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1. High economic inequality is linked to greater moralization

Author

Kirkland, K, Van Lange, P, Gorenz, D, Blake, K, Amiot, C, Ausmees, L, Baguma, P, Barry, O, Becker, M, Bilewicz, M, Boonyasiriwat, W, Booth, R, Castelain, T, Costantini, G, Dimdins, G, Espinosa, A, Finchilescu, G, Fischer, R, Friese, M, Gómez, Á, González, R, Goto, N, Halama, P, Hurtado-Parrado, C, Ilustrisimo, R, Jiga-Boy, G, Kuppens, P, Loughnan, S, Mastor, K, Mclatchie, N, Novak, L, Onyekachi, B, Rizwan, M, Schaller, M, Serafimovska, E, Suh, E, Swann, W, Tong, E, Torres, A, Turner, R, Vauclair, C, Vinogradov, A, Wang, Z, Yeung, V, Bastian, B, Kirkland K., Van Lange P. A. M., Gorenz D., Blake K., Amiot C. E., Ausmees L., Baguma P., Barry O., Becker M., Bilewicz M., Boonyasiriwat W., Booth R. W., Castelain T., Costantini G., Dimdins G., Espinosa A., Finchilescu G., Fischer R., Friese M., Gómez Á., González R., Goto N., Halama P., Hurtado-Parrado C., Ilustrisimo R. D., Jiga-Boy G. M., Kuppens P., Loughnan S., Mastor K. A., McLatchie N., Novak L. M., Onyekachi B. N., Rizwan M., Schaller M., Serafimovska E., Suh E. M., Swann W. B., Tong E. M. W., Torres A., Turner R. N., Vauclair C. M., Vinogradov A., Wang Z., Yeung V. W. L., Bastian B., Kirkland, K, Van Lange, P, Gorenz, D, Blake, K, Amiot, C, Ausmees, L, Baguma, P, Barry, O, Becker, M, Bilewicz, M, Boonyasiriwat, W, Booth, R, Castelain, T, Costantini, G, Dimdins, G, Espinosa, A, Finchilescu, G, Fischer, R, Friese, M, Gómez, Á, González, R, Goto, N, Halama, P, Hurtado-Parrado, C, Ilustrisimo, R, Jiga-Boy, G, Kuppens, P, Loughnan, S, Mastor, K, Mclatchie, N, Novak, L, Onyekachi, B, Rizwan, M, Schaller, M, Serafimovska, E, Suh, E, Swann, W, Tong, E, Torres, A, Turner, R, Vauclair, C, Vinogradov, A, Wang, Z, Yeung, V, Bastian, B, Kirkland K., Van Lange P. A. M., Gorenz D., Blake K., Amiot C. E., Ausmees L., Baguma P., Barry O., Becker M., Bilewicz M., Boonyasiriwat W., Booth R. W., Castelain T., Costantini G., Dimdins G., Espinosa A., Finchilescu G., Fischer R., Friese M., Gómez Á., González R., Goto N., Halama P., Hurtado-Parrado C., Ilustrisimo R. D., Jiga-Boy G. M., Kuppens P., Loughnan S., Mastor K. A., McLatchie N., Novak L. M., Onyekachi B. N., Rizwan M., Schaller M., Serafimovska E., Suh E. M., Swann W. B., Tong E. M. W., Torres A., Turner R. N., Vauclair C. M., Vinogradov A., Wang Z., Yeung V. W. L., and Bastian B.

Abstract

Throughout the 21st century, economic inequality is predicted to increase as we face new challenges, from changes in the technological landscape to the growing climate crisis. It is crucial we understand how these changes in inequality may affect how people think and behave. We propose that economic inequality threatens the social fabric of society, in turn increasing moralization—that is, the greater tendency to employ or emphasize morality in everyday life—as an attempt to restore order and control. Using longitudinal data from X, formerly known as Twitter, our first study demonstrates that high economic inequality is associated with greater use of moral language online (e.g. the use of words such as “disgust”, “hurt”, and “respect’). Study 2 then examined data from 41 regions around the world, generally showing that higher inequality has a small association with harsher moral judgments of people’s everyday actions. Together these findings demonstrate that economic inequality is linked to the tendency to see the world through a moral lens.

Published
2024

3. Gendered violence and sexualized representations in video games : (Lack of) effect on gender-related attitudes

Author

Cross, L., Kaye, L.K., Savostijanovs, J., McLatchie, N., Johnston, M., Whiteman, L., Mooney, R., Atherton, G., Cross, L., Kaye, L.K., Savostijanovs, J., McLatchie, N., Johnston, M., Whiteman, L., Mooney, R., and Atherton, G.

Abstract

This research explored how gender portrayals in video games affect gender-related attitudes. Two hundred participants from the United Kingdom and Malaysia participated across three experiments, where the appearance and behaviour of video game characters were manipulated with regard to target (enemy) gender (Study 1), sexually explicit attire (Study 2) and level of character agency (Study 3). We found minimal evidence that exposure to gender-stereotyped content resulted in differential gender-related attitudes (implicit associations, hostile and benevolent sexism, or rape myth acceptance). However, Study 1 findings showed that individuals who played a first-person shooter with male enemies showed lower endorsement of some (benevolent) sexist attitudes (cf. control) and showed difference in game behaviour (cf. female enemies). Together, our results suggest that short-term exposure to video games containing female characters (sexualised, passive, or otherwise) does not consistently lead to the endorsement of negative gender attitudes.

