investment in subsidies to incentivise environmentally-beneficial farming practices. This failure calls into question the design of the subsidy schemes, which are intended to either function as a safety net and make farming profitable or compensate farmers for costs and loss of income while undertaking environmental management. In this study, we assess whether the design of environmental payments in the CAP reflects current knowledge about farmers’ decision-making as found in the research literature. We do so on the basis of a comprehensive literature review on farmers’ uptake of agri-environmental management practices over the past 10 years and interviews specifically focused on Ecological Focus Areas with policy-makers, advisors and farmers in seven European countries. We find that economic and structural factors are the most commonly-identified determinants of farmers’ adoption of environmental management practices in the literature and in interviews. However, the literature suggests that these are complemented by – and partially dependent on – a broad range of social, attitudinal and other contextual factors that are not recognised in interview responses or, potentially, in policy design. The relatively simplistic conceptualisation of farmer behaviour that underlies some aspects of policy design may hamper the effectiveness of environmental payments in the CAP by over-emphasising economic considerations, potentially corroding farmer attitudes to policy and environmental objectives. We conclude that an urgent redesign of agricultural subsidies is needed to better align them with the economic, social and environmental factors affecting farmer decision-making in a complex production climate, and therefore to maximise potential environmental benefits.
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- 2021
35. Conflicts between agriculture and biodiversity conservation in Europe: Looking to the future by learning from the past
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UCL - SSH/IACS - Institute of Analysis of Change in Contemporary and Historical Societies, Lécuyer, L., Alard, D., Calla, S., Coolsaet, Brendan, Fickel, T., Heinsoo, K., Henle, K., Herzon, I., Hodgson, I., Quétier, F., McCracken, D., McMahon, B.J., Melts, I., Sands, D., Skrimizea, E., Watt, A., White, R., Young, Juliette, UCL - SSH/IACS - Institute of Analysis of Change in Contemporary and Historical Societies, Lécuyer, L., Alard, D., Calla, S., Coolsaet, Brendan, Fickel, T., Heinsoo, K., Henle, K., Herzon, I., Hodgson, I., Quétier, F., McCracken, D., McMahon, B.J., Melts, I., Sands, D., Skrimizea, E., Watt, A., White, R., and Young, Juliette
- Abstract
Conflicts between agriculture and biodiversity conservation in Europe are increasing, due to multiple demands from agricultural ecosystems, including a growing need for high quality and good-value agricultural products, as well as the provision of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Currents trends such as globalization, European policies, and global change, such as climate change and nitrogen atmospheric deposition are potentially driving the emergence or evolution of biodiversity conflicts in Europe. These trends are interwoven with continuing debates around land-sparing and land-sharing, that often lead to conflicting perspectives and social dynamics that influence how local actors interact with each other over agriculture. Whilst some strategies have been put in place to address the potential competition between agriculture and biodiversity, such as reglementary and market-based mechanisms, and non-monetary voluntary approaches, these need to be reflected upon and improved for a future agriculture where the negative impacts of conflicts are minimized. This paper provides a comprehensive update on the current and future trends and evaluates current strategies, to highlight the importance of addressing conflict not only through technical fixes but by developing approaches that involve profound changes in agricultural systems and a shift in how people collaborate, perceive conflict and address it. We propose three emerging pathways—agroecology, a shift to partnerships, and conflict transformation—that would support a positive change for the future of biodiversity conflicts in agriculture.
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- 2021
36. Conflicts between agriculture and biodiversity conservation in Europe: Looking to the future by learning from the past
- Author
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Bohan, D., Dumbrell, A., Lécuyer, L., Alard, D., Calla, S., Coolsaet, B., Fickel, T., Heinsoo, K., Henle, Klaus, Herzon, I., Hodgson, I., Quétier, F., McCracken, D., McMahon, B.J., Melts, I., Sands, D., Skrimizea, E., Watt, A., White, R., Young, J., Bohan, D., Dumbrell, A., Lécuyer, L., Alard, D., Calla, S., Coolsaet, B., Fickel, T., Heinsoo, K., Henle, Klaus, Herzon, I., Hodgson, I., Quétier, F., McCracken, D., McMahon, B.J., Melts, I., Sands, D., Skrimizea, E., Watt, A., White, R., and Young, J.
