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Background: Patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) metastases face poor prognoses, even with adjuvant therapies. Tumor-infiltrating T-cells and macrophages are critical in targeting tumor cells within the renal microenvironment. Beyond VHL mutations, loss-of-function mutations in SWI/SNF complex genes, including PBRM1, BAP1, ARID1A, SETD2, SMARCA4 (BRG1), and SMARCA2 (BRM), have been implicated in ccRCC progression., Design: A tissue microarray of 160 ccRCC cases was analyzed via immunohistochemistry (IHC) for SWI/SNF protein expression and CD4 + /CD8 + T-cell infiltration. Clinical and pathologic features were obtained through electronic medical records. Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, Pearson's chi-square and t-tests., Results: Loss of SWI/SNF protein expression was observed in PBRM1 (31 %), ARID1A (51 %), SETD2 (14 %), BRG1 (15 %), BRM (38 %), and BAP1 (40 %). T-cell counts varied significantly with stage: CD4 + counts peaked at Stage 3, while CD8 + counts increased through Stage 4 (p < 0.001). Loss of PBRM1 was more frequent in advanced stages (29.4 %, p < 0.001), while BRM and BRG1 losses were more common in earlier stages (p < 0.001, p = 0.006). ARID1A and BRM losses correlated with reduced CD8 + counts (p = 0.016, p = 0.032) and stage-specific CD4 + variations (p < 0.001, p = 0.042)., Conclusion: Loss of PBRM1, SMARCA2/BRM, and SMARCA4/BRG1 expression is significantly associated with ccRCC progression, with PBRM1 loss prevalent in advanced stages and SMARCA2/BRM and SMARCA4/BRG1 in earlier stages. ARID1A and SMARCA2/BRM losses correlate with reduced CD8 + counts and stage-specific CD4 + infiltration, highlighting their potential as biomarkers for disease progression and immunotherapeutic response., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Prostate cancer (PCa), the second leading cause of death in American men, includes distinct genetic subtypes with distinct therapeutic vulnerabilities. The DACH1 gene encodes a winged helix/Forkhead DNA-binding protein that competes for binding to FOXM1 sites. Herein, DACH1 gene deletion within the 13q21.31-q21.33 region occurs in up to 18% of human PCa and was associated with increased AR activity and poor prognosis. In prostate OncoMice, prostate-specific deletion of the Dach1 gene enhanced prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and was associated with increased TGFβ activity and DNA damage. Reduced Dach1 increased DNA damage in response to genotoxic stresses. DACH1 was recruited to sites of DNA damage, augmenting recruitment of Ku70/Ku80. Reduced Dach1 expression was associated with increased homology directed repair and resistance to PARP inhibitors and TGFβ kinase inhibitors. Reduced Dach1 expression may define a subclass of PCa that warrants specific therapies., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Transcription factor EB (TFEB)-rearranged renal cell carcinoma (RCC) exhibits diverse gene fusion patterns and heterogeneous clinicopathologic features. Rare TFEB-amplified RCCs have been described recently and are associated with a more aggressive clinical course. Herein, we report a case of an 86-year-old man with a solid 9.2-cm kidney tumor that showed a diffuse high-grade sarcomatoid morphology. The tumor demonstrated a novel BYSL::TFEB fusion containing exons 1-2 of the BYSL gene fused to exons 3-10 of TFEB via next-generation sequencing by using NextSeq sequencer. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies displayed concurrent high-copy number TFEB amplification in two distinct patterns, a balanced increase of 5' and 3' copies, and solely increased 5' copies, and mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) gene amplification by using TFEB (6p21.1) dual-color break-apart probe and MDM2 FISH probe. Notably, the tumor showed a distinctive immunoprofile with overexpressions of TFEB, epithelial membrane antigen, Cathepsin K, and PDL-1 (SP263). FISH test for transcription factor binding to IGHM enhancer 3 (TFE3) was negative for rearrangement and corresponding immunonegativity of TFE3. These findings not only expand the repertoire of known TFEB fusion partners implicated in tumorigenesis, but also may provide novel information for target therapy., (© 2023 The Authors. Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Malignant perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas) are exceedingly rare malignant mesenchymal neoplasms with characteristic morphological and immunohistochemical (IHC) patterns. However, some malignant PEComas are poorly differentiated with atypical histopathological features, making a definitive diagnosis difficult. PEComas are most commonly found in females and often show either TSC1 or TSC2 alterations, which result in the activation of the mTOR pathway, or TFE3 fusions. Given these molecular characteristics, mTOR inhibitors have recently been approved by the FDA in the treatment of malignant PEComas, particularly in those with TSC1/2 alterations. Therefore, molecular analyses may be helpful for both the diagnostic workup of and predicting response to mTOR inhibitors in cases of malignant PEComas., Case Presentation: Here, we report a case of an aggressive, 23 cm mesenteric malignant PEComa with multiple peritoneal metastases in a young male patient. Pathological examination of the initial biopsy showed a malignant epithelioid neoplasm with high-grade morphology and atypical immunoprofile, which precluded a definitive diagnosis. Because of the patient's excessive transfusion requirements due to intra-tumoral hemorrhage, a palliative R2 resection was performed. Histopathological examination of the tumor revealed focal immunoreactivity for Melan-A, HMB-45, desmin, and CD117. Although a diagnosis of malignant PEComa was favored, other entities such as epithelioid gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) or melanoma could not be definitively ruled out. Given the favored diagnosis, the patient was started on sirolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, rather than chemotherapy. Molecular analyses were performed and the tumor was found to harbor mutations in TP53 and TSC2, supporting a definitive diagnosis of malignant PEComa. The patient was then switched to nab-sirolimus, with initial stabilization of the disease., Conclusions: This report details a multidisciplinary approach for the diagnosis and management of a highly aggressive, metastatic malignant PEComa in a young male patient. The basis for the treatment of malignant PEComas with the recently FDA-approved mTOR inhibitor, nab-sirolimus, is also reviewed. In summary, this case highlights the importance of molecular analysis, particularly TSC1/2 alterations, for both the definitive diagnosis of malignant PEComas and predicting their response to nab-sirolimus., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Purpose: DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs, herein referred as DNA-PK) is a multifunctional kinase of high cancer relevance. DNA-PK is deregulated in multiple tumor types, including prostate cancer, and is associated with poor outcomes. DNA-PK was previously nominated as a therapeutic target and DNA-PK inhibitors are currently undergoing clinical investigation. Although DNA-PK is well studied in DNA repair and transcriptional regulation, much remains to be understood about the way by which DNA-PK drives aggressive disease phenotypes., Experimental Design: Here, unbiased proteomic and metabolomic approaches in clinically relevant tumor models uncovered a novel role of DNA-PK in metabolic regulation of cancer progression. DNA-PK regulation of metabolism was interrogated using pharmacologic and genetic perturbation using in vitro cell models, in vivo xenografts, and ex vivo in patient-derived explants (PDE)., Results: Key findings reveal: (i) the first-in-field DNA-PK protein interactome; (ii) numerous DNA-PK novel partners involved in glycolysis; (iii) DNA-PK interacts with, phosphorylates (in vitro), and increases the enzymatic activity of glycolytic enzymes ALDOA and PKM2; (iv) DNA-PK drives synthesis of glucose-derived pyruvate and lactate; (v) DNA-PK regulates glycolysis in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo; and (vi) combination of DNA-PK inhibitor with glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose leads to additive anti-proliferative effects in aggressive disease., Conclusions: Findings herein unveil novel DNA-PK partners, substrates, and function in prostate cancer. DNA-PK impacts glycolysis through direct interaction with glycolytic enzymes and modulation of enzymatic activity. These events support energy production that may contribute to generation and/or maintenance of DNA-PK-mediated aggressive disease phenotypes., (©2022 The Authors; Published by the American Association for Cancer Research.)

