Search

Purpose: To evaluate the use of hyaluronic acid (HA) subdermal filler in canines and felines for entropion. Methods: Complete ophthalmologic examination was performed by a board‐certified veterinary ophthalmologist or ABVO‐approved resident. Each case was characterized as primary, secondary, spastic or cicatricial entropion. HA subdermal filler, specifically Restylane® and Restylane Silk®, were utilized in dogs and cats, respectively. Subdermal injection was performed 1‐2 mm from the eyelid margin in the affected area until normal eyelid conformation was achieved. All patients did not require sedation or general anesthesia. Results: Forty animals (28 dogs and 12 cats) were included in the study. No local reaction to the HA dermal filler or any other complications other than minor skin bleeding at the injection sites were noted in all patients. Resolution of entropion and secondary complications including corneal ulceration, epiphora, and blepharospasm were noted by the first week after injection in the majority of cases. Three canines and one feline case failed to resolve the entropion, necessitating additional permanent surgical intervention. Two cases were submitted for histopathological analysis. Median follow‐up time for all cases was 152.5 days (mean: 194.6 ± 142.7 days; range 9‐419 days). Five patients died or were euthanized during the study for unrelated causes. Conclusions: Hyaluronic acid (HA) subdermal filler appears to be a safe, easy, reliable method for mild to moderate eyelid entropion not requiring general anesthesia. This procedure may be especially appropriate for geriatric patients and those with high anesthetic risk with entropion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose To evaluate intraocular pressure ( IOP) estimates in eyes of healthy alpacas (Vicugña pacos) using rebound (TonoVet®) in comparison with applanation (TonoPen- XL®) tonometry. Methods Complete ophthalmic examinations were performed on forty healthy alpacas (80 eyes). IOP measurements using both TonoVet® and TonoPen- XL® tonometers were obtained OU. Data were analyzed, using a doubly repeated-measures anova design and Student's paired t-test, with P ≤ 0.05 considered significant. Results The mean IOP values ± SD via rebound tonometry were 14.20 mm ± 2.58 mm OD, 14.22 mm ± 2.90 mm OS, and 14.21 ± 2.73 mmHg OU (range 8.67-20.67 mmHg). The IOP values ± SD via applanation tonometry were 12.49 ± 2.81 mmHg OD, 12.53 ± 2.79 mmHg OS, and 12.51 ± 2.78 mmHg OU (range 6.00-19.33 mmHg). There was a significant difference ( P = 0.002) in the IOP obtained between the tonometers, with the rebound tonometer having a 1.7 mmHg (0.69-2.71 mmHg, 95% confidence interval ( CI)) higher IOP compared to the applanation tonometer. No significant differences in IOP were found between OD and OS. Age, gender, and breed did not significantly affect IOP values. Conclusions IOP readings from the rebound tonometer were statistically higher than those from the applanation tonometer; however, this is not considered clinically significant. The accuracy of rebound tonometry in diseased alpaca eyes remains to be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To determine the effects of latanoprost on intraocular pressure ( IOP) and pupil diameter ( PD) in cats with inherited primary congenital glaucoma ( PCG) and normal cats. Animals studied and procedures IOP and PD were measured in both eyes ( OU) of 12 adult cats (six normal, six PCG), three times per week for 3 weeks prior to, for 3 weeks during, and for 2 weeks following twice-daily treatment with 0.005% latanoprost to the right eye ( OD) and vehicle to the left (control) eye ( OS). IOP and PD were measured hourly, for 8 h, 1 day prior to, and on the first and last days of treatment. Aqueous humor flow rate ( AHF) was determined at baseline and at the end of the treatment phase in six normal cats. Results Mean IOP was significantly lower in treated vs. control eyes of PCG cats, for up to 8 h following a single latanoprost treatment, and a maximal IOP reduction of 63% occurred in treated eyes at 3 h. Latanoprost acutely lowered IOP in cats with PCG, but this effect appeared to diminish over 3 weeks of treatment. AHF was modestly increased in the treated eyes of normal cats after 3 weeks of latanoprost treatment, although IOP was not significantly affected. Latanoprost caused miosis, with rebound mydriasis at 24 h posttreatment, in the treated eyes of all cats. Conclusions Further research is needed to determine the suitability and efficacy of latanoprost treatment for long-term IOP-lowering in cats with PCG or other forms of glaucoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose To describe a surgical approach to allow access to the ventral anterior canine orbit and report outcomes of three cases. Surgical technique After induction of general anesthesia and aseptic preparation of the surgical site, a 2.5- to 3-cm curvilinear skin incision was created through the inferior eyelid at the level of the ventral orbital rim. A combination of sharp and blunt dissection facilitated entrance into the ventral anterior orbital space for the removal of diseased tissues or allows for drainage of purulent debris. Two-layer closure was performed, and postoperative lateral temporary tarsorrhaphy sutures were retained to provide globe protection. Results Three dogs underwent unilateral ventral transpalpebral anterior orbitotomy. Prior to surgery, apart from a complete ophthalmic examination, ocular ultrasound was used to diagnose orbital disease in two cases, and MRI was utilized in the third case. Exploratory orbitotomy revealed a large mucocele in case 1, orbital bacterial abscessation in case 2, and necrotizing zygomatic sialoadenitis in case 3. Clinical exophthalmos resolved immediately after surgery. The surgical site in all cases healed within 2 weeks. One patient had a superficial corneal ulceration 2 weeks after surgery which healed uneventfully. Recurrence of orbital disease was not noted in any case. Conclusions Ventral transpalpebral anterior orbitotomy is a simple procedure that allows easy access to the ventral anterior orbit to allow for removal of diseased tissues or to facilitate drainage of abscessation. Recurrence of orbital disease was not seen in any patient, with one patient experiencing blindness as a long-term complication following the procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Purpose: To determine the normal reference range for Schirmer tear test‐1 (STT‐1) values in eyes of healthy alpacas (Vicugña pacos). Methods: Complete ophthalmic examinations were performed on forty healthy alpacas (80 eyes). STT‐1 values were obtained in both eyes of all alpacas using a commercial STT strip of a single lot number. Data were analyzed, using a doubly repeated measures ANOVA design, Student's paired t‐test, and Pearson correlation test, with P ≤ 0.05 considered significant. Results: The STT‐1 values ± standard deviation (SD) were 20.80 ± 4.01 mm/min OD, 20.00 ± 4.13 mm/min OS, and 20.88 ± 4.04 mm/min OU (range 15.50–30.50 mm/min). No significant differences in STT‐1 were found between OD and OS. STT‐1 was not significantly affected by breed. Schirmer tear test‐1 values were significantly increased by 3.45 mm/min for every 10 year increase in age. Conclusions: This study provides a reference range of STT‐1 in the healthy alpaca which can assist veterinarians in diagnosing potential keratoconjunctivitis sicca, tear film abnormalities, as well as ocular surface diseases in alpacas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As advances in drilling technology unlock previously inaccessible shale plays, developers seeking their share of the action may purchase existing oil and gas leases whose primary terms expired long ago. While operators pay a premium for the deep rights associated with existing leases, such asset swaps also have the effect of removing from the equation the large up-front landowner bonuses and rentals commonly associated with new Marcellus and Utica leases. * 1 This has created considerable tension when landowners who discover that their property is, in fact, covered by an existing lease question whether an old lease is truly "held by production" ("BP").² This paper provides a survey of the relevant case law on habendum clause interpretation throughout the United States in order to further clarify jurisdictional variations and identify the similarities that exist regionally and nationally. It provides a look at how much production courts require to uphold an HBP lease and explains the tests the courts use to determine whether the required level of production occurred. Throughout the case law on this issue runs a common theme: courts must carefully balance lessors' desire to benefit financially from the development of their property with operators' interest in protecting their investments. Given the variations in the law across the United States, developers must not only anticipate challenges to the HBP leases they buy, but they must also prepare themselves for different results depending on a particular court's location, history, and jurisprudential precedents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate intraocular pressure (IOP) estimates in eyes of healthy alpacas (Vicugña pacos) using rebound (TonoVet ® ) in comparison with applanation (TonoPen-XL ® ) tonometry., Methods: Complete ophthalmic examinations were performed on forty healthy alpacas (80 eyes). IOP measurements using both TonoVet ® and TonoPen-XL ® tonometers were obtained OU. Data were analyzed, using a doubly repeated-measures anova design and Student's paired t-test, with P ≤ 0.05 considered significant., Results: The mean IOP values ±SD via rebound tonometry were 14.20 mm ± 2.58 mm OD, 14.22 mm ± 2.90 mm OS, and 14.21 ± 2.73 mmHg OU (range 8.67-20.67 mmHg). The IOP values ±SD via applanation tonometry were 12.49 ± 2.81 mmHg OD, 12.53 ± 2.79 mmHg OS, and 12.51 ± 2.78 mmHg OU (range 6.00-19.33 mmHg). There was a significant difference (P = 0.002) in the IOP obtained between the tonometers, with the rebound tonometer having a 1.7 mmHg (0.69-2.71 mmHg, 95% confidence interval (CI)) higher IOP compared to the applanation tonometer. No significant differences in IOP were found between OD and OS. Age, gender, and breed did not significantly affect IOP values., Conclusions: IOP readings from the rebound tonometer were statistically higher than those from the applanation tonometer; however, this is not considered clinically significant. The accuracy of rebound tonometry in diseased alpaca eyes remains to be determined., (© 2016 American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.)