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8. Total infectome investigation of diphtheritic stomatitis in yellow-eyed penguins (Megadyptes antipodes) reveals a novel and abundant megrivirus

Author

Wierenga, Janelle R., Grimwood, Rebecca M., Taylor, Harry S., Hunter, Stuart, Argilla, Lisa S., Webster, Trudi, Lim, Lauren, French, Rebecca, Schultz, Hendrik, Jorge, Fátima, Bostina, Mihnea, Burga, Laura, Swindells-Wallace, Puawai, Holmes, Edward C., McInnes, Kate, Morgan, Kerri J., and Geoghegan, Jemma L.

Published
2023
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11. Seeking victim-centred accountability for violence against persons with disabilities at the United Nations Independent International Commission of Inquiry for Ukraine

Author

McInnes, Kate

Abstract

AbstractPersons with disabilities suffer disproportionately in every armed conflict, and Russia’s war in Ukraine is no exception. The atrocities committed against persons with disabilities in this conflict, however, are in part a consequence of the state’s longstanding policy of institutionalization, which heightens existing vulnerabilities and places persons with disabilities at an unacceptable risk of acute harm. The Independent International Commission of Inquiry for Ukraine must investigate the extensive and varied acts of violence that have been committed against persons with disabilities in Ukraine since the beginning of the Russian invasion, with a focus on persons with disabilities who are institutionalized. In recommending future action, the Commission must be driven by a victim-centred approach to accountability that contributes both to the criminal prosecutions of individual perpetrators, and to systemic reforms that contribute to the project of deinstitutionalization. This article can assist the Commission’s analysis by: (i) canvassing the reports of violence against persons with disabilities during the war in Ukraine, particularly those persons in institutions; (ii) reviewing the Commission for Ukraine’s mandate and explaining its primary purpose – that is, to ascertain the facts of the conflict, through an intersectional lens, with the aim of promoting accountability – with reference to the work done by United Nations commissions of inquiry in the past; and (iii) providing concrete examples on how the Commission’s investigations and report can further both legal accountability and systemic accountability for violence against persons with disabilities in Ukraine.

Published
2024
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21. A novel gyrovirus associated with a fatal respiratory disease in yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) chicks

Author

Wierenga, Janelle R., primary, Morgan, Kerri J., additional, Hunter, Stuart, additional, Taylor, Harry S., additional, Argilla, Lisa S., additional, Webster, Trudi, additional, Dubrulle, Jeremy, additional, Jorge, Fátima, additional, Bostina, Mihnea, additional, Burga, Laura, additional, Holmes, Edward C., additional, McInnes, Kate, additional, and Geoghegan, Jemma L., additional

Published
2022
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23. Opportunities and failures to prosecute violence against persons with disabilities at the international tribunals for the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone.

Author

McInnes, Kate

Subjects
*INTERNATIONAL courts, *PEOPLE with disabilities, *CRIMES against humanity, *RWANDAN Genocide, 1994, *DISABILITY laws, *WAR, CONVENTION on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Abstract

This paper presents an inexhaustive but thorough review of the evidence of violence against persons with disabilities that came before, or ought to have been known to, the prosecutors of the international criminal tribunals for the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone. This research demonstrates that despite significant and compelling evidence from investigators, journalists and witnesses, gross violations against persons with disabilities were largely ignored by the prosecution or treated merely as aggravating factors at sentencing. These crimes could instead have been characterized as an "other inhumane act" prosecutable as a crime against humanity, which would have emphasized the gravity of the crimes, provided recognition of the victims' suffering, imposed criminal sanctions on those responsible, and unequivocally condemned violence against persons with disabilities during armed conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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27. New alphacoronavirus in Mystacina tuberculata bats, New Zealand

Author

Hall, Richard J., Wang, Jing, Peacey, Matthew, Moore, Nicole E., McInnes, Kate, and Tompkins, Daniel M.