Loss of the retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor protein is a critical step in reprogramming biological networks that drive cancer progression, although mechanistic insight has been largely limited to the impact of RB loss on cell-cycle regulation. Here, isogenic modeling of RB loss identified disease stage-specific rewiring of E2F1 function, providing the first-in-field mapping of the E2F1 cistrome and transcriptome after RB loss across disease progression. Biochemical and functional assessment using both in vitro and in vivo models identified an unexpected, prominent role for E2F1 in regulation of redox metabolism after RB loss, driving an increase in the synthesis of the antioxidant glutathione, specific to advanced disease. These E2F1-dependent events resulted in protection from reactive oxygen species in response to therapeutic intervention. On balance, these findings reveal novel pathways through which RB loss promotes cancer progression and highlight potentially new nodes of intervention for treating RB-deficient cancers. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies stage-specific consequences of RB loss across cancer progression that have a direct impact on tumor response to clinically utilized therapeutics. The study herein is the first to investigate the effect of RB loss on global metabolic regulation and link RB/E2F1 to redox control in multiple advanced diseases. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2113 ., (©2021 American Association for Cancer Research.)

The essential G 1 -cyclin, CCND1, is a collaborative nuclear oncogene that is frequently overexpressed in cancer. D-type cyclins bind and activate CDK4 and CDK6 thereby contributing to G 1 -S cell-cycle progression. In addition to the nucleus, herein cyclin D1 was also located in the cytoplasmic membrane. In contrast with the nuclear-localized form of cyclin D1 (cyclin D1 NL ), the cytoplasmic membrane-localized form of cyclin D1 (cyclin D1 MEM ) induced transwell migration and the velocity of cellular migration. The cyclin D1 MEM was sufficient to induce G 1 -S cell-cycle progression, cellular proliferation, and colony formation. The cyclin D1 MEM was sufficient to induce phosphorylation of the serine threonine kinase Akt (Ser473) and augmented extranuclear localized 17β-estradiol dendrimer conjugate (EDC)-mediated phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473). These studies suggest distinct subcellular compartments of cell cycle proteins may convey distinct functions.

Prostate cancer (PrCa) cells crosstalk with the tumour microenvironment by releasing small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). sEVs, as well as large extracellular vesicles (LEVs), isolated via iodixanol density gradients from PrCa cell culture media, express the epithelial-specific αvβ6 integrin, which is known to be induced in cancer. In this study, we show sEV-mediated protein transfer of αvβ6 integrin to microvascular endothelial cells (human microvascular endothelial cells 1 - HMEC1) and demonstrate that de novo αvβ6 integrin expression is not caused by increased mRNA levels. Incubation of HMEC1 with sEVs isolated from PrCa PC3 cells that express the αvβ6 integrin results in a highly significant increase in the number of nodes, junctions and tubules. In contrast, incubation of HMEC1 with sEVs isolated from β6 negative PC3 cells, generated by shRNA against β6, results in a reduction in the number of nodes, junctions and tubules, a decrease in survivin levels and an increase in a negative regulator of angiogenesis, pSTAT1. Furthermore, treatment of HMEC1 with sEVs generated by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated down-regulation of β6, causes up-regulation of pSTAT1. Overall, our findings suggest that αvβ6 integrin in cancer sEVs regulates angiogenesis during PrCa progression., (© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles.)

Purpose: Scintigraphic imaging of malignant glioblastoma (MG) continues to be challenging. We hypothesized that VPAC1 cell surface receptors can be targeted for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of orthotopically implanted MG in a mouse model, using a VPAC1-specific peptide [ 64 Cu]TP3805., Procedures: The expression of VPAC1 in mouse GL261 and human U87 glioma cell lines was determined by western blot. The ability of [ 64 Cu]TP3805 to bind to GL261 and U87 cells was studied by cell-binding. Receptor-blocking studies were performed to validate receptor specificity. GL261 tumors were implanted orthotopically in syngeneic T-bet knockout C57BL/6 mouse brain (N = 15) and allowed to grow for 2-3 weeks. Mice were injected i.v., first with ~ 150 μCi of 2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F]fluoro-D-glucose ([ 18 F]FDG) then 24 h later with ~ 200 μCi of [ 64 Cu]TP3805. In another set of tumor-bearing mice, (N = 5), ionic [ 64 Cu]Cl 2 was injected as a control. Mice were imaged at a 2-h post-injection using an Inveon micro-PET/CT, sacrificed and % ID/g of [ 64 Cu]TP3805 and [ 64 Cu]Cl 2 were calculated in a tumor, normal brain, and other tissues. For histologic tissue examination, 3-μm thick sections of the tumors and normal brain were prepared, digital autoradiography (DAR) was performed, and then the sections were H&E stained for histologic examination., Results: Western blots showed a strong signal for VPAC1 on both cell lines. [ 64 Cu]TP3805 cell-binding was 87 ± 1.5 %. Receptor-blocking reduced cell-binding to 24.3 ± 1.5 % (P < 0.01). PET imaging revealed remarkable accumulation of [ 64 Cu]TP3805 in GL261 MG with a negligible background in the normal brain, as compared to [ 18 F]FDG. Micro-PET/CT image analyses and tissue distribution showed that the brain tumor uptake for [ 64 Cu]TP3805 was 8.2 ± 1.7 % ID/g and for [ 64 Cu]Cl 2 2.1 ± 0.5 % ID/g as compared to 1.0 ± 0.3 % ID/g and 1.4 ± 0.3 % ID/g for normal mouse brains, respectively. The high tumor/normal brain ratio for [ 64 Cu]TP3805 (8.1 ± 1.1) allowed tumors to be visualized unequivocally. Histology and [ 64 Cu]TP3805 DAR differentiated malignant tumors from healthy brain and confirmed PET findings., Conclusion: Targeting VPAC1 receptors using [ 64 Cu]TP3805 for PET imaging of MG is a promising novel approach and calls for further investigation.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have improved patient survival in melanoma, but the innate resistance of many patients necessitates the investigation of alternative immune targets. Many immune checkpoint proteins lack proper characterization, including V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA). VISTA expression on immune cells can suppress T cell activity; however, few studies have investigated its expression and regulation in cancer cells. In this study, we observe that VISTA is expressed in melanoma patient samples and cell lines. Tumor cell-specific expression of VISTA promotes tumor onset in vivo, associated with increased intratumoral T regulatory cells, and enhanced PDL-1 expression on tumor-infiltrating macrophages. VISTA transcript levels are regulated by the stemness factor Forkhead box D3 (FOXD3). BRAF inhibition upregulates FOXD3 and reduces VISTA expression. Overall, this study demonstrates melanoma cell expression of VISTA and its regulation by FOXD3, contributing to the rationale for therapeutic strategies that combine targeted inhibitors with immune checkpoint blockade., (Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a member of the herpesvirus family that is associated with various disease manifestations, including EBV-associated colitis. There are few case reports describing hemorrhage associated with EBV colitis. We report a 61-year-old woman with acute gastrointestinal bleeding due to EBV colitis after initiation of methylprednisolone and enoxaparin for spinal cord infarction. To our knowledge, there are only a few case reports of hemorrhagic EBV colitis. Perhaps we need to have a higher suspicion for EBV in cases of colitis associated with hemorrhage even in relatively immunocompetent patients., (© 2019 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of The American College of Gastroenterology.)