- Abstract
Conflicts between agriculture and biodiversity conservation in Europe are increasing, due to multiple demands from agricultural ecosystems, including a growing need for high quality and good-value agricultural products, as well as the provision of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Currents trends such as globalization, European policies, and global change, such as climate change and nitrogen atmospheric deposition are potentially driving the emergence or evolution of biodiversity conflicts in Europe. These trends are interwoven with continuing debates around land-sparing and land-sharing, that often lead to conflicting perspectives and social dynamics that influence how local actors interact with each other over agriculture. Whilst some strategies have been put in place to address the potential competition between agriculture and biodiversity, such as reglementary and market-based mechanisms, and non-monetary voluntary approaches, these need to be reflected upon and improved for a future agriculture where the negative impacts of conflicts are minimized. This paper provides a comprehensive update on the current and future trends and evaluates current strategies, to highlight the importance of addressing conflict not only through technical fixes but by developing approaches that involve profound changes in agricultural systems and a shift in how people collaborate, perceive conflict and address it. We propose three emerging pathways—agroecology, a shift to partnerships, and conflict transformation—that would support a positive change for the future of biodiversity conflicts in agriculture.
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- 2021
37. SARS-CoV-2 infection rates of antibody-positive compared with antibody-negative health-care workers in England: a large, multicentre, prospective cohort study (SIREN)
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Hall, Victoria Jane, primary, Foulkes, Sarah, additional, Charlett, Andre, additional, Atti, Ana, additional, Monk, Edward J M, additional, Simmons, Ruth, additional, Wellington, Edgar, additional, Cole, Michelle J, additional, Saei, Ayoub, additional, Oguti, Blanche, additional, Munro, Katie, additional, Wallace, Sarah, additional, Kirwan, Peter D, additional, Shrotri, Madhumita, additional, Vusirikala, Amoolya, additional, Rokadiya, Sakib, additional, Kall, Meaghan, additional, Zambon, Maria, additional, Ramsay, Mary, additional, Brooks, Tim, additional, Brown, Colin S, additional, Chand, Meera A, additional, Hopkins, Susan, additional, Andrews, N, additional, Atti, A, additional, Aziz, H, additional, Brooks, T, additional, Brown, CS, additional, Camero, D, additional, Carr, C, additional, Chand, MA, additional, Charlett, A, additional, Crawford, H, additional, Cole, M, additional, Conneely, J, additional, D'Arcangelo, S, additional, Ellis, J, additional, Evans, S, additional, Foulkes, S, additional, Gillson, N, additional, Gopal, R, additional, Hall, L, additional, Hall, VJ, additional, Harrington, P, additional, Hopkins, S, additional, Hewson, J, additional, Hoschler, K, additional, Ironmonger, D, additional, Islam, J, additional, Kall, M, additional, Karagiannis, I, additional, Kay, O, additional, Khawam, J, additional, King, E, additional, Kirwan, P, additional, Kyffin, R, additional, Lackenby, A, additional, Lattimore, M, additional, Linley, E, additional, Lopez-Bernal, J, additional, Mabey, L, additional, McGregor, R, additional, Miah, S, additional, Monk, EJM, additional, Munro, K, additional, Naheed, Z, additional, Nissr, A, additional, O'Connell, AM, additional, Oguti, B, additional, Okafor, H, additional, Organ, S, additional, Osbourne, J, additional, Otter, A, additional, Patel, M, additional, Platt, S, additional, Pople, D, additional, Potts, K, additional, Ramsay, M, additional, Robotham, J, additional, Rokadiya, S, additional, Rowe, C, additional, Saei, A, additional, Sebbage, G, additional, Semper, A, additional, Shrotri, M, additional, Simmons, R, additional, Soriano, A, additional, Staves, P, additional, Taylor, S, additional, Taylor, A, additional, Tengbe, A, additional, Tonge, S, additional, Vusirikala, A, additional, Wallace, S, additional, Wellington, E, additional, Zambon, M, additional, Corrigan, D, additional, Sartaj, M, additional, Cromey, L, additional, Campbell, S, additional, Braithwaite, K, additional, Price, L, additional, Haahr, L, additional, Stewart, S, additional, Lacey, ED, additional, Partridge, L, additional, Stevens, G, additional, Ellis, Y, additional, Hodgson, H, additional, Norman, C, additional, Larru, B, additional, Mcwilliam, S, additional, Winchester, S, additional, Cieciwa, P, additional, Pai, A, additional, Loughrey, C, additional, Watt, A, additional, Adair, F, additional, Hawkins, A, additional, Grant, A, additional, Temple-Purcell, R, additional, Howard, J, additional, Slawson, N, additional, Subudhi, C, additional, Davies, S, additional, Bexley, A, additional, Penn, R, additional, Wong, N, additional, Boyd, G, additional, Rajgopal, A, additional, Arenas-Pinto, A, additional, Matthews, R, additional, Whileman, A, additional, Laugharne, R, additional, Ledger, J, additional, Barnes, T, additional, Jones, C, additional, Botes, D, additional, Chitalia, N, additional, Akhtar, S, additional, Harrison, G, additional, Horne, S, additional, Walker, N, additional, Agwuh, K, additional, Maxwell, V, additional, Graves, J, additional, Williams, S, additional, O'Kelly, A, additional, Ridley, P, additional, Cowley, A, additional, Johnstone, H, additional, Swift, P, additional, Democratis, J, additional, Meda, M, additional, Callens, C, additional, Beazer, S, additional, Hams, S, additional, Irvine, V, additional, Chandrasekaran, B, additional, Forsyth, C, additional, Radmore, J, additional, Thomas, C, additional, Brown, K, additional, Roberts, S, additional, Burns, P, additional, Gajee, K, additional, Byrne, TM, additional, Sanderson, F, additional, Knight, S, additional, Macnaughton, E, additional, Burton, BJL, additional, Smith, H, additional, Chaudhuri, R, additional, Hollinshead, K, additional, Shorten, RJ, additional, Swan, A, additional, Favager, C, additional, Murira, J, additional, Baillon, S, additional, Hamer, S, additional, Gantert, K, additional, Russell, J, additional, Brennan, D, additional, Dave, A, additional, Chawla, A, additional, Westell, F, additional, Adeboyeku, D, additional, Papineni, P, additional, Pegg, C, additional, Williams, M, additional, Ahmad, S, additional, Ingram, S, additional, Gabriel, C, additional, Pagget, K, additional, Maloney, G, additional, Ashcroft, J, additional, Del Rosario, I, additional, Crosby-Nwaobi, R, additional, Reeks, C, additional, Fowler, S, additional, Prentice, L, additional, Spears, M, additional, McKerron, G, additional, McLelland-Brooks, K, additional, Anderson, J, additional, Donaldson, S, additional, Templeton, K, additional, Coke, L, additional, Elumogo, N, additional, Elliott, J, additional, Padgett, D, additional, Mirfenderesky, M, additional, Cross, A, additional, Price, J, additional, Joyce, S, additional, Sinanovic, I, additional, Howard, M, additional, Lewis, T, additional, Cowling, P, additional, Potoczna, D, additional, Brand, S, additional, Sheridan, L, additional, Wadams, B, additional, Lloyd, A, additional, Mouland, J, additional, Giles, J, additional, Pottinger, G, additional, Coles, H, additional, Joseph, M, additional, Lee, M, additional, Orr, S, additional, Chenoweth, H, additional, Auckland, C, additional, Lear, R, additional, Mahungu, T, additional, Rodger, A, additional, Penny-Thomas, K, additional, Pai, S, additional, Zamikula, J, additional, Smith, E, additional, Stone, S, additional, Boldock, E, additional, Howcroft, D, additional, Thompson, C, additional, Aga, M, additional, Domingos, P, additional, Gormley, S, additional, Kerrison, C, additional, Marsh, L, additional, Tazzyman, S, additional, Allsop, L, additional, Ambalkar, S, additional, Beekes, M, additional, Jose, S, additional, Tomlinson, J, additional, Jones, A, additional, Price, C, additional, Pepperell, J, additional, Schultz, M, additional, Day, J, additional, Boulos, A, additional, Defever, E, additional, McCracken, D, additional, Gray, K, additional, Houston, A, additional, Planche, T, additional, Pritchard Jones, R, additional, Wycherley, Diane, additional, Bennett, S, additional, Marrs, J, additional, Nimako, K, additional, Stewart, B, additional, Kalakonda, N, additional, Khanduri, S, additional, Ashby, A, additional, Holden, M, additional, Mahabir, N, additional, Harwood, J, additional, Payne, B, additional, Court, K, additional, Staines, N, additional, Longfellow, R, additional, Green, ME, additional, Hughes, LE, additional, Halkes, M, additional, Mercer, P, additional, Roebuck, A, additional, Wilson-Davies, E, additional, Gallego, L, additional, Lazarus, R, additional, Aldridge, N, additional, Berry, L, additional, Game, F, additional, Reynolds, T, additional, Holmes, C, additional, Wiselka, M, additional, Higham, A, additional, Booth, M, additional, Duff, C, additional, Alderton, J, additional, Jory, H, additional, Virgilio, E, additional, Chin, T, additional, Qazzafi, MZ, additional, Moody, AM, additional, Tilley, R, additional, Donaghy, T, additional, Shipman, K, additional, Sierra, R, additional, Jones, N, additional, Mills, G, additional, Harvey, D, additional, Huang, YWJ, additional, Birch, J, additional, Robinson, L, additional, Board, S, additional, Broadley, A, additional, Laven, C, additional, Todd, N, additional, Eyre, DW, additional, Jeffery, K, additional, Dunachie, S, additional, Duncan, C, additional, Klenerman, P, additional, Turtle, L, additional, De Silva, T, additional, Baxendale, H, additional, and Heeney, JL, additional
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- 2021
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38. Morbidity and mortality from road injuries: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
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James, SL, Lucchesi, LR, Bisignano, C, Castle, CD, Dingels, Z, Fox, JT, Hamilton, EB, Liu, Z, McCracken, D, Nixon, MR, Sylte, DO, Roberts, NLS, Adebayo, OM, Aghamolaei, T, Alghnam, SA, Aljunid, SM, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Badawi, A, Behzadifar, M, Bekru, ET, Bennett, DA, Chapman, JR, Deribe, K, Adema, BD, Fatahi, Y, Gelaw, BK, Getahun, EA, Hendrie, D, Henok, A, de Hidru, H, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hu, G, Jahani, MA, Jakovljevic, M, Jalilian, F, Joseph, N, Karami, M, Kelbore, AG, Khan, MN, Kim, YJ, Koul, PA, La