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The increased focus on mental health and well-being in the past few decades has brought renewed attention to our urban environments, where more than half of the world’s population live. Happiness in cities, often measured by tourist dollars or a city’s ability to recruit and retain skilled professionals or estimates of general satisfaction and wellbeing, has fostered a competitive nature between cities. Helsinki (Finland), Aarhus (Denmark), and Wellington (New Zealand) are internationally recognised, ranking as the top three happiest cities in the world according to the World Happiness Report of 2020. However, a close examination of the Happiness Report, the manner in which data is captured and the congruencies between the top cities raises questions about the ability of a second-tier city to ever rank highly. This research investigates the section of the report that addresses the design of cities and compares it with the literature on those elements of the built form that can improve the happiness of city residents. After extracting the key elements of urban design for a happy city, it then uses these constructs to examine a second-tier city in New Zealand and uses the example of an unhappy city to illuminate improvements that might make it happier. The research finds some alignment with the Happy City predicates but also finds sufficient additional complexity in second-tier cities to warrant a set of independent measures.

The growing interest in Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) and Indigenous worldviews has refocused attention on land and resource management systems as well as local knowledge of flora and fauna. As Western medicine often ignores the spiritual and mental intricacies of health, finding a balance between Western and Non-Western knowledge is vital to creating a culturally and ecologically responsive environment. This paper addresses the growing interest in TEK as a catalyst for urban landscape regeneration by incorporating the biophysical dimensions of place and environment. It explores the proposed design of a Māori Rongoā learning garden in a public space in the city of Wellington, the capital city of New Zealand. By identifying opportunities in designing plant collections and issues for plant harvesting, this paper aids the discourse on potential cultural collisions and strategies for both reconnecting with Indigenous people but also connecting non-Indigenous people to the natural surroundings.

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