Purpose: DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PK) is a pleiotropic kinase involved in DNA repair and transcriptional regulation. DNA-PK is deregulated in selected cancer types and is strongly associated with poor outcome. The underlying mechanisms by which DNA-PK promotes aggressive tumor phenotypes are not well understood. Here, unbiased molecular investigation in clinically relevant tumor models reveals novel functions of DNA-PK in cancer. Experimental Design: DNA-PK function was modulated using both genetic and pharmacologic methods in a series of in vitro models, in vivo xenografts, and patient-derived explants (PDE), and the impact on the downstream signaling and cellular cancer phenotypes was discerned. Data obtained were used to develop novel strategies for combinatorial targeting of DNA-PK and hormone signaling pathways., Results: Key findings reveal that (i) DNA-PK regulates tumor cell proliferation; (ii) pharmacologic targeting of DNA-PK suppresses tumor growth both in vitro, in vivo , and ex vivo ; (iii) DNA-PK transcriptionally regulates the known DNA-PK-mediated functions as well as novel cancer-related pathways that promote tumor growth; (iv) dual targeting of DNA-PK/TOR kinase (TORK) transcriptionally upregulates androgen signaling, which can be mitigated using the androgen receptor (AR) antagonist enzalutamide; (v) cotargeting AR and DNA-PK/TORK leads to the expansion of antitumor effects, uncovering the modulation of novel, highly relevant protumorigenic cancer pathways; and (viii) cotargeting DNA-PK/TORK and AR has cooperative growth inhibitory effects in vitro and in vivo ., Conclusions: These findings uncovered novel DNA-PK transcriptional regulatory functions and led to the development of a combinatorial therapeutic strategy for patients with advanced prostate cancer, currently being tested in the clinical setting., (©2019 American Association for Cancer Research.)

MEK-ERK1/2 signaling is elevated in melanomas that are wild-type for both BRAF and NRAS (WT/WT), but patients are insensitive to MEK inhibitors. Stromal-derived growth factors may mediate resistance to targeted inhibitors, and optimizing the use of targeted inhibitors for patients with WT/WT melanoma is a clinical unmet need. Here, we studied adaptive responses to MEK inhibition in WT/WT cutaneous melanoma. The Cancer Genome Atlas data set and tumor microarray studies of WT/WT melanomas showed that high levels of neuregulin-1 (NRG1) were associated with stromal content and ErbB3 signaling. Of growth factors implicated in resistance to targeted inhibitors, NRG1 was effective at mediating resistance to MEK inhibitors in patient-derived WT/WT melanoma cells. Furthermore, ErbB3/ErbB2 signaling was adaptively upregulated following MEK inhibition. Patient-derived cancer-associated fibroblast studies demonstrated that stromal-derived NRG1 activated ErbB3/ErbB2 signaling and enhanced resistance to a MEK inhibitor. ErbB3- and ErbB2-neutralizing antibodies blocked the protective effects of NRG1 in vitro and cooperated with the MEK inhibitor to delay tumor growth in both cell line and patient-derived xenograft models. These results highlight tumor microenvironment regulation of targeted inhibitor resistance in WT/WT melanoma and provide a rationale for combining MEK inhibitors with anti-ErbB3/ErbB2 antibodies in patients with WT/WT cutaneous melanoma, for whom there are no effective targeted therapy options. Significance: This work suggests a mechanism by which NRG1 regulates the sensitivity of WT NRAS/BRAF melanomas to MEK inhibitors and provides a rationale for combining MEK inhibitors with anti-ErbB2/ErbB3 antibodies in these tumors. Cancer Res; 78(19); 5680-93. ©2018 AACR ., (©2018 American Association for Cancer Research.)

Background: Androgen deprivation therapy is a first-line treatment for disseminated prostate cancer (PCa). However, virtually all tumors become resistant and recur as castration-resistant PCa, which has no durable cure. One major hurdle in the development of more effective therapies is the lack of preclinical models that adequately recapitulate the heterogeneity of PCa, significantly hindering the ability to accurately predict therapeutic response., Objective: To leverage the ex vivo culture method termed patient-derived explant (PDE) to examine the impact of PCa therapeutics on a patient-by-patient basis., Design Setting and Participants: Fresh PCa tissue from patients who underwent radical prostatectomy was cultured as PDEs to examine therapeutic response., Outcome Measurements and Statistical Analysis: The impact of genomic and chemical perturbations in PDEs was assessed using various parameters (eg, AR levels, Ki67 staining, and desmoplastic indices)., Results and Limitations: PDE maintained the integrity of the native tumor microenvironment (TME), tumor tissue morphology, viability, and endogenous hormone signaling. Tumor cells in this model system exhibited de novo proliferative capacity. Examination of the native TME in the PDE revealed a first-in-field insight into patient-specific desmoplastic stromal indices and predicted responsiveness to AR-directed therapeutics., Conclusions: The PDE model allows for a comprehensive evaluation of individual tumors in their native TME to ultimately develop more effective therapeutic regimens tailored to individuals. Discernment of novel stromal markers may provide a basis for applying precision medicine in treating advanced PCa, which would have a transformative effect on patient outcomes., Patient Summary: In this study, an innovative model system was used to more effectively mimic human disease. The patient-derived explant (PDE) system can be used to predict therapeutic response and identify novel targets in advanced disease. Thus, the PDE will be an asset for the development of novel metrics for the implementation of precision medicine in prostate cancer.The patient-derived explant (PDE) model allows for a comprehensive evaluation of individual human tumors in their native tumor microenvironment (TME). TME analysis revealed first-in-field insight into predicted tumor responsiveness to AR-directed therapeutics through evaluation of patient-specific desmoplastic stromal indices.

In the renal allograft, transplant glomerulopathy represents a morphologic lesion and not a specific diagnosis. The hallmark pathologic feature is glomerular basement membrane reduplication by light microscopy or electron microscopy in the absence of immune complex deposits. Transplant glomerulopathy results from chronic, recurring endothelial cell injury that can be mediated by HLA alloantibodies (donor-specific antibodies), various autoantibodies, cell-mediated immune injury, thrombotic microangiopathy, or chronic hepatitis C. Clinically, transplant glomerulopathy may be silent, detectable on protocol biopsy, or present with overt manifestations, including up to nephrotic range proteinuria, hypertension, and declining glomerular filtration rate. In either case, transplant glomerulopathy is associated with reduced graft survival. This review details the morphologic features of transplant glomerulopathy found on light microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy, and electron microscopy. The pathophysiology of the causes and risk factors are discussed. Clinical manifestations are emphasized and potential therapeutic modalities are examined.

Cancer biology is influenced by the tumor microenvironment, which impacts disease prognosis and therapeutic interventions. The inter-relationship of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, immune response regulators, and a glycolytic tumor environment was evaluated in a cohort of 183 largely consecutive patients with triple negative breast cancer diagnosis. High levels of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were associated with improved survival of triple negative breast cancer cases. However, elevated levels of PD-L1, CD163, and FOXP3 were individually associated with significantly decreased overall survival. These three determinants were significantly correlated, and could serve to differentiate the prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Interestingly, a glycolytic tumor environment, as determined by the expression of MCT4 in the tumor stroma, was associated with the immune evasive environment and poor prognosis. Clustering of all markers defined four distinct triple negative breast cancer subtypes that harbored prognostic significance in multivariate analysis. Immune and metabolic markers stratified triple negative breast cancer into subtypes that have prognostic significance and implications for therapies targeting immune checkpoints and tumor metabolism.