Published
2024

4. Multinational data show that conspiracy beliefs are associated with the perception (and reality) of poor national economic performance

Author

Hornsey, M, Pearson, S, Kang, J, Sassenberg, K, Jetten, J, Van Lange, P, Medina, L, Amiot, C, Ausmees, L, Baguma, P, Barry, O, Becker, M, Bilewicz, M, Castelain, T, Costantini, G, Dimdins, G, Espinosa, A, Finchilescu, G, Friese, M, Gonzalez, R, Goto, N, Gomez, A, Halama, P, Ilustrisimo, R, Jiga-Boy, G, Karl, J, Kuppens, P, Loughnan, S, Markovikj, M, Mastor, K, Mclatchie, N, Novak, L, Onyekachi, B, Peker, M, Rizwan, M, Schaller, M, Suh, E, Talaifar, S, Tong, E, Torres, A, Turner, R, Vauclair, C, Vinogradov, A, Wang, Z, Yeung, V, Bastian, B, Hornsey M. J., Pearson S., Kang J., Sassenberg K., Jetten J., Van Lange P. A. M., Medina L. G., Amiot C. E., Ausmees L., Baguma P., Barry O., Becker M., Bilewicz M., Castelain T., Costantini G., Dimdins G., Espinosa A., Finchilescu G., Friese M., Gonzalez R., Goto N., Gomez A., Halama P., Ilustrisimo R., Jiga-Boy G. M., Karl J., Kuppens P., Loughnan S., Markovikj M., Mastor K. A., McLatchie N., Novak L. M., Onyekachi B. N., Peker M., Rizwan M., Schaller M., Suh E. M., Talaifar S., Tong E. M. W., Torres A., Turner R. N., Vauclair C. -M., Vinogradov A., Wang Z., Yeung V. W. L., Bastian B., Hornsey, M, Pearson, S, Kang, J, Sassenberg, K, Jetten, J, Van Lange, P, Medina, L, Amiot, C, Ausmees, L, Baguma, P, Barry, O, Becker, M, Bilewicz, M, Castelain, T, Costantini, G, Dimdins, G, Espinosa, A, Finchilescu, G, Friese, M, Gonzalez, R, Goto, N, Gomez, A, Halama, P, Ilustrisimo, R, Jiga-Boy, G, Karl, J, Kuppens, P, Loughnan, S, Markovikj, M, Mastor, K, Mclatchie, N, Novak, L, Onyekachi, B, Peker, M, Rizwan, M, Schaller, M, Suh, E, Talaifar, S, Tong, E, Torres, A, Turner, R, Vauclair, C, Vinogradov, A, Wang, Z, Yeung, V, Bastian, B, Hornsey M. J., Pearson S., Kang J., Sassenberg K., Jetten J., Van Lange P. A. M., Medina L. G., Amiot C. E., Ausmees L., Baguma P., Barry O., Becker M., Bilewicz M., Castelain T., Costantini G., Dimdins G., Espinosa A., Finchilescu G., Friese M., Gonzalez R., Goto N., Gomez A., Halama P., Ilustrisimo R., Jiga-Boy G. M., Karl J., Kuppens P., Loughnan S., Markovikj M., Mastor K. A., McLatchie N., Novak L. M., Onyekachi B. N., Peker M., Rizwan M., Schaller M., Suh E. M., Talaifar S., Tong E. M. W., Torres A., Turner R. N., Vauclair C. -M., Vinogradov A., Wang Z., Yeung V. W. L., and Bastian B.

Abstract

While a great deal is known about the individual difference factors associated with conspiracy beliefs, much less is known about the country-level factors that shape people's willingness to believe conspiracy theories. In the current article we discuss the possibility that willingness to believe conspiracy theories might be shaped by the perception (and reality) of poor economic performance at the national level. To test this notion, we surveyed 6723 participants from 36 countries. In line with predictions, propensity to believe conspiracy theories was negatively associated with perceptions of current and future national economic vitality. Furthermore, countries with higher GDP per capita tended to have lower belief in conspiracy theories. The data suggest that conspiracy beliefs are not just caused by intrapsychic factors but are also shaped by difficult economic circumstances for which distrust might have a rational basis.

Published
2023

5. Moral Expansiveness Around the World: The Role of Societal Factors Across 36 Countries

Author

Kirkland, K, Crimston, C, Jetten, J, Rudnev, M, Acevedo-Triana, C, Amiot, C, Ausmees, L, Baguma, P, Barry, O, Becker, M, Bilewicz, M, Boonyasiriwat, W, Castelain, T, Costantini, G, Dimdins, G, Espinosa, A, Finchilescu, G, Fischer, R, Friese, M, Gastardo-Conaco, M, Gomez, A, Gonzalez, R, Goto, N, Halama, P, Jiga-Boy, G, Kuppens, P, Loughnan, S, Markovik, M, Mastor, K, Mclatchie, N, Novak, L, Onyekachi, B, Peker, M, Rizwan, M, Schaller, M, Suh, E, Talaifar, S, Tong, E, Torres, A, Turner, R, Van Lange, P, Vauclair, C, Vinogradov, A, Wang, Z, Yeung, V, Bastian, B, Crimston, CR, Amiot, CE, Gastardo-Conaco, MC, Jiga-Boy, GM, Mastor, KA, McLatchie, N, Novak, LM, Onyekachi, BN, Suh, EM, Tong, EMW, Turner, RN, Van Lange, PAM, Vauclair, CM, Wang, ZC, Yeung, VWL, Kirkland, K, Crimston, C, Jetten, J, Rudnev, M, Acevedo-Triana, C, Amiot, C, Ausmees, L, Baguma, P, Barry, O, Becker, M, Bilewicz, M, Boonyasiriwat, W, Castelain, T, Costantini, G, Dimdins, G, Espinosa, A, Finchilescu, G, Fischer, R, Friese, M, Gastardo-Conaco, M, Gomez, A, Gonzalez, R, Goto, N, Halama, P, Jiga-Boy, G, Kuppens, P, Loughnan, S, Markovik, M, Mastor, K, Mclatchie, N, Novak, L, Onyekachi, B, Peker, M, Rizwan, M, Schaller, M, Suh, E, Talaifar, S, Tong, E, Torres, A, Turner, R, Van Lange, P, Vauclair, C, Vinogradov, A, Wang, Z, Yeung, V, Bastian, B, Crimston, CR, Amiot, CE, Gastardo-Conaco, MC, Jiga-Boy, GM, Mastor, KA, McLatchie, N, Novak, LM, Onyekachi, BN, Suh, EM, Tong, EMW, Turner, RN, Van Lange, PAM, Vauclair, CM, Wang, ZC, and Yeung, VWL

Abstract

What are the things that we think matter morally, and how do societal factors influence this? To date, research has explored several individual-level and historical factors that influence the size of our 'moral circles.' There has, however, been less attention focused on which societal factors play a role. We present the first multi-national exploration of moral expansiveness-that is, the size of people's moral circles across countries. We found low generalized trust, greater perceptions of a breakdown in the social fabric of society, and greater perceived economic inequality were associated with smaller moral circles. Generalized trust also helped explain the effects of perceived inequality on lower levels of moral inclusiveness. Other inequality indicators (i.e., Gini coefficients) were, however, unrelated to moral expansiveness. These findings suggest that societal factors, especially those associated with generalized trust, may influence the size of our moral circles.