Vecchia, C, Linn, S, Majdzadeh, R, Mehndiratta, MM, Memiah, PTN, Mengesha, MM, Merie, HE, Miller, TR, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M, Darwesh, AM, Mezerji, NMG, Mohammadibakhsh, R, Moodley, Y, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Musa, KI, Nascimento, BR, Nikbakhsh, R, Nyasulu, PS, Bali, AO, Onwujekwe, OE, Pati, S, Kalhori, RP, Salehi, F, Shahabi, S, Shallo, SA, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharafi, Z, Shukla, SR, Sobhiyeh, MR, Soriano, JB, Sykes, BL, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tadesse, DBB, Tefera, YM, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tlou, B, Topor-Madry, R, Wiangkham, T, Yaseri, M, Yaya, S, Yenesew, MA, Younis, MZ, Ziapour, A, Zodpey, S, Pigott, DM, Reiner, RC, Hay, S, Lopez, AD, Mokdad, AH, James, SL, Lucchesi, LR, Bisignano, C, Castle, CD, Dingels, Z, Fox, JT, Hamilton, EB, Liu, Z, McCracken, D, Nixon, MR, Sylte, DO, Roberts, NLS, Adebayo, OM, Aghamolaei, T, Alghnam, SA, Aljunid, SM, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Badawi, A, Behzadifar, M, Bekru, ET, Bennett, DA, Chapman, JR, Deribe, K, Adema, BD, Fatahi, Y, Gelaw, BK, Getahun, EA, Hendrie, D, Henok, A, de Hidru, H, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hu, G, Jahani, MA, Jakovljevic, M, Jalilian, F, Joseph, N, Karami, M, Kelbore, AG, Khan, MN, Kim, YJ, Koul, PA, La Vecchia, C, Linn, S, Majdzadeh, R, Mehndiratta, MM, Memiah, PTN, Mengesha, MM, Merie, HE, Miller, TR, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M, Darwesh, AM, Mezerji, NMG, Mohammadibakhsh, R, Moodley, Y, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Musa, KI, Nascimento, BR, Nikbakhsh, R, Nyasulu, PS, Bali, AO, Onwujekwe, OE, Pati, S, Kalhori, RP, Salehi, F, Shahabi, S, Shallo, SA, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharafi, Z, Shukla, SR, Sobhiyeh, MR, Soriano, JB, Sykes, BL, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tadesse, DBB, Tefera, YM, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tlou, B, Topor-Madry, R, Wiangkham, T, Yaseri, M, Yaya, S, Yenesew, MA, Younis, MZ, Ziapour, A, Zodpey, S, Pigott, DM, Reiner, RC, Hay, S, Lopez, AD, and Mokdad, AH
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: The global burden of road injuries is known to follow complex geographical, temporal and demographic patterns. While health loss from road injuries is a major topic of global importance, there has been no recent comprehensive assessment that includes estimates for every age group, sex and country over recent years. METHODS: We used results from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study to report incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, deaths, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life years for all locations in the GBD 2017 hierarchy from 1990 to 2017 for road injuries. Second, we measured mortality-to-incidence ratios by location. Third, we assessed the distribution of the natures of injury (eg, traumatic brain injury) that result from each road injury. RESULTS: Globally, 1 243 068 (95% uncertainty interval 1 191 889 to 1 276 940) people died from road injuries in 2017 out of 54 192 330 (47 381 583 to 61 645 891) new cases of road injuries. Age-standardised incidence rates of road injuries increased between 1990 and 2017, while mortality rates decreased. Regionally, age-standardised mortality rates decreased in all but two regions, South Asia and Southern Latin America, where rates did not change significantly. Nine of 21 GBD regions experienced significant increases in age-standardised incidence rates, while 10 experienced significant decreases and two experienced no significant change. CONCLUSIONS: While road injury mortality has improved in recent decades, there are worsening rates of incidence and significant geographical heterogeneity. These findings indicate that more research is needed to better understand how road injuries can be prevented.