Purpose Guidelines are limited for genetic testing for prostate cancer (PCA). The goal of this conference was to develop an expert consensus-driven working framework for comprehensive genetic evaluation of inherited PCA in the multigene testing era addressing genetic counseling, testing, and genetically informed management. Methods An expert consensus conference was convened including key stakeholders to address genetic counseling and testing, PCA screening, and management informed by evidence review. Results Consensus was strong that patients should engage in shared decision making for genetic testing. There was strong consensus to test HOXB13 for suspected hereditary PCA, BRCA1/2 for suspected hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, and DNA mismatch repair genes for suspected Lynch syndrome. There was strong consensus to factor BRCA2 mutations into PCA screening discussions. BRCA2 achieved moderate consensus for factoring into early-stage management discussion, with stronger consensus in high-risk/advanced and metastatic setting. Agreement was moderate to test all men with metastatic castration-resistant PCA, regardless of family history, with stronger agreement to test BRCA1/2 and moderate agreement to test ATM to inform prognosis and targeted therapy. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive, multidisciplinary consensus statement to address a genetic evaluation framework for inherited PCA in the multigene testing era. Future research should focus on developing a working definition of familial PCA for clinical genetic testing, expanding understanding of genetic contribution to aggressive PCA, exploring clinical use of genetic testing for PCA management, genetic testing of African American males, and addressing the value framework of genetic evaluation and testing men at risk for PCA-a clinically heterogeneous disease.

Background: Worldwide, ∼1 million people manage their type 1 diabetes with an insulin pump and a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) catheter. Patients routinely insert a new catheter every 2-3 days due to increasing variability of insulin absorption over time. Catheter insertion and maintenance damage capillaries, lymphatics, cells, and connective tissue leading to an acute inflammatory response., Methods: We compared an investigational CSII catheter (IC) and a commercial CSII catheter (CC) regarding insulin absorption pharmacokinetics (PK) and tissue inflammation. The two different catheter designs were implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of six swine for 5 days. Insulin boluses were given on days 1, 3, and 5 of wear-time to assess PK. Tissue around catheters was excised and stained to visualize inflammation and morphological changes of adjacent tissue., Results: Insulin absorption was better when infused through a CC with highest C max and fastest t max values on day 5 of catheter wear-time. Both catheter types produced high intra- and intersubject day-to-day insulin absorption variability. The IC caused significantly more tissue disruption and lead to irregular changes in tissue morphology. Both catheter types were surrounded by a layer of inflammatory tissue that varied in composition, thickness, and density over time. A catheter that was manually inserted by pushing a sharp tip through the skin caused more trauma and variability than a 90° Teflon cannula with automated insertion., Conclusions: Insulin absorption variability could be attributed to the layer of inflammatory tissue, which may function as a mechanical barrier to insulin flow into adjacent vascular tissue. The impact of the acute inflammatory tissue response on insulin absorption has to be considered in future catheter designs. A catheter that was manually inserted by pushing a sharp tip through the skin caused more trauma and variability than a 90° Teflon cannula with automated insertion.

Introduction: Previously, our laboratory has shown that 64 Cu-TP3805 can specifically target VPAC1 receptors and be used for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of breast (BC) and prostate cancer (PC) in humans. Present work is aimed at the formulation of a freeze-dried diaminedithiol-peptide (N 2 S 2 -TP3805) kit and it's evaluation for the preparation of 64 Cu labeled TP3805. Parameters such as pH, temperature and incubation time were examined that influenced the radiolabeling efficiency and stability of the product., Methods: Kits were prepared under different conditions and radiolabeling efficiency of TP3805 kit was evaluated for a range of pH3.5-8.5, after addition of 64 Cu in 30μl, 0.1M HCl. Incubation temperature (37-90°C) and time (30-120min.) were also investigated. Kits were stored at -10°C and their long term stability was determined as a function of their radiolabeling efficiency. Further, stability of 64 Cu-TP3805 complex was evaluated in presence of fetal bovine serum and bovine serum albumin by using SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Kits were then used for PET imaging of BC and PC following eIND (101550) and institutional approvals. Specificity of 64 Cu-TP3805 for VPAC1 was examined with digital autoradiography (DAR) of prostate tissues obtained after prostatectomy, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissue, and benign and malignant lymph nodes. Results were compared with corresponding tissue histology., Results: Radiolabeling efficiency was ≥95% at final pH ~7.2 when incubated at 50°C for 90min. Kits were stable up to 18months when stored at -10°C, and 64 Cu-TP3805 complex exhibited excellent stability for up to 4h at room temperature. 64 Cu-TP3805 complex did not show any transchelation even after 2h incubation at 37°C in 10% FBS as well as in BSA as determined by SDS PAGE analysis. DAR identified ≥95% of malignant lesions 11 new PC lesions, 20 high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, 2/2 ejaculatory ducts and 5/5 urethra verumontanum not previously identified The malignant lymph nodes were correctly identified by DAR and for 3/3 BPH patients, and 5/5 cysts, DAR was negative. In human BC (n=19) and PC (n=26) were imaged with 100% sensitivity., Conclusion: Availability of ready to use N 2 S 2 -peptide kits for 64 Cu labeling is convenient and eliminates possible day to day variation during its routine preparation for clinical use., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: We evaluated the UroVysion (Abbott Molecular, IL, USA) fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay for the diagnosis of urothelial cancer in patients diagnosed with or suspected to have bladder, upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), and combined upper and lower tract urothelial carcinoma (BC)., Materials and Methods: A single institution retrospective analysis comparing sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive values for FISH and urinary cytology. FISH within 6 months of endoscopic evaluation were obtained from outpatient voided urine samples. Our institutional pathology department confirmed pathologic disease from specimens obtained during endoscopic evaluations for lower tract disease. For upper tract disease, disease was confirmed by retrograde ureteroscopy, biopsies of visual lesions, and site-specific upper tract cytology., Results: A total of 415 patients submitted FISH specimens. Overall, FISH was more sensitive than cytology 54.9% in comparison with cytology 42.2% (p = 0.01), specificity favored cytology 92.9% compared to 73.5% with FISH (p < 0.01). For BC only patients, the same significant finding of increased sensitivity and decreased specificity was identified, but for UTUC alone and combined UTUC and BC, there was no significant difference. Cytology had improved positive predictive value (PPV) over FISH, 76.9% in comparison to 64.6% (p = 0.02). Negative predictive value (NPV) also favored cytology 74.2% versus 64.9% (p = 0.02). When analyzing individual cohorts, cytology had improved PPV for BC alone patients. UTUC showed no difference for PPV and NPV. For both UTUC and BC, NPV was slightly favored for FISH over cytology 93.2% versus 91.2% (p = 0.03)., Conclusions: Voided urine FISH testing does offer a higher detection of urothelial carcinoma for BC compared to voided cytology; however, specificity was worse. FISH does not appear to improve detection of urothelial carcinoma in patients with either UTUC only or both BC and UTUC.

Background: Intraoperative frozen section analysis is frequently used to obtain a histological diagnosis at the time of resection and to assess resection margins. Although many surgeons perceive a clinical benefit, particularly with respect to the transected resection margins, the limitations and pitfalls of frozen section analysis have not been well documented. Case: Here, we report a case of serous cystadenoma with background pancreatitis masquerading on frozen section as an invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. This interpretation was a surprise in light of preoperative imaging that was highly suggestive of a benign cystic tumor, but nevertheless prompted intraoperative consideration of a more radical operation to ensure a complete resection was achieved. Conclusions: Frozen section analysis is an imperfect test, and misdiagnoses can potentially impact patient outcomes adversely. Intraoperative decisions must carefully integrate the preliminary pathological interpretation with the overall clinical context. Further studies are warranted to more fully characterize the accuracy, utility, and cost-effectiveness of intraoperative frozen section analysis for pancreatic surgery., Competing Interests: No competing financial interests exist.

Programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand (PD-1/PD-Ls) axis is crucial for the modulation of immune responses and self-tolerance. Also, aberrant PD-L1 expression on the tumor cells or tumor-associated inflammatory cells accelerates immune evasion of tumor cells. In the past decade, PD-1/PD-L immune checkpoint inhibitors were introduced to cancer treatment trials and, in some cases, showed significant anticancer effects. PD-L1 immunohistochemical staining is considered a potential predictor of clinical response to PD-1/PD-L immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. However, immunohistochemical data on PD-L1 expression in different types of cancer especially rare entities remain incomplete. In this study, PD-L1 expression was immunohistochemically analyzed in 5536 tumors including germ cell, epithelial, mesenchymal, melanocytic/neuroectodermal, and lymphohematopoietic tumors, as well as in a set of human normal tissues including a fetus. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed with E1L3N rabbit monoclonal antibody and Leica Bond Max automation using multitumor blocks containing up to 70 tumor samples. PD-L1 was constitutively and strongly expressed in placental trophoblasts as well as choriocarcinomas and trophoblastic components of germ cell tumors. Also, the neoplastic cells of classical Hodgkin lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, schwannoma, thymoma, and squamous cell carcinoma of various sites frequently expressed PD-L1. In gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas, PD-L1-expression was associated with EBER positivity and mismatch-repair deficiency. In addition, PD-L1 was variably expressed in non-neoplastic macrophages and dendritic cells. PD-L1 immunohistochemistry may have some role in the immunophenotypic differential diagnosis of tumors and pinpointing potential candidates for anti-PD-1/PD-L immune checkpoint therapy.

Purpose: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is associated with an immunosuppressive microenvironment that supports the growth of the malignancy as well as immune system evasion. Here we examine markers of immunosuppression in PDA within the context of the glycolytic tumor microenvironment, their interrelationship with tumor biology and association with overall survival., Experimental Design: We utilized tissue microarrays consisting of 223 PDA patients annotated for clinical stage, tumor size, lymph node involvement, and survival. Expression of CD163, FoxP3, PD-L1, and MCT4 was assessed by IHC and statistical associations were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analysis. Multimarker subtypes were defined by random forest analysis. Mechanistic interactions were evaluated using PDA cell lines and models for myeloid differentiation., Results: PDA exhibits discrete expression of CD163, FoxP3, and PD-L1 with modest individual significance. However, combined low expression of these markers was associated with improved prognosis (P = 0.02). PDA tumor cells altered macrophage phenotype and function, which supported enhanced invasiveness in cell-based models. Lactate efflux mediated by MCT4 was associated with, and required for, the selective conversion of myeloid cells. Correspondingly, MCT4 expression correlated with immune markers in PDA cases, and increased the significance of prognostic subtypes (P = 0.002)., Conclusions: There exists a complex interplay between PDA tumor cells and the host immune system wherein immunosuppression is associated with negative outcome. MCT4 expression, representative of the glycolytic state of PDA, contributes to the phenotypic conversion of myeloid cells. Thus, metabolic status of PDA tumors is an important determinant of the immunosuppressive environment. Clin Cancer Res; 22(14); 3606-17. ©2016 AACR., (©2016 American Association for Cancer Research.)

Previously, it has been shown that pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) tumors exhibit high levels of hypoxia, characterized by low oxygen pressure (pO2) and decreased O2 intracellular perfusion. Chronic hypoxia is strongly associated with resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapy and chemoradiation in an understudied phenomenon known as hypoxia-induced chemoresistance. The hypoxia-inducible, pro-oncogenic, serine-threonine kinase PIM1 (Proviral Integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus 1) has emerged as a key regulator of hypoxia-induced chemoresistance in PDA and other cancers. Although its role in therapeutic resistance has been described previously, the molecular mechanism behind PIM1 overexpression in PDA is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that cis-acting AU-rich elements (ARE) present within a 38-base pair region of the PIM1 mRNA 3'-untranslated region mediate a regulatory interaction with the mRNA stability factor HuR (Hu antigen R) in the context of tumor hypoxia. Predominantly expressed in the nucleus in PDA cells, HuR translocates to the cytoplasm in response to hypoxic stress and stabilizes the PIM1 mRNA transcript, resulting in PIM1 protein overexpression. A reverse-phase protein array revealed that HuR-mediated regulation of PIM1 protects cells from hypoxic stress through phosphorylation and inactivation of the apoptotic effector BAD and activation of MEK1/2. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of HuR by MS-444 inhibits HuR homodimerization and its cytoplasmic translocation, abrogates hypoxia-induced PIM1 overexpression and markedly enhances PDA cell sensitivity to oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil under physiologic low oxygen conditions. Taken together, these results support the notion that HuR has prosurvival properties in PDA cells by enabling them with growth advantages in stressful tumor microenvironment niches. Accordingly, these studies provide evidence that therapeutic disruption of HuR's regulation of PIM1 may be a key strategy in breaking an elusive chemotherapeutic resistance mechanism acquired by PDA cells that reside in hypoxic PDA microenvironments.

Active Stat5a/b predicts early recurrence and disease-specific death in prostate cancer (PC), which both typically are caused by development of metastatic disease. Herein, we demonstrate that Stat5a/b induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of PC cells, as shown by Stat5a/b regulation of EMT marker expression (Twist1, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin, and fibronectin) in PC cell lines, xenograft tumors in vivo, and patient-derived PCs ex vivo using organ explant cultures. Jak2-Stat5a/b signaling induced functional end points of EMT as well, indicated by disruption of epithelial cell monolayers and increased migration and adhesion of PC cells to fibronectin. Knockdown of Twist1 suppressed Jak2-Stat5a/b-induced EMT properties of PC cells, which were rescued by re-introduction of Twist1, indicating that Twist1 mediates Stat5a/b-induced EMT in PC cells. While promoting EMT, Jak2-Stat5a/b signaling induced stem-like properties in PC cells, such as sphere formation and expression of cancer stem cell markers, including BMI1. Mechanistically, both Twist1 and BMI1 were critical for Stat5a/b induction of stem-like features, because genetic knockdown of Twist1 suppressed Stat5a/b-induced BMI1 expression and sphere formation in stem cell culture conditions, which were rescued by re-introduction of BMI1. By using human prolactin knock-in mice, we demonstrate that prolactin-Stat5a/b signaling promoted metastases formation of PC cells in vivo. In conclusion, our data support the concept that Jak2-Stat5a/b signaling promotes metastatic progression of PC by inducing EMT and stem cell properties in PC cells., (Copyright © 2015 American Society for Investigative Pathology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Bypassing tyrosine kinases responsible for Stat5a/b phosphorylation would be advantageous for therapy development for Stat5a/b-regulated cancers. Here, we sought to identify small molecule inhibitors of Stat5a/b for lead optimization and therapy development for prostate cancer and Bcr-Abl-driven leukemias. In silico screening of chemical structure databases combined with medicinal chemistry was used for identification of a panel of small molecule inhibitors to block SH2 domain-mediated docking of Stat5a/b to the receptor-kinase complex and subsequent phosphorylation and dimerization. We tested the efficacy of the lead compound IST5-002 in experimental models and patient samples of two known Stat5a/b-driven cancers, prostate cancer and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The lead compound inhibitor of Stat5-002 (IST5-002) prevented both Jak2 and Bcr-Abl-mediated phosphorylation and dimerization of Stat5a/b, and selectively inhibited transcriptional activity of Stat5a (IC50 = 1.5μmol/L) and Stat5b (IC50 = 3.5 μmol/L). IST5-002 suppressed nuclear translocation of Stat5a/b, binding to DNA and Stat5a/b target gene expression. IST5-002 induced extensive apoptosis of prostate cancer cells, impaired growth of prostate cancer xenograft tumors, and induced cell death in patient-derived prostate cancers when tested ex vivo in explant organ cultures. Importantly, IST5-002 induced robust apoptotic death not only of imatinib-sensitive but also of imatinib-resistant CML cell lines and primary CML cells from patients. IST5-002 provides a lead structure for further chemical modifications for clinical development for Stat5a/b-driven solid tumors and hematologic malignancies., (©2015 American Association for Cancer Research.)