Published
2023

6. Perceiving societal pressure to be happy is linked to poor well-being, especially in happy nations

Author

Dejonckheere, E, Rhee, J, Baguma, P, Barry, O, Becker, M, Bilewicz, M, Castelain, T, Costantini, G, Dimdins, G, Espinosa, A, Finchilescu, G, Friese, M, Gastardo-Conaco, M, Gomez, A, Gonzalez, R, Goto, N, Halama, P, Hurtado-Parrado, C, Jiga-Boy, G, Karl, J, Novak, L, Ausmees, L, Loughnan, S, Mastor, K, Mclatchie, N, Onyishi, I, Rizwan, M, Schaller, M, Serafimovska, E, Suh, E, Swann, W, Tong, E, Torres, A, Turner, R, Vinogradov, A, Wang, Z, Yeung, V, Amiot, C, Boonyasiriwat, W, Peker, M, Van Lange, P, Vauclair, C, Kuppens, P, Bastian, B, Dejonckheere E., Rhee J. J., Baguma P. K., Barry O., Becker M., Bilewicz M., Castelain T., Costantini G., Dimdins G., Espinosa A., Finchilescu G., Friese M., Gastardo-Conaco M. C., Gomez A., Gonzalez R., Goto N., Halama P., Hurtado-Parrado C., Jiga-Boy G. M., Karl J. A., Novak L., Ausmees L., Loughnan S., Mastor K. A., McLatchie N., Onyishi I. E., Rizwan M., Schaller M., Serafimovska E., Suh E. M., Swann W. B., Tong E. M. W., Torres A., Turner R. N., Vinogradov A., Wang Z., Yeung V. W. -L., Amiot C. E., Boonyasiriwat W., Peker M., Van Lange P. A. M., Vauclair C. -M., Kuppens P., Bastian B., Dejonckheere, E, Rhee, J, Baguma, P, Barry, O, Becker, M, Bilewicz, M, Castelain, T, Costantini, G, Dimdins, G, Espinosa, A, Finchilescu, G, Friese, M, Gastardo-Conaco, M, Gomez, A, Gonzalez, R, Goto, N, Halama, P, Hurtado-Parrado, C, Jiga-Boy, G, Karl, J, Novak, L, Ausmees, L, Loughnan, S, Mastor, K, Mclatchie, N, Onyishi, I, Rizwan, M, Schaller, M, Serafimovska, E, Suh, E, Swann, W, Tong, E, Torres, A, Turner, R, Vinogradov, A, Wang, Z, Yeung, V, Amiot, C, Boonyasiriwat, W, Peker, M, Van Lange, P, Vauclair, C, Kuppens, P, Bastian, B, Dejonckheere E., Rhee J. J., Baguma P. K., Barry O., Becker M., Bilewicz M., Castelain T., Costantini G., Dimdins G., Espinosa A., Finchilescu G., Friese M., Gastardo-Conaco M. C., Gomez A., Gonzalez R., Goto N., Halama P., Hurtado-Parrado C., Jiga-Boy G. M., Karl J. A., Novak L., Ausmees L., Loughnan S., Mastor K. A., McLatchie N., Onyishi I. E., Rizwan M., Schaller M., Serafimovska E., Suh E. M., Swann W. B., Tong E. M. W., Torres A., Turner R. N., Vinogradov A., Wang Z., Yeung V. W. -L., Amiot C. E., Boonyasiriwat W., Peker M., Van Lange P. A. M., Vauclair C. -M., Kuppens P., and Bastian B.

Abstract

Happiness is a valuable experience, and societies want their citizens to be happy. Although this societal commitment seems laudable, overly emphasizing positivity (versus negativity) may create an unattainable emotion norm that ironically compromises individual well-being. In this multi-national study (40 countries; 7443 participants), we investigate how societal pressure to be happy and not sad predicts emotional, cognitive and clinical indicators of well-being around the world, and examine how these relations differ as a function of countries' national happiness levels (collected from the World Happiness Report). Although detrimental well-being associations manifest for an average country, the strength of these relations varies across countries. People's felt societal pressure to be happy and not sad is particularly linked to poor well-being in countries with a higher World Happiness Index. Although the cross-sectional nature of our work prohibits causal conclusions, our findings highlight the correlational link between social emotion valuation and individual well-being, and suggest that high national happiness levels may have downsides for some.

Published
2022

7. Moral Expansiveness Around the World: The Role of Societal Factors Across 36 Countries

Author

Kirkland, K, Crimston, CR, Jetten, J, Rudnev, M, Acevedo-Triana, C, Amiot, CE, Ausmees, L, Baguma, P, Barry, O, Becker, M, Bilewicz, M, Boonyasiriwat, W, Castelain, T, Costantini, G, Dimdins, G, Espinosa, A, Finchilescu, G, Fischer, R, Friese, M, Gastardo-Conaco, MC, Gomez, A, Gonzalez, R, Goto, N, Halama, P, Jiga-Boy, GM, Kuppens, P, Loughnan, S, Markovik, M, Mastor, KA, McLatchie, N, Novak, LM, Onyekachi, BN, Peker, M, Rizwan, M, Schaller, M, Suh, EM, Talaifar, S, Tong, EMW, Torres, A, Turner, RN, Van Lange, PAM, Vauclair, C-M, Vinogradov, A, Wang, Z, Yeung, VWL, Bastian, B, Kirkland, K, Crimston, CR, Jetten, J, Rudnev, M, Acevedo-Triana, C, Amiot, CE, Ausmees, L, Baguma, P, Barry, O, Becker, M, Bilewicz, M, Boonyasiriwat, W, Castelain, T, Costantini, G, Dimdins, G, Espinosa, A, Finchilescu, G, Fischer, R, Friese, M, Gastardo-Conaco, MC, Gomez, A, Gonzalez, R, Goto, N, Halama, P, Jiga-Boy, GM, Kuppens, P, Loughnan, S, Markovik, M, Mastor, KA, McLatchie, N, Novak, LM, Onyekachi, BN, Peker, M, Rizwan, M, Schaller, M, Suh, EM, Talaifar, S, Tong, EMW, Torres, A, Turner, RN, Van Lange, PAM, Vauclair, C-M, Vinogradov, A, Wang, Z, Yeung, VWL, and Bastian, B

Abstract

What are the things that we think matter morally, and how do societal factors influence this? To date, research has explored several individual-level and historical factors that influence the size of our ‘moral circles.' There has, however, been less attention focused on which societal factors play a role. We present the first multi-national exploration of moral expansiveness—that is, the size of people’s moral circles across countries. We found low generalized trust, greater perceptions of a breakdown in the social fabric of society, and greater perceived economic inequality were associated with smaller moral circles. Generalized trust also helped explain the effects of perceived inequality on lower levels of moral inclusiveness. Other inequality indicators (i.e., Gini coefficients) were, however, unrelated to moral expansiveness. These findings suggest that societal factors, especially those associated with generalized trust, may influence the size of our moral circles.