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- 2020
39. The global burden of falls: global, regional and national estimates of morbidity and mortality from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
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James, SL, Lucchesi, LR, Bisignano, C, Castle, CD, Dingels, Z, Fox, JT, Hamilton, EB, Henry, NJ, Krohn, KJ, Liu, Z, McCracken, D, Nixon, MR, Roberts, NLS, Sylte, DO, Adsuar, JC, Arora, A, Briggs, AM, Collado-Mateo, D, Cooper, C, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Ellingsen, CL, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Gill, TK, Haagsma, JA, Hendrie, D, Jurisson, M, Kumar, GA, Lopez, AD, Miazgowski, T, Miller, TR, Mini, GK, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mohamadi, E, Olivares, PR, Rahim, F, Riera, LS, Villafaina, S, Yano, Y, Hay, S, Lim, SS, Mokdad, AH, Naghavi, M, Murray, CJL, James, SL, Lucchesi, LR, Bisignano, C, Castle, CD, Dingels, Z, Fox, JT, Hamilton, EB, Henry, NJ, Krohn, KJ, Liu, Z, McCracken, D, Nixon, MR, Roberts, NLS, Sylte, DO, Adsuar, JC, Arora, A, Briggs, AM, Collado-Mateo, D, Cooper, C, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Ellingsen, CL, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Gill, TK, Haagsma, JA, Hendrie, D, Jurisson, M, Kumar, GA, Lopez, AD, Miazgowski, T, Miller, TR, Mini, GK, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mohamadi, E, Olivares, PR, Rahim, F, Riera, LS, Villafaina, S, Yano, Y, Hay, S, Lim, SS, Mokdad, AH, Naghavi, M, and Murray, CJL
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Falls can lead to severe health loss including death. Past research has shown that falls are an important cause of death and disability worldwide. The Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (GBD 2017) provides a comprehensive assessment of morbidity and mortality from falls. METHODS: Estimates for mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were produced for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017 for all ages using the GBD 2017 framework. Distributions of the bodily injury (eg, hip fracture) were estimated using hospital records. RESULTS: Globally, the age-standardised incidence of falls was 2238 (1990-2532) per 100 000 in 2017, representing a decline of 3.7% (7.4 to 0.3) from 1990 to 2017. Age-standardised prevalence was 5186 (4622-5849) per 100 000 in 2017, representing a decline of 6.5% (7.6 to 5.4) from 1990 to 2017. Age-standardised mortality rate was 9.2 (8.5-9.8) per 100 000 which equated to 695 771 (644 927-741 720) deaths in 2017. Globally, falls resulted in 16 688 088 (15 101 897-17 636 830) YLLs, 19 252 699 (13 725 429-26 140 433) YLDs and 35 940 787 (30 185 695-42 903 289) DALYs across all ages. The most common injury sustained by fall victims is fracture of patella, tibia or fibula, or ankle. Globally, age-specific YLD rates increased with age. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the burden of falls is substantial. Investing in further research, fall prevention strategies and access to care is critical.
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- 2020
40. Epidemiology of injuries from fire, heat and hot substances: global, regional and national morbidity and mortality estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study
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James, SL, Lucchesi, LR, Bisignano, C, Castle, CD, Dingels, Z, Fox, JT, Hamilton, EB, Henry, NJ, McCracken, D, Roberts, NLS, Sylte, DO, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, MB, Alahdab, F, Alipour, V, Andualem, Z, Antonio, CAT, Arabloo, J, Badiye, AD, Bagherzadeh, M, Banstola, A, Baernighausen, TW, Barzegar, A, Bayati, M, Bhaumik, S, Bijani, A, Bukhman, G, Carvalho, F, Crowe, CS, Dalal, K, Daryani, A, Nasab, MD, Hoa, TD, Huyen, PD, Endries, AY, Fernandes, E, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fukumoto, T, Gebremedhin, KBB, Gebremeskel, GG, Gilani, SA, Haagsma, JA, Hamidi, S, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Igumbor, EU, Ilesanmi, OS, Irvani, SSN, Jayatilleke, AU, Kahsay, A, Kapoor, N, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