Uveal melanoma patients with metastatic disease usually die within one year, emphasizing an urgent need to develop new treatment strategies for this cancer. MEK inhibitors improve survival in cutaneous melanoma patients but show only modest efficacy in metastatic uveal melanoma patients. In this study, we screened for growth factors that elicited resistance in newly characterized metastatic uveal melanoma cell lines to clinical-grade MEK inhibitors, trametinib and selumetinib. We show that neuregulin 1 (NRG1) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) provide resistance to MEK inhibition. Mechanistically, trametinib enhances the responsiveness to NRG1 and sustained HGF-mediated activation of AKT. Individually targeting ERBB3 and cMET, the receptors for NRG1 and HGF, respectively, overcome resistance to trametinib provided by these growth factors and by conditioned medium from fibroblasts that produce NRG1 and HGF. Inhibition of AKT also effectively reverses the protective effect of NRG1 and HGF in trametinib-treated cells. Uveal melanoma xenografts growing in the liver in vivo and a subset of liver metastases of uveal melanoma patients express activated forms of ERBB2 (the coreceptor for ERBB3) and cMET. Together, these results provide preclinical evidence for the use of MEK inhibitors in combination with clinical-grade anti-ERBB3 or anti-cMET monoclonal antibodies in metastatic uveal melanoma., (©2015 American Association for Cancer Research.)

Sox10 transcription factor is expressed in schwannian and melanocytic lineages and is important in their development and can be used as a marker for corresponding tumors. In addition, it has been reported in subsets of myoepithelial/basal cell epithelial neoplasms, but its expression remains incompletely characterized. In this study, we examined Sox10 expression in 5134 human neoplasms spanning a wide spectrum of neuroectodermal, mesenchymal, lymphoid, and epithelial tumors. A new rabbit monoclonal antibody (clone EP268) and Leica Bond Max automation were used on multitumor block libraries containing 30 to 70 cases per slide. Sox10 was consistently expressed in benign Schwann cell tumors of soft tissue and the gastrointestinal tract and in metastatic melanoma and was variably present in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. In contrast, Sox10 was absent in many potential mimics of nerve sheath tumors such as cellular neurothekeoma, meningioma, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, perivascular epithelioid cell tumor and a variety of fibroblastic-myofibroblastic tumors. Sox10 was virtually absent in mesenchymal tumors but occasionally seen in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. In epithelial tumors of soft tissue, Sox10 was expressed only in myoepitheliomas, although often absent in malignant variants. Carcinomas, other than basal cell-type breast cancers, were only rarely positive but included 6% of squamous carcinomas of head and neck and 7% of pulmonary small cell carcinomas. Furthermore, Sox10 was often focally expressed in embryonal carcinoma reflecting a primitive Sox10-positive phenotype or neuroectodermal differentiation. Expression of Sox10 in entrapped non-neoplastic Schwann cells or melanocytes in various neoplasms has to be considered in diagnosing Sox10-positive tumors. The Sox10 antibody belongs in a modern immunohistochemical panel for the diagnosis of soft tissue and epithelial tumors.

Prostate cancer is the second leading form of cancer-related death in men. In a subset of prostate cancer patients, increased chemokine signaling IL8 and IL6 correlates with castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). IL8 and IL6 are produced by prostate epithelial cells and promote prostate cancer cell invasion; however, the mechanisms restraining prostate epithelial cell cytokine secretion are poorly understood. Herein, the cell-fate determinant factor DACH1 inhibited CRPC tumor growth in mice. Using Dach1(fl/fl)/Probasin-Cre bitransgenic mice, we show IL8 and IL6 secretion was altered by approximately 1,000-fold by endogenous Dach1. Endogenous Dach1 is shown to serve as a key endogenous restraint to prostate epithelial cell growth and restrains migration via CXCL signaling. DACH1 inhibited expression, transcription, and secretion of the CXCL genes (IL8 and IL6) by binding to their promoter regulatory regions in chromatin. DACH1 is thus a newly defined determinant of benign and malignant prostate epithelium cellular growth, migration, and cytokine abundance in vivo., (©2015 American Association for Cancer Research.)

Purpose: To test the hypothesis that a genomic classifier (GC) would predict biochemical failure (BF) and distant metastasis (DM) in men receiving radiation therapy (RT) after radical prostatectomy (RP)., Methods and Materials: Among patients who underwent post-RP RT, 139 were identified for pT3 or positive margin, who did not receive neoadjuvant hormones and had paraffin-embedded specimens. Ribonucleic acid was extracted from the highest Gleason grade focus and applied to a high-density-oligonucleotide microarray. Receiver operating characteristic, calibration, cumulative incidence, and Cox regression analyses were performed to assess GC performance for predicting BF and DM after post-RP RT in comparison with clinical nomograms., Results: The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the Stephenson model was 0.70 for both BF and DM, with addition of GC significantly improving area under the receiver operating characteristic curve to 0.78 and 0.80, respectively. Stratified by GC risk groups, 8-year cumulative incidence was 21%, 48%, and 81% for BF (P<.0001) and for DM was 0, 12%, and 17% (P=.032) for low, intermediate, and high GC, respectively. In multivariable analysis, patients with high GC had a hazard ratio of 8.1 and 14.3 for BF and DM. In patients with intermediate or high GC, those irradiated with undetectable prostate-specific antigen (PSA ≤0.2 ng/mL) had median BF survival of >8 years, compared with <4 years for patients with detectable PSA (>0.2 ng/mL) before initiation of RT. At 8 years, the DM cumulative incidence for patients with high GC and RT with undetectable PSA was 3%, compared with 23% with detectable PSA (P=.03). No outcome differences were observed for low GC between the treatment groups., Conclusion: The GC predicted BF and metastasis after post-RP irradiation. Patients with lower GC risk may benefit from delayed RT, as opposed to those with higher GC; however, this needs prospective validation. Genomic-based models may be useful for improved decision-making for treatment of high-risk prostate cancer., (Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The SALL4 transcription factor is associated with embryonic cell pluripotency and has been shown as a useful immunohistochemical marker for germ cell tumors. However, information of SALL4 distribution in normal human tissues and non-germ cell tumors is limited. In this study we examined normal human tissues and 3215 tumors for SALL4 expression using a monoclonal antibody 6E3 and automated immunohistochemistry. In a 10-week embryo, SALL4 was expressed in ovocytes, intestine, kidney, and some hepatocytes. In adult tissues, it was only detected in germ cells. SALL4 was consistently expressed in all germ cell tumors except some trophoblastic tumors and mature components of teratomas, in which it was selectively expressed in intestinal-like and some squamous epithelia. In non-germ cell carcinomas, SALL4 was detected in 20% of cases or more of serous carcinoma of the ovary, urothelial high-grade carcinoma, and gastric adenocarcinoma (especially the intestinal type). SALL4 was only rarely (≤ 5%) expressed in mammary, colorectal, prostatic, and squamous cell carcinomas. Many SALL4-positive carcinomas showed poorly differentiated patterns, and some showed positivity in most tumor cells mimicking the expression in germ cell tumors. SALL4 was commonly expressed in rhabdoid tumors of the kidney and extrarenal sites and in the Wilms tumor. Expression of SALL4 was rare in other mesenchymal and neuroendocrine tumors but was occasionally detected in melanoma, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, epithelioid sarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma. All hematopoietic tumors were negative. SALL4 is an excellent marker of nonteratomatous germ cell tumors, but it is also expressed in other tumors, sometimes extensively. Such expression may reflect stem cell-like differentiation and must be considered when using SALL4 as a marker for germ cell tumors. Observed lack of other pluripotency factors, OCT4 and NANOG, in SALL4-positive non-germ cell tumors can also be diagnostically helpful.

We investigated the importance of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) in hepatic metastases of uveal melanoma. The expression pattern of IGF-1R in archival tissue samples of hepatic metastasis from 24 patients was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. All the samples of hepatic metastases stained positive for IGF-1R. To investigate the biological role of IGF-1R on the growth of metastatic uveal melanoma, a long-term cell line obtained from a hepatic metastasis (TJU-UM001) was evaluated. TJU-UM001 expressed cell surface IGF-1R (>90%) and proliferated in response to exogenous and endogenous insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Correlatively, anti-IGF-1R antibody completely blocked IGF-1-induced growth of TJU-UM001 cells. IGF-1 preferentially induced phosphorylation of Akt (S473) in quiescent TJU-UM001 cells, and this was blocked by anti-IGF-1R antibody. This study suggests that autocrine and paracrine mechanisms underlie IGF-1-induced growth of metastatic uveal melanoma and underscore the potential benefit of IGF-1 or IGF-1R antagonism in treatment for metastatic uveal melanoma., (© 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

GATA3 is a transcription factor important in the differentiation of breast epithelia, urothelia, and subsets of T lymphocytes. It has been suggested to be useful in the evaluation of carcinomas of mammary or urothelial origin or metastatic carcinomas, but its distribution in normal and neoplastic tissues is incompletely mapped. In this study, we examined normal developing and adult tissues and 2040 epithelial and 460 mesenchymal or neuroectodermal neoplasms for GATA3 expression to explore its diagnostic value in surgical pathology, using monoclonal antibody (clone L50-823) and Leica Bond automated immunohistochemistry. GATA3 was expressed in trophoblast, fetal and adult epidermis, adult mammary and some salivary gland and sweat gland ductal epithelia, urothelia, distal nephron in developing and adult tissues, some prostatic basal cells, and subsets of T lymphocytes. It was expressed stronger in fetal than in adult mesothelia and was absent in respiratory and gastrointestinal epithelia. In epithelial neoplasms, GATA3 was expressed in >90% of primary and metastatic ductal and lobular carcinomas of the breast, urothelial, and cutaneous basal cell carcinomas and trophoblastic and endodermal sinus tumors. In metastatic breast carcinomas, it was more sensitive than GCDFP. Among squamous cell carcinomas, the expression was highest in the skin (81%) and lower in cervical (33%), laryngeal (16%), and pulmonary tumors (12%). Common positivity was found in skin adnexal tumors (100%), mesothelioma (58%), salivary gland (43%), and pancreatic (37%) ductal carcinomas, whereas frequency of expression in adenocarcinomas of lung, stomach, colon, endometrium, ovary, and prostate was <10%. Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma was a unique renal tumor with frequent positivity (51%), whereas oncocytomas were positive in 17% of cases but other types only rarely. Among mesenchymal and neuroectodermal tumors, paragangliomas were usually positive, which sets these tumors apart from epithelial neuroendocrine tumors. Mesenchymal tumors were only sporadically positive, except epithelia of biphasic synovial sarcomas. GATA3 is a useful marker in the characterization of not only mammary and urothelial but also renal and germ cell tumors, mesotheliomas, and paragangliomas. The multiple specificities of GATA3 should be taken into account when using this marker to detect metastatic mammary or urothelial carcinomas.

The cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)/retinoblastoma (RB)-axis is a critical modulator of cell cycle entry and is aberrant in many human cancers. New nodes of therapeutic intervention are needed that can delay or combat the onset of malignancies. The antitumor properties and mechanistic functions of PD-0332991 (PD; a potent and selective CDK4/6 inhibitor) were investigated using human prostate cancer (PCa) models and primary tumors. PD significantly impaired the capacity of PCa cells to proliferate by promoting a robust G1-arrest. Accordingly, key regulators of the G1-S cell cycle transition were modulated including G1 cyclins D, E and A. Subsequent investigation demonstrated the ability of PD to function in the presence of existing hormone-based regimens and to cooperate with ionizing radiation to further suppress cellular growth. Importantly, it was determined that PD is a critical mediator of PD action. The anti-proliferative impact of CDK4/6 inhibition was revealed through reduced proliferation and delayed growth using PCa cell xenografts. Finally, first-in-field effects of PD on proliferation were observed in primary human prostatectomy tumor tissue explants. This study shows that selective CDK4/6 inhibition, using PD either as a single-agent or in combination, hinders key proliferative pathways necessary for disease progression and that RB status is a critical prognostic determinant for therapeutic efficacy. Combined, these pre-clinical findings identify selective targeting of CDK4/6 as a bona fide therapeutic target in both early stage and advanced PCa and underscore the benefit of personalized medicine to enhance treatment response.

Purpose: BAF57, a component of the switching-defective and sucrose nonfermenting (SWI/SNF) chromatin-remodeling complex conglomerate, modulates androgen receptor activity to promote prostate cancer. However, the molecular consequences of tumor-associated BAF57 expression have remained undefined in advanced disease such as castration-resistant prostate cancer and/or metastasis., Experimental Design: Clinical human specimens of primary and metastatic prostate cancer were immunohistochemically examined for tumor-grade association of BAF57 expression. Global gene expression analyses were conducted in models mimicking tumor-associated BAF57 expression. Aberrant BAF57-dependent gene expression changes, bypass of androgen-mediated signaling, and chromatin-specific SWI/SNF complex alterations with respect to cytoskeletal remodelers such as integrins were validated. Cell migration assays were used to profile the biologic phenotypes conferred under conditions simulating tumor-derived BAF57 expression., Results: Immunohistochemical quantitation of primary human specimens revealed that BAF57 was significantly and aberrantly elevated as a function of tumor grade. Critically, gene expression analyses showed that BAF57 deregulation circumvented androgen-mediated signaling, elicited α2 integrin upregulation, and altered other SWI/SNF complex components at the α2 integrin locus. BAF57-dependent α2 integrin induction conferred a prometastatic migratory advantage, which was attenuated by anti-α2 integrin antibody blockade. Furthermore, BAF57 was found to be markedly upregulated in human prostate cancer metastases of the lung, lymph node, and dura., Conclusion: The findings herein, identifying tumor-associated BAF57 perturbation as a means to bypass androgen-signaling events that facilitate novel prometastatic phenotypes, link BAF57 upregulation to tumor dissemination. These data thereby establish BAF57 as a putative marker of metastatic potential that could be leveraged for therapeutic intervention., (©2013 AACR)

Herein, murine prostate cancer cell lines, generated via selective transduction with a single oncogene (c-Myc, Ha-Ras, and v-Src), showed oncogene-specific prostate cancer molecular signatures that were recapitulated in human prostate cancer and developed lung metastasis in immune-competent mice. Interrogation of two independent retrospective cohorts of patient samples using the oncogene signature showed an ability to distinguish tumor from normal prostate with a predictive value for prostate cancer of 98% to 99%. In a blinded study, the signature algorithm showed independent substratification of reduced recurrence-free survival by Kaplan-Meier analysis. The generation of new oncogene-specific prostate cancer cell lines that recapitulate human prostate cancer gene expression, which metastasize in immune-competent mice, are a valuable new resource for testing targeted therapy, whereas the molecular signatures identified herein provides further value over current gene signature markers of prediction and outcome.