Published
2022

8. Perceiving societal pressure to be happy is linked to poor well-being, especially in happy nations

Author

Dejonckheere, E., Rhee, J.J., Baguma, P.K., Barry, O., Becker, M., Bilewicz, M., Castelain, T., Costantini, G., Dimdins, G., Espinosa, A., Finchilescu, G., Friese, M., Gastardo-Conaco, M.C., Gómez, A., González, R., Goto, N., Halama, P., Hurtado-Parrado, C., Jiga-Boy, G.M., Karl, J.A., Novak, L., Ausmees, L., Loughnan, S., Mastor, K.A., McLatchie, N., Onyishi, I.E., Rizwan, M., Schaller, M., Serafimovska, E., Suh, E.M., Swann W.B., Jr, Tong, E.M.W., Torres, A., Turner, R.N., Vinogradov, A., Wang, Z., Yeung, V.W.-L., Amiot, C.E., Boonyasiriwat, W., Peker, M., Van Lange, P.A.M., Vauclair, C.-M., Kuppens, P., Bastian, B., Dejonckheere, E., Rhee, J.J., Baguma, P.K., Barry, O., Becker, M., Bilewicz, M., Castelain, T., Costantini, G., Dimdins, G., Espinosa, A., Finchilescu, G., Friese, M., Gastardo-Conaco, M.C., Gómez, A., González, R., Goto, N., Halama, P., Hurtado-Parrado, C., Jiga-Boy, G.M., Karl, J.A., Novak, L., Ausmees, L., Loughnan, S., Mastor, K.A., McLatchie, N., Onyishi, I.E., Rizwan, M., Schaller, M., Serafimovska, E., Suh, E.M., Swann W.B., Jr, Tong, E.M.W., Torres, A., Turner, R.N., Vinogradov, A., Wang, Z., Yeung, V.W.-L., Amiot, C.E., Boonyasiriwat, W., Peker, M., Van Lange, P.A.M., Vauclair, C.-M., Kuppens, P., and Bastian, B.

Abstract

Happiness is a valuable experience, and societies want their citizens to be happy. Although this societal commitment seems laudable, overly emphasizing positivity (versus negativity) may create an unattainable emotion norm that ironically compromises individual well-being. In this multi-national study (40 countries; 7443 participants), we investigate how societal pressure to be happy and not sad predicts emotional, cognitive and clinical indicators of well-being around the world, and examine how these relations differ as a function of countries' national happiness levels (collected from the World Happiness Report). Although detrimental well-being associations manifest for an average country, the strength of these relations varies across countries. People's felt societal pressure to be happy and not sad is particularly linked to poor well-being in countries with a higher World Happiness Index. Although the cross-sectional nature of our work prohibits causal conclusions, our findings highlight the correlational link between social emotion valuation and individual well-being, and suggest that high national happiness levels may have downsides for some.

Published
2022

9. Gendered violence and sexualized representations in video games:(Lack of) effect on gender-related attitudes

Author

Cross, L., Kaye, L.K., Savostijanovs, J., McLatchie, N., Johnston, M., Whiteman, L., Mooney, R., Atherton, G., Cross, L., Kaye, L.K., Savostijanovs, J., McLatchie, N., Johnston, M., Whiteman, L., Mooney, R., and Atherton, G.

Abstract

This research explored how gender portrayals in video games affect gender-related attitudes. Two hundred participants from the United Kingdom and Malaysia participated across three experiments, where the appearance and behaviour of video game characters were manipulated with regard to target (enemy) gender (Study 1), sexually explicit attire (Study 2) and level of character agency (Study 3). We found minimal evidence that exposure to gender-stereotyped content resulted in differential gender-related attitudes (implicit associations, hostile and benevolent sexism, or rape myth acceptance). However, Study 1 findings showed that individuals who played a first-person shooter with male enemies showed lower endorsement of some (benevolent) sexist attitudes (cf. control) and showed difference in game behaviour (cf. female enemies). Together, our results suggest that short-term exposure to video games containing female characters (sexualised, passive, or otherwise) does not consistently lead to the endorsement of negative gender attitudes.

Published
2022

10. Social mindfulness predicts concern for nature and immigrants across 36 nations.

Author

Kirkland, K, Van Lange, PAM, Van Doesum, NJ, Acevedo-Triana, C, Amiot, CE, Ausmees, L, Baguma, P, Barry, O, Becker, M, Bilewicz, M, Boonyasiriwat, W, Castelain, T, Costantini, G, Dimdins, G, Espinosa, A, Finchilescu, G, Fischer, R, Friese, M, Gómez, Á, González, R, Goto, N, Halama, P, Ilustrisimo, RD, Jiga-Boy, GM, Kuppens, P, Loughnan, S, Markovik, M, Mastor, KA, McLatchie, N, Novak, LM, Onyishi, IE, Peker, M, Rizwan, M, Schaller, M, Suh, EM, Swann, WB, Tong, EMW, Torres, A, Turner, RN, Vauclair, C-M, Vinogradov, A, Wang, Z, Yeung, VWL, Bastian, B, Kirkland, K, Van Lange, PAM, Van Doesum, NJ, Acevedo-Triana, C, Amiot, CE, Ausmees, L, Baguma, P, Barry, O, Becker, M, Bilewicz, M, Boonyasiriwat, W, Castelain, T, Costantini, G, Dimdins, G, Espinosa, A, Finchilescu, G, Fischer, R, Friese, M, Gómez, Á, González, R, Goto, N, Halama, P, Ilustrisimo, RD, Jiga-Boy, GM, Kuppens, P, Loughnan, S, Markovik, M, Mastor, KA, McLatchie, N, Novak, LM, Onyishi, IE, Peker, M, Rizwan, M, Schaller, M, Suh, EM, Swann, WB, Tong, EMW, Torres, A, Turner, RN, Vauclair, C-M, Vinogradov, A, Wang, Z, Yeung, VWL, and Bastian, B

Abstract

People cooperate every day in ways that range from largescale contributions that mitigate climate change to simple actions such as leaving another individual with choice - known as social mindfulness. It is not yet clear whether and how these complex and more simple forms of cooperation relate. Prior work has found that countries with individuals who made more socially mindful choices were linked to a higher country environmental performance - a proxy for complex cooperation. Here we replicated this initial finding in 41 samples around the world, demonstrating the robustness of the association between social mindfulness and environmental performance, and substantially built on it to show this relationship extended to a wide range of complex cooperative indices, tied closely to many current societal issues. We found that greater social mindfulness expressed by an individual was related to living in countries with more social capital, more community participation and reduced prejudice towards immigrants. Our findings speak to the symbiotic relationship between simple and more complex forms of cooperation in societies.