Subjects
Coronavirus infections -- Research -- Demographic aspects -- Genetic aspects, Bats -- Health aspects, Animal experimentation -- Usage, Health
Abstract

Human settlement in New Zealand is relatively recent compared with that of many countries and extends back ≅800 years to when early Polynesian explorers first arrived (1). A wide variety [...]

Published
2014
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28. Coronavirus shedding in New Zealand bats: insights and future perspectives.

Author

Tortosa, Pablo, McInnes, Kate, O'Donnell, Colin F. J., Pryde, Moira, Gomard, Yann, Lebarbenchon, Camille, and Poulin, Robert

Abstract

The current COVID-19 pandemic emphasises the dramatic consequences of emerging zoonotic pathogens and stimulates the need for an assessment of the evolution and natural cycle of such microbes in a "One Health" framework. A number of recent studies have revealed an astonishing diversity of bat-borne coronaviruses, including in insular environments, which can be considered as simplified biological systems suited for the exploration of the transmission cycles of these viruses in nature. In this work, we present two new lineages of Alphacoronaviruses detected by screening the only two extant New Zealand bat species: the lesser short-tailed bat (Mystacina tuberculata) and the long-tailed bat (Chalinolobus tuberculatus). Infection prevalence reaching 60% in long-tailed bats makes this host-pathogen model relevant for the investigation of maintenance mechanisms in a bat reservoir with peculiar physiological adaptations to temperate climates. A phylogenetic analysis shows that these viral lineages do cluster with coronaviruses hosted by bat sister species from Australia, supporting co-diversification processes. These patterns provide an interesting framework for further research aiming at elucidating the natural history and biological cycles of bat-borne coronaviruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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30. Molecular characterisation of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) in New Zealand and its implications for managing an infectious disease

Author

Massaro, Melanie, Ortiz-Catedral, Luis, Julian, Laurel, Galbraith, Josie A., Kurenbach, Brigitta, Kearvell, John, Kemp, Josh, van Hal, Jackie, Elkington, Simon, Taylor, Graeme, Greene, Terry, van de Wetering, Jason, van de Wetering, Maddie, Pryde, Moira, Dilks, Peter, Heber, Sol, Steeves, Tammy E., Walters, Matthew, Shaw, Stephanie, Potter, John, Farrant, Melanie, Brunton, Dianne H., Hauber, Mark, Jackson, Bethany, Bell, Philip, Moorhouse, Ron, McInnes, Kate, and Varsani, Arvind

Published
2012
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32. Discovery and complete genome sequence of a novel circovirus-like virus in the endangered rowi kiwi, Apteryx rowi

Author

J. White, Daniel, Wang, Jing, E. Moore, Nicole, Park, Duckchul, McInnes, Kate, and Gartrell, Brett D.

Subjects
Microbial ecology, animal diseases, viruses, Microbial genetics
Abstract

Circoviruses are circular, non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA viruses around 2000 nucleotides (nt) in length and include the pathogenic species, Porcine circovirus 1 and Beak and feather disease virus, capable of causing significant morbidity and mortality. This group of viruses may be robust to degradation by external environments, and avian circoviruses are known to move between closely related hosts. Using a de novo metagenomic approach, followed by confirmatory PCR, we identify for the first time a circular Rep-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA virus in New Zealand kiwi, Apteryx spp., derived from faecal matter of the rowi kiwi (A. rowi) showing signs of verminous dermatitis. The entire 2085 nt genome was cloned and sequenced and contains both capsid and replicase genes, as well as a conserved 9 nt motif. Phylogenetic analyses place it within Circoviridae, adjacent to other environmental CRESS-DNA viruses, and most closely related to badger circovirus-like virus (Meles meles circovirus-like virus). As the rowi is the most critically endangered kiwi, it is vital to understand the role of rowi kiwi circovirus-like virus as a possible pathogen and also any potential cross-species transmission.

Published
2019
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