Purpose: The identification of clinically significant disease is crucial for optimal treatment of prostate cancer. Selective detection of prostate cancer with increased microvessel density is possible with contrast enhanced ultrasound. Preliminary studies suggest that pretreatment with a 5α-reductase inhibitor may improve the efficiency of contrast enhanced ultrasound targeted biopsy. This study was designed to quantify prostate cancer detection with contrast enhanced ultrasound with or without short-term pretreatment with dutasteride., Materials and Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial of oral dutasteride pretreatment, contrast enhanced ultrasound findings were graded and used to direct targeted biopsy (up to 6 cores per prostate). A blinded 12-core systematic biopsy was subsequently performed on every subject based on standard medial and lateral sampling of each sextant., Results: Of 311 subjects who underwent randomization, 272 completed participation. Positive biopsies were obtained in 276 of 3,264 (8.5%) systematic cores and 203 of 1,237 (16.4%) targeted cores (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.7-2.6, p <0.001). ROC analysis for the detection of all prostate cancers demonstrated an increase in diagnostic accuracy from pre-contrast imaging to contrast enhanced ultrasound (A(z) 0.60 vs 0.64, p = 0.005). For the detection of high grade cancer (Gleason score 7 or greater) ROC analysis demonstrated improved accuracy for pre-contrast imaging (A(z) 0.74) and contrast enhanced ultrasound (A(z) 0.80, p = 0.0005). For the detection of high grade cancer with greater than 50% biopsy core involvement, excellent accuracy was demonstrated with pre-contrast and contrast enhanced ultrasound, A(z) 0.83 and 0.90, respectively (p = 0.001). Pretreatment with dutasteride had no significant impact on the detection of prostate cancer (p = 0.97)., Conclusions: Contrast enhanced ultrasound targeted biopsy provides a significant benefit for the detection of high grade/high volume prostate cancer., (Copyright © 2012 American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The aberrantly increased lipogenesis is a universal metabolic feature of proliferating tumor cells. Although most normal cells acquire the bulk of their fatty acids from circulation, tumor cells synthesize more than 90% of required lipids de novo. The sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), encoded by SREBF1 gene, is a master regulator of lipogenic gene expression. SREBP1 and its target genes are overexpressed in a variety of cancers; however, the role of SREBP1 in endometrial cancer is largely unknown. We have screened a cohort of endometrial cancer (EC) specimen for their lipogenic gene expression and observed a significant increase of SREBP1 target gene expression in cancer cells compared with normal endometrium. By using immunohistochemical staining, we confirmed SREBP1 protein overexpression and demonstrated increased nuclear distribution of SREBP1 in EC. In addition, we found that knockdown of SREBP1 expression in EC cells suppressed cell growth, reduced colonigenic capacity and slowed tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, we observed that knockdown of SREBP1 induced significant cell death in cultured EC cells. Taken together, our results show that SREBP1 is essential for EC cell growth both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that SREBP1 activity may be a novel therapeutic target for endometrial cancers.

Chromosomal abnormalities and gene mutations have become major determinants in the classification of kidney carcinomas. Most renal medullary carcinomas develop in patients with hereditary sickle cell disease, but sporadic cases unassociated with sickle cell disease have also been described, for which underlying genetic abnormality is unknown. We evaluated 3 patients with renal medullary carcinoma (1 patient with sickle cell disease and 2 patients without sickle cell disease) for germ line and somatic mutations in genes commonly involved in pathogenesis of renal carcinomas using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and direct sequencing. Chromosomal abnormalities were studied by the conventional cytogenetic and SNP arrays analysis. Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α was examined using immunohistochemistry. Two new mutations in the gene for fumarate hydratase were identified in 1 case of medullary renal carcinoma without sickle cell disease: a germ line mutation in exon 6 (R233H) and an acquired (somatic) mutation in exon 8 (P374S). No fumarate hydratase mutations were identified in the other 2 patients. The second sporadic case of renal medullary carcinoma harbored double somatic mutations in von Hippel-Lindau gene, and renal medullary carcinoma in the patient with sickle cell disease showed von Hippel-Lindau gene promoter methylation (epigenetic silencing). No consistent pattern of chromosomal abnormalities was found between 2 cases tested. All 3 cases showed increased hypoxia-inducible factor 1α expression. Medullary renal carcinomas from patients with or without sickle cell disease show involvement of genes important in hypoxia-induced signaling pathways. Generalized cellular hypoxia (in sickle cell disease) or pseudohypoxia (in tumors with fumarate hydratase and von Hippel-Lindau mutations or epigenetic silencing) may act alone or in concert at the level of medullary tubular epithelium to promote development of this rare type of renal carcinoma, which could then be genetically reclassified as either fumarate hydratase-associated renal carcinomas or high-grade clear cell renal cell carcinomas., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The Sirtuin family of proteins (SIRT) encode a group of evolutionarily conserved, NAD-dependent histone deacetylases, involved in many biological pathways. SIRT1, the human homologue of the yeast Silent Information Regulator 2 (Sir2) gene, deacetylates histones, p300, p53, and the androgen receptor. Autophagy is required for the degradation of damaged organelles and long-lived proteins, as well as for the development of glands such as the breast and prostate. Herein, homozygous deletion of the Sirt1 gene in mice resulted in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) associated with reduced autophagy. Genome-wide gene expression analysis of Sirt1(-/-) prostates demonstrated that endogenous Sirt1 repressed androgen responsive gene expression and induced autophagy in the prostate. Sirt1 induction of autophagy occurred at the level of autophagosome maturation and completion in cultured prostate cancer cells. These studies provide novel evidence for a checkpoint function of Sirt1 in the development of PIN and further highlight a role for SIRT1 as a tumor suppressor in the prostate.

A 61-year-old woman presented with solitary lymphadenopathy suspicious for lymphoma. An excisional biopsy of a right inguinal lymph node demonstrated metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). No skin lesions were detected, but a primary nasopharyngeal mass was identified. A microscopic examination of the nasopharyngeal tumor and the lymph node metastasis showed a monotonous population of small- to intermediate-sized, round blue cells with vesicular nuclei, finely granular and dusty chromatin, and multiple nucleoli. Immunohistochemistry showed perinuclear dot-like staining for cytokeratins AE1/AE3 and CK20. Microscopic appearance and immunohistochemical stains were consistent with MCC. MCC was recently shown to harbor a novel polyomavirus, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), in the majority of cases. In this case, MCPyV was detected in the primary tumor and metastasis using polymerase chain reaction and CM2B4 immunohistochemical stain. This is the first report to demonstrate the presence of MCPyV and CM2B4 in a mucosal MCC and its metastasis.

microRNAs are thought to regulate tumor progression and invasion via direct interaction with target genes within cells. Here the microRNA17/20 cluster is shown to govern cellular migration and invasion of nearby cells via heterotypic secreted signals. microRNA17/20 abundance is reduced in highly invasive breast cancer cell lines and node-positive breast cancer specimens. Cell-conditioned medium from microRNA17/20-overexpressing noninvasive breast cancer cell MCF7 was sufficient to inhibit MDA-MB-231 cell migration and invasion through inhibiting secretion of a subset of cytokines, and suppressing plasminogen activation via inhibition of the secreted plasminogen activators (cytokeratin 8 and alpha-enolase). microRNA17/20 directly repressed IL-8 by targeting its 3' UTR, and inhibited cytokeratin 8 via the cell cycle control protein cyclin D1. At variance with prior studies, these results demonstrated a unique mechanism of how the altered microRNA17/20 expression regulates cellular secretion and tumor microenvironment to control migration and invasion of neighboring cells in breast cancer. These findings not only reveal an antiinvasive function of miR-17/20 in breast cancer, but also identify a heterotypic secreted signal that mediates the microRNA regulation of tumor metastasis.