Published
2022

11. Situational factors shape moral judgements in the trolley dilemma in Eastern, Southern and Western countries in a culturally diverse sample

Author

Bago, B. Kovacs, M. Protzko, J. Nagy, T. Kekecs, Z. Palfi, B. Adamkovic, M. Adamus, S. Albalooshi, S. Albayrak-Aydemir, N. Alfian, I.N. Alper, S. Alvarez-Solas, S. Alves, S.G. Amaya, S. Andresen, P.K. Anjum, G. Ansari, D. Arriaga, P. Aruta, J.J.B.R. Arvanitis, A. Babincak, P. Barzykowski, K. Bashour, B. Baskin, E. Batalha, L. Batres, C. Bavolar, J. Bayrak, F. Becker, B. Becker, M. Belaus, A. Białek, M. Bilancini, E. Boller, D. Boncinelli, L. Boudesseul, J. Brown, B.T. Buchanan, E.M. Butt, M.M. Calvillo, D.P. Carnes, N.C. Celniker, J.B. Chartier, C.R. Chopik, W.J. Chotikavan, P. Chuan-Peng, H. Clancy, R.F. Çoker, O. Correia, R.C. Adoric, V.C. Cubillas, C.P. Czoschke, S. Daryani, Y. de Grefte, J.A.M. de Vries, W.C. Burak, E.G.D. Dias, C. Dixson, B.J.W. Du, X. Dumančić, F. Dumbravă, A. Dutra, N.B. Enachescu, J. Esteban-Serna, C. Eudave, L. Evans, T.R. Feldman, G. Felisberti, F.M. Fiedler, S. Findor, A. Fleischmann, A. Foroni, F. Francová, R. Frank, D.-A. Fu, C.H.Y. Gao, S. Ghasemi, O. Ghazi-Noori, A.-R. Ghossainy, M.E. Giammusso, I. Gill, T. Gjoneska, B. Gollwitzer, M. Graton, A. Grinberg, M. Groyecka-Bernard, A. Harris, E.A. Hartanto, A. Hassan, W.A.N.M. Hatami, J. Heimark, K.R. Hidding, J.J.J. Hristova, E. Hruška, M. Hudson, C.A. Huskey, R. Ikeda, A. Inbar, Y. Ingram, G.P.D. Isler, O. Isloi, C. Iyer, A. Jaeger, B. Janssen, S.M.J. Jiménez-Leal, W. Jokić, B. Kačmár, P. Kadreva, V. Kaminski, G. Karimi-Malekabadi, F. Kasper, A.T.A. Kendrick, K.M. Kennedy, B.J. Kocalar, H.E. Kodapanakkal, R.I. Kowal, M. Kruse, E. Kučerová, L. Kühberger, A. Kuzminska, A.O. Lalot, F. Lamm, C. Lammers, J. Lange, E.B. Lantian, A. Lau, I.Y.-M. Lazarevic, L.B. Leliveld, M.C. Lenz, J.N. Levitan, C.A. Lewis, S.C. Li, M. Li, Y. Li, H. Lima, T.J.S. Lins, S. Liuzza, M.T. Lopes, P. Lu, J.G. Lynds, T. Máčel, M. Mackinnon, S.P. Maganti, M. Magraw-Mickelson, Z. Magson, L.F. Manley, H. Marcu, G.M. Seršić, D.M. Matibag, C.-J. Mattiassi, A.D.A. Mazidi, M. McFall, J.P. McLatchie, N. Mensink, M.C. Miketta, L. Milfont, T.L. Mirisola, A. Misiak, M. Mitkidis, P. Moeini-Jazani, M. Monajem, A. Moreau, D. Musser, E.D. Narhetali, E. Ochoa, D.P. Olsen, J. Owsley, N.C. Özdoğru, A.A. Panning, M. Papadatou-Pastou, M. Parashar, N. Pärnamets, P. Paruzel-Czachura, M. Parzuchowski, M. Paterlini, J.V. Pavlacic, J.M. Peker, M. Peters, K. Piatnitckaia, L. Pinto, I. Policarpio, M.R. Pop-Jordanova, N. Pratama, A.J. Primbs, M.A. Pronizius, E. Purić, D. Puvia, E. Qamari, V. Qian, K. Quiamzade, A. Ráczová, B. Reinero, D.A. Reips, U.-D. Reyna, C. Reynolds, K. Ribeiro, M.F.F. Röer, J.P. Ross, R.M. Roussos, P. Ruiz-Dodobara, F. Ruiz-Fernandez, S. Rutjens, B.T. Rybus, K. Samekin, A. Santos, A.C. Say, N. Schild, C. Schmidt, K. Ścigała, K.A. Sharifian, M.H. Shi, J. Shi, Y. Sievers, E. Sirota, M. Slipenkyj, M. Solak, Ç. Sorokowska, A. Sorokowski, P. Söylemez, S. Steffens, N.K. Stephen, I.D. Sternisko, A. Stevens-Wilson, L. Stewart, S.L.K. Stieger, S. Storage, D. Strube, J. Susa, K.J. Szekely-Copîndean, R.D. Szostak, N.M. Takwin, B. Tatachari, S. Thomas, A.G. Tiede, K.E. Tiong, L.E. Tonković, M. Trémolière, B. Tunstead, L.V. Türkan, B.N. Twardawski, M. Vadillo, M.A. Vally, Z. Vaughn, L.A. Verschuere, B. Vlašiček, D. Voracek, M. Vranka, M.A. Wang, S. West, S.-L. Whyte, S. Wilton, L.S. Wlodarczyk, A. Wu, X. Xin, F. Yadanar, S. Yama, H. Yamada, Y. Yilmaz, O. Yoon, S. Young, D.M. Zakharov, I. Zein, R.A. Zettler, I. Žeželj, I.L. Zhang, D.C. Zhang, J. Zheng, X. Hoekstra, R. Aczel, B.