khalil, IA, Khan, EA, Khazaee-Pool, M, Kokubo, Y, Lopez, AD, Madadin, M, Majdan, M, Maled, V, Malekzadeh, R, Manafi, N, Manafi, A, Mangalam, S, Massenburg, BB, Meles, HG, Menezes, RG, Meretoja, TJ, Miazgowski, B, Miller, TR, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Morrison, SD, Negoi, I, Trang, HN, Son, HN, Cuong, TN, Nixon, MR, Olagunju, AT, Olagunju, TO, Padubidri, JR, Polinder, S, Rabiee, N, Rabiee, M, Radfar, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, DL, Rezapour, A, Rickard, J, Roro, EM, Roy, N, Safari-Faramani, R, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Schwebel, DC, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, SG, Shigematsu, M, Soheili, A, Stokes, MA, Tohidinik, HR, Bach, XT, Valdez, PR, Wijeratne, T, Yisma, E, Zaidi, Z, Zamani, M, Zhang, Z-J, Hay, S, Mokdad, AH, James, SL, Lucchesi, LR, Bisignano, C, Castle, CD, Dingels, Z, Fox, JT, Hamilton, EB, Henry, NJ, McCracken, D, Roberts, NLS, Sylte, DO, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, MB, Alahdab, F, Alipour, V, Andualem, Z, Antonio, CAT, Arabloo, J, Badiye, AD, Bagherzadeh, M, Banstola, A, Baernighausen, TW, Barzegar, A, Bayati, M, Bhaumik, S, Bijani, A, Bukhman, G, Carvalho, F, Crowe, CS, Dalal, K, Daryani, A, Nasab, MD, Hoa, TD, Huyen, PD, Endries, AY, Fernandes, E, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fukumoto, T, Gebremedhin, KBB, Gebremeskel, GG, Gilani, SA, Haagsma, JA, Hamidi, S, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Igumbor, EU, Ilesanmi, OS, Irvani, SSN, Jayatilleke, AU, Kahsay, A, Kapoor, N, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khalil, IA, Khan, EA, Khazaee-Pool, M, Kokubo, Y, Lopez, AD, Madadin, M, Majdan, M, Maled, V, Malekzadeh, R, Manafi, N, Manafi, A, Mangalam, S, Massenburg, BB, Meles, HG, Menezes, RG, Meretoja, TJ, Miazgowski, B, Miller, TR, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Morrison, SD, Negoi, I, Trang, HN, Son, HN, Cuong, TN, Nixon, MR, Olagunju, AT, Olagunju, TO, Padubidri, JR, Polinder, S, Rabiee, N, Rabiee, M, Radfar, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, DL, Rezapour, A, Rickard, J, Roro, EM, Roy, N, Safari-Faramani, R, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Schwebel, DC, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, SG, Shigematsu, M, Soheili, A, Stokes, MA, Tohidinik, HR, Bach, XT, Valdez, PR, Wijeratne, T, Yisma, E, Zaidi, Z, Zamani, M, Zhang, Z-J, Hay, S, and Mokdad, AH
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Past research has shown how fires, heat and hot substances are important causes of health loss globally. Detailed estimates of the morbidity and mortality from these injuries could help drive preventative measures and improved access to care. METHODS: We used the Global Burden of Disease 2017 framework to produce three main results. First, we produced results on incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, deaths, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life years from 1990 to 2017 for 195 countries and territories. Second, we analysed these results to measure mortality-to-incidence ratios by location. Third, we reported the measures above in terms of the cause of fire, heat and hot substances and the types of bodily injuries that result. RESULTS: Globally, there were 8 991 468 (7 481 218 to 10 740 897) new fire, heat and hot substance injuries in 2017 with 120 632 (101 630 to 129 383) deaths. At the global level, the age-standardised mortality caused by fire, heat and hot substances significantly declined from 1990 to 2017, but regionally there was variability in age-standardised incidence with some regions experiencing an increase (eg, Southern Latin America) and others experiencing a significant decrease (eg, High-income North America). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and mortality of injuries that result from fire, heat and hot substances affect every region of the world but are most concentrated in middle and lower income areas. More resources should be invested in measuring these injuries as well as in improving infrastructure, advancing safety measures and ensuring access to care.
- Published
- 2020
41. Simplistic understandings of farmer motivations could undermine the environmental potential of the common agricultural policy
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Brown, C., Kovács, E., Herzon, I., Villamayor-Tomas, S., Albizua, A., Galanaki, A., Grammatikopoulou, I., McCracken, D., Olsson, J.A., Zinngrebe, Yves, Brown, C., Kovács, E., Herzon, I., Villamayor-Tomas, S., Albizua, A., Galanaki, A., Grammatikopoulou, I., McCracken, D., Olsson, J.A., and Zinngrebe, Yves
- Abstract
The European Union Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has failed to achieve its aim of preserving European farmland biodiversity, despite massive investment in subsidies to incentivise environmentally-beneficial farming practices. This failure calls into question the design of the subsidy schemes, which are intended to either function as a safety net and make farming profitable or compensate farmers for costs and loss of income while undertaking environmental management. In this study, we assess whether the design of environmental payments in the CAP reflects current knowledge about farmers’ decision-making as found in the research literature. We do so on the basis of a comprehensive literature review on farmers’ uptake of agri-environmental management practices over the past 10 years and interviews specifically focused on Ecological Focus Areas with policy-makers, advisors and farmers in seven European countries. We find that economic and structural factors are the most commonly-identified determinants of farmers’ adoption of environmental management practices in the literature and in interviews. However, the literature suggests that these are complemented by – and partially dependent on – a broad range of social, attitudinal and other contextual factors that are not recognised in interview responses or, potentially, in policy design. The relatively simplistic conceptualisation of farmer behaviour that underlies some aspects of policy design may hamper the effectiveness of environmental payments in the CAP by over-emphasising economic considerations, potentially corroding farmer attitudes to policy and environmental objectives. We conclude that an urgent redesign of agricultural subsidies is needed to better align them with the economic, social and environmental factors affecting farmer decision-making in a complex production climate, and therefore to maximise potential environmental benefits.
- Published
- 2020
42. Cluster of Cases of Mycobacterium chelonae Bacteraemia
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McCracken, D., Flanagan, P., Hill, D., and Hosein, I.
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. S44 Diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion: can CT findings predict pleural fluid cytology results?
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Lu, Q, primary, Mercer, R, additional, Shepherd, G, additional, Castro, O, additional, Varatharajah, R, additional, Thayanandan, A, additional, Hassan, M, additional, Bedawi, E, additional, Mccracken, D, additional, Asciak, R, additional, Addala, D, additional, Tsikrika, M, additional, Hallifax, R, additional, and Rahman, N, additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. P104 Computed tomography evidence of lymphangitis associated to malignant pleural effusion: its prevalence and impact on survival
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Castro-Anon, O, primary, Dudina, A, additional, George, V, additional, Mercer, R, additional, McCracken, D, additional, Asciak, R, additional, Hassan, M, additional, Hallifax, R, additional, Russel, N, additional, Rodriguez-Panadero, F, additional, and Rahman, N, additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. P102 Discordant exudative pleural effusions: demographics and aetiology
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Addala, D, primary, Mercer, RM, additional, Lu, Q, additional, Shepherd, G, additional, Castro, O, additional, Varatharajah, R, additional, Thayanandan, A, additional, Hassan, M, additional, Bedawi, E, additional, Mccracken, D, additional, Asciak, R, additional, Tsikrika, M, additional, Hallifax, R, additional, and Rahman, N, additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. P101 Inflammatory pleural effusions: differentiating the diagnosis
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Addala, D, primary, Mercer, RM, additional, Lu, Q, additional, Shepherd, G, additional, Varatharajah, R, additional, Thayanandan, A, additional, Hassan, M, additional, Bedawi, E, additional, Mccracken, D, additional, Asciak, R, additional, and Rahman, N, additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. The impact of developments in South Africa on Irish politics, 1877-1902
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McCracken, D. P.
- Subjects
900 ,History - Published
- 1980
48. Pleural sliding or lack thereof: how easy to interpret on thoracic ultrasound?
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Hassan, M, Mercer, R, Asciak, R, Bedawi, E, McCracken, D, Corcoran, J, and Rahman, N
- Published
- 2019
49. Retrospective analysis of whether prior talc pleurodesis attempt affects subsequent IPC-related autopleurodesis or not
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Asciak, R, Hassan, M, McCracken, D, Mercer, R, Bedawi, E, Hallifax, R, Kanellakis, N, Wrightson, J, Psallidas, I, Russell, N, and Rahman, N
- Published
- 2019
50. A systematic review of malignant versus benign solitary fibrous tumours of the pleura (SFTP)
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Mercer, R, Wigston, C, Hassan, M, Asciak, R, McCracken, D, Bedawi, E, Hallifax, R, and Rahman, N
- Published
- 2019
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