Abstract

The study of moral judgements often centres on moral dilemmas in which options consistent with deontological perspectives (that is, emphasizing rules, individual rights and duties) are in conflict with options consistent with utilitarian judgements (that is, following the greater good based on consequences). Greene et al. (2009) showed that psychological and situational factors (for example, the intent of the agent or the presence of physical contact between the agent and the victim) can play an important role in moral dilemma judgements (for example, the trolley problem). Our knowledge is limited concerning both the universality of these effects outside the United States and the impact of culture on the situational and psychological factors affecting moral judgements. Thus, we empirically tested the universality of the effects of intent and personal force on moral dilemma judgements by replicating the experiments of Greene et al. in 45 countries from all inhabited continents. We found that personal force and its interaction with intention exert influence on moral judgements in the US and Western cultural clusters, replicating and expanding the original findings. Moreover, the personal force effect was present in all cultural clusters, suggesting it is culturally universal. The evidence for the cultural universality of the interaction effect was inconclusive in the Eastern and Southern cultural clusters (depending on exclusion criteria). We found no strong association between collectivism/individualism and moral dilemma judgements. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.

Published
2022

13. Do sexist jokes increase rape proclivity among males high in hostile sexism? Evidence from two pre-registered direct replications of Thomae & Viki (2013)

Author

Thomae M and McLatchie N

Subjects
Psychology, Social psychology
Abstract

Thomae & Viki (2013) reported that increased exposure to sexist humour can increase rape proclivity among men who score high on measures of Hostile Sexism. Here we report two pre-registered direct replications (N = 530) of Study 2 from Thomae & Viki (2013) and assess replicability via (i) statistical significance, (ii) Bayes factors, (iii) a small-telescope approach, and (iv) a mini meta-analysis across the original and replication studies. The original results were not supported by any of the approaches. Combining both the original studies and replications yielded moderate evidence in support of the null over the experimental hypothesis (Bayes factor = 0.13). The evidence provided by the current studies therefore suggests sexist jokes do not increase rape proclivity among males high in hostile sexism. We encourage researchers to continue to conduct pre-registered and open research to further understand the potential (lack of) impact of sexist humour in the future.

Published
2021
Full Text
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14. The Challenge of Expressing Pride in Moral Achievements: The Advantage of Joy and Vicarious Pride

Author

McLatchie N and piazza j

Subjects
Pride, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences, Aesthetics, media_common.quotation_subject, bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences, bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology|Personality and Social Contexts, Psychology, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Emotion, PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology, media_common
Abstract

Recent findings suggest bodily expressions of pride communicate a person is self-interested and meritocratic. Across two studies (combined N=721), we investigated whether these implications retain when pride is expressed with regards to moral achievements where the activity has benefited others. In Study 1, achievers that attained self-benefiting, competence-based achievements were judged to be self-interested and meritocratic, and expressing pride somewhat enhanced these evaluations. By contrast, those who acted to benefit others were seen as egalitarian and less selfish, although expressing pride strongly overturned these judgments. Study 2 replicated these findings and found that expressions of joy following a moral achievement, and pride expressed by a companion, enhanced the do-gooder’s perceived status without reducing attributions of egalitarianism. Our findings highlight the costs of displaying moral pride, but point to joy and vicarious pride as promising alternative routes for circumventing these costs. Datasets and analysis scripts are available at: https://osf.io/ra3gy/?view_only=5329461bfda84c0bb8c34df967d98398.

Published
2020

15. Improving inferences about null effects with Bayes factors and equivalence tests

Author

Lakens, D., McLatchie, N., Isager, P., Scheel, A.M., Dienes, Zoltan, Lakens, D., McLatchie, N., Isager, P., Scheel, A.M., and Dienes, Zoltan

Abstract

Researchers often conclude an effect is absent when a null-hypothesis significance test yields a nonsignificant p value. However, it is neither logically nor statistically correct to conclude an effect is absent when a hypothesis test is not significant. We present two methods to evaluate the presence or absence of effects: Equivalence testing (based on frequentist statistics) and Bayes factors (based on Bayesian statistics). In four examples from the gerontology literature, we illustrate different ways to specify alternative models that can be used to reject the presence of a meaningful or predicted effect in hypothesis tests. We provide detailed explanations of how to calculate, report, and interpret Bayes factors and equivalence tests. We also discuss how to design informative studies that can provide support for a null model or for the absence of a meaningful effect. The conceptual differences between Bayes factors and equivalence tests are discussed, and we also note when and why they might lead to similar or different inferences in practice. It is important that researchers are able to falsify predictions or can quantify the support for predicted null effects. Bayes factors and equivalence tests provide useful statistical tools to improve inferences about null effects.

Published
2020

18. Can unconscious intentions be more effective than conscious intentions? Test of the role of metacognition in hypnotic response.

Author

Palfi, B., Parris, Benjamin A., McLatchie, N., Kekecs, Z., Dienes, Z., Palfi, B., Parris, Benjamin A., McLatchie, N., Kekecs, Z., and Dienes, Z.

Abstract

While several theories assume that responses to hypnotic suggestions can be implemented without executive intentions, the metacognitive class of theories postulate that the behaviors produced by hypnotic suggestions are intended and the accompanying feeling of involuntariness is only a consequence of strategically not being aware of the intention. Cold control theory asserts that the only difference between a hypnotic and non-hypnotic response is this metacognitive one, that is, whether or not one is aware of one's intention to perform the relevant act. To test the theory, we compared the performance of highly suggestible participants in reducing the Stroop interference effect in a post-hypnotic suggestion condition (word blindness: that words will appear as a meaningless foreign script) and in a volitional condition (asking the participants to imagine the words as a meaningless foreign script). We found that participants had equivalent expectations that the posthypnotic suggestion and the volitional request would help control the conflicting information. Further, participants felt they had more control over experiencing the words as meaningless with the request rather than the suggestion; and they experienced the request largely as imagination and the suggestion largely as perception. That is, we set up the interventions we required for the experiment to constitute a test of cold control theory. Both the suggestion and the request reduced Stroop interference. Crucially, there was Bayesian evidence that the reduction in Stroop interference was the same between the suggestion and the volitional request. That is, the results support the claim that responding hypnotically does not grant a person greater first order abilities than they have non-hypnotically, consistent with cold control theory.

19. Situational factors shape moral judgements in the trolley dilemma in Eastern, Southern and Western countries in a culturally diverse sample

Author

Bago, B, Kovacs, M, Protzko, J, Nagy, T, Kekecs, Z, Palfi, B, Adamkovic, M, Adamus, S, Albalooshi, S, Albayrak-Aydemir, N, Alfian, IN, Alper, S, Alvarez-Solas, S, Alves, SG, Amaya, S, Andresen, PK, Anjum, G, Ansari, D, Arriaga, P, Aruta, J, Arvanitis, A, Babincak, P, Barzykowski, K, Bashour, B, Baskin, E, Batalha, L, Batres, C, Bavolar, J, Bayrak, F, Becker, B, Becker, M, Belaus, A, Białek, M, Bilancini, E, Boller, D, Boncinelli, L, Boudesseul, J, Brown, BT, Buchanan, EM, Butt, MM, Calvillo, DP, Carnes, NC, Celniker, JB, Chartier, CR, Chopik, WJ, Chotikavan, P, Chuan-Peng, H, Clancy, RF, Çoker, O, Correia, RC, Adoric, VC, Cubillas, CP, Czoschke, S, Daryani, Y, de Grefte, JAM, de Vries, WC, Burak, EGD, Dias, C, Dixson, BJW, Du, X, Dumančić, F, Dumbravă, A, Dutra, NB, Enachescu, J, Esteban-Serna, C, Eudave, L, Evans, TR, Feldman, G, Felisberti, FM, Fiedler, S, Findor, A, Fleischmann, A, Foroni, F, Francová, R, Frank, DA, Fu, CHY, Gao, S, Ghasemi, O, Ghazi-Noori, AR, Ghossainy, ME, Giammusso, I, Gill, T, Gjoneska, B, Gollwitzer, M, Graton, A, Grinberg, M, Groyecka-Bernard, A, Harris, EA, Hartanto, A, Hassan, W, Hatami, J, Heimark, KR, Hidding, JJJ, Hristova, E, Hruška, M, Hudson, CA, Huskey, R, Ikeda, A, Inbar, Y, Ingram, GPD, Isler, O, Isloi, C, Iyer, A, Jaeger, B, Janssen, SMJ, Jiménez-Leal, W, Jokić, B, Kačmár, P, Kadreva, V, Kaminski, G, Karimi-Malekabadi, F, Kasper, ATA, Kendrick, KM, Kennedy, BJ, Kocalar, HE, Kodapanakkal, RI, Kowal, M, Kruse, E, Kučerová, L, Kühberger, A, Kuzminska, AO, Lalot, F, Lamm, C, Lammers, J, Lange, EB, Lantian, A, Lau, IY, Lazarevic, LB, Leliveld, MC, Lenz, JN, Levitan, CA, Lewis, SC, Li, M, Li, Y, Li, H, Lima, TJS, Lins, S, Liuzza, MT, Lopes, P, Lu, JG, Lynds, T, Máčel, M, Mackinnon, SP, Maganti, M, Magraw-Mickelson, Z, Magson, LF, Manley, H, Marcu, GM, Seršić, DM, Matibag, CJ, Mattiassi, ADA, Mazidi, M, McFall, JP, McLatchie, N, Mensink, MC, Miketta, L, Milfont, TL, Mirisola, A, Misiak, M, Mitkidis, P, Moeini-Jazani, M, Monajem, A, Moreau, D, Musser, ED, Narhetali, E, Ochoa, DP, Olsen, J, Owsley, NC, Özdoğru, AA, Panning, M, Papadatou-Pastou, M, Parashar, N, Pärnamets, P, Paruzel-Czachura, M, Parzuchowski, M, Paterlini, JV, Pavlacic, JM, Peker, M, Peters, K, Piatnitckaia, L, Pinto, I, Policarpio, MR, Pop-Jordanova, N, Pratama, AJ, Primbs, MA, Pronizius, E, Purić, D, Puvia, E, Qamari, V, Qian, K, Quiamzade, A, Ráczová, B, Reinero, DA, Reips, UD, Reyna, C, Reynolds, K, Ribeiro, MFF, Röer, JP, Ross, RM, Roussos, P, Ruiz-Dodobara, F, Ruiz-Fernandez, S, Rutjens, BT, Rybus, K, Samekin, A, Santos, AC, Say, N, Schild, C, Schmidt, K, Ścigała, KA, Sharifian, M, Shi, J, Shi, Y, Sievers, E, Sirota, M, Slipenkyj, M, Solak, Ç, Sorokowska, A, Sorokowski, P, Söylemez, S, Steffens, NK, Stephen, Ian D., Sternisko, A, Stevens-Wilson, L, Stewart, SLK, Stieger, S, Storage, D, Strube, J, Susa, KJ, Szekely-Copîndean, RD, Szostak, NM, Takwin, B, Tatachari, S, Thomas, AG, Tiede, KE, Tiong, LE, Tonković, M, Trémolière, B, Tunstead, LV, Türkan, BN, Twardawski, M, Vadillo, MA, Vally, Z, Vaughn, LA, Verschuere, B, Vlašiček, D, Voracek, M, Vranka, MA, Wang, S, West, SL, Whyte, S, Wilton, LS, Wlodarczyk, A, Wu, X, Xin, F, Yadanar, S, Yama, H, Yamada, Y, Yilmaz, O, Yoon, S, Young, DM, Zakharov, I, Zein, RA, Zettler, I, Žeželj, IL, Zhang, DC, Zhang, J, Zheng, X, Hoekstra, R, Aczel, B, Bago, B, Kovacs, M, Protzko, J, Nagy, T, Kekecs, Z, Palfi, B, Adamkovic, M, Adamus, S, Albalooshi, S, Albayrak-Aydemir, N, Alfian, IN, Alper, S, Alvarez-Solas, S, Alves, SG, Amaya, S, Andresen, PK, Anjum, G, Ansari, D, Arriaga, P, Aruta, J, Arvanitis, A, Babincak, P, Barzykowski, K, Bashour, B, Baskin, E, Batalha, L, Batres, C, Bavolar, J, Bayrak, F, Becker, B, Becker, M, Belaus, A, Białek, M, Bilancini, E, Boller, D, Boncinelli, L, Boudesseul, J, Brown, BT, Buchanan, EM, Butt, MM, Calvillo, DP, Carnes, NC, Celniker, JB, Chartier, CR, Chopik, WJ, Chotikavan, P, Chuan-Peng, H, Clancy, RF, Çoker, O, Correia, RC, Adoric, VC, Cubillas, CP, Czoschke, S, Daryani, Y, de Grefte, JAM, de Vries, WC, Burak, EGD, Dias, C, Dixson, BJW, Du, X, Dumančić, F, Dumbravă, A, Dutra, NB, Enachescu, J, Esteban-Serna, C, Eudave, L, Evans, TR, Feldman, G, Felisberti, FM, Fiedler, S, Findor, A, Fleischmann, A, Foroni, F, Francová, R, Frank, DA, Fu, CHY, Gao, S, Ghasemi, O, Ghazi-Noori, AR, Ghossainy, ME, Giammusso, I, Gill, T, Gjoneska, B, Gollwitzer, M, Graton, A, Grinberg, M, Groyecka-Bernard, A, Harris, EA, Hartanto, A, Hassan, W, Hatami, J, Heimark, KR, Hidding, JJJ, Hristova, E, Hruška, M, Hudson, CA, Huskey, R, Ikeda, A, Inbar, Y, Ingram, GPD, Isler, O, Isloi, C, Iyer, A, Jaeger, B, Janssen, SMJ, Jiménez-Leal, W, Jokić, B, Kačmár, P, Kadreva, V, Kaminski, G, Karimi-Malekabadi, F, Kasper, ATA, Kendrick, KM, Kennedy, BJ, Kocalar, HE, Kodapanakkal, RI, Kowal, M, Kruse, E, Kučerová, L, Kühberger, A, Kuzminska, AO, Lalot, F, Lamm, C, Lammers, J, Lange, EB, Lantian, A, Lau, IY, Lazarevic, LB, Leliveld, MC, Lenz, JN, Levitan, CA, Lewis, SC, Li, M, Li, Y, Li, H, Lima, TJS, Lins, S, Liuzza, MT, Lopes, P, Lu, JG, Lynds, T, Máčel, M, Mackinnon, SP, Maganti, M, Magraw-Mickelson, Z, Magson, LF, Manley, H, Marcu, GM, Seršić, DM, Matibag, CJ, Mattiassi, ADA, Mazidi, M, McFall, JP, McLatchie, N, Mensink, MC, Miketta, L, Milfont, TL, Mirisola, A, Misiak, M, Mitkidis, P, Moeini-Jazani, M, Monajem, A, Moreau, D, Musser, ED, Narhetali, E, Ochoa, DP, Olsen, J, Owsley, NC, Özdoğru, AA, Panning, M, Papadatou-Pastou, M, Parashar, N, Pärnamets, P, Paruzel-Czachura, M, Parzuchowski, M, Paterlini, JV, Pavlacic, JM, Peker, M, Peters, K, Piatnitckaia, L, Pinto, I, Policarpio, MR, Pop-Jordanova, N, Pratama, AJ, Primbs, MA, Pronizius, E, Purić, D, Puvia, E, Qamari, V, Qian, K, Quiamzade, A, Ráczová, B, Reinero, DA, Reips, UD, Reyna, C, Reynolds, K, Ribeiro, MFF, Röer, JP, Ross, RM, Roussos, P, Ruiz-Dodobara, F, Ruiz-Fernandez, S, Rutjens, BT, Rybus, K, Samekin, A, Santos, AC, Say, N, Schild, C, Schmidt, K, Ścigała, KA, Sharifian, M, Shi, J, Shi, Y, Sievers, E, Sirota, M, Slipenkyj, M, Solak, Ç, Sorokowska, A, Sorokowski, P, Söylemez, S, Steffens, NK, Stephen, Ian D., Sternisko, A, Stevens-Wilson, L, Stewart, SLK, Stieger, S, Storage, D, Strube, J, Susa, KJ, Szekely-Copîndean, RD, Szostak, NM, Takwin, B, Tatachari, S, Thomas, AG, Tiede, KE, Tiong, LE, Tonković, M, Trémolière, B, Tunstead, LV, Türkan, BN, Twardawski, M, Vadillo, MA, Vally, Z, Vaughn, LA, Verschuere, B, Vlašiček, D, Voracek, M, Vranka, MA, Wang, S, West, SL, Whyte, S, Wilton, LS, Wlodarczyk, A, Wu, X, Xin, F, Yadanar, S, Yama, H, Yamada, Y, Yilmaz, O, Yoon, S, Young, DM, Zakharov, I, Zein, RA, Zettler, I, Žeželj, IL, Zhang, DC, Zhang, J, Zheng, X, Hoekstra, R, and Aczel, B

Abstract

The study of moral judgements often centres on moral dilemmas in which options consistent with deontological perspectives (that is, emphasizing rules, individual rights and duties) are in conflict with options consistent with utilitarian judgements (that is, following the greater good based on consequences). Greene et al. (2009) showed that psychological and situational factors (for example, the intent of the agent or the presence of physical contact between the agent and the victim) can play an important role in moral dilemma judgements (for example, the trolley problem). Our knowledge is limited concerning both the universality of these effects outside the United States and the impact of culture on the situational and psychological factors affecting moral judgements. Thus, we empirically tested the universality of the effects of intent and personal force on moral dilemma judgements by replicating the experiments of Greene et al. in 45 countries from all inhabited continents. We found that personal force and its interaction with intention exert influence on moral judgements in the US and Western cultural clusters, replicating and expanding the original findings. Moreover, the personal force effect was present in all cultural clusters, suggesting it is culturally universal. The evidence for the cultural universality of the interaction effect was inconclusive in the Eastern and Southern cultural clusters (depending on exclusion criteria). We found no strong association between collectivism/individualism and moral dilemma judgements.

20. Perceiving societal pressure to be happy is linked to poor well-being, especially in happy nations

Author

Egon Dejonckheere, Joshua J. Rhee, Peter K. Baguma, Oumar Barry, Maja Becker, Michał Bilewicz, Thomas Castelain, Giulio Costantini, Girts Dimdins, Agustín Espinosa, Gillian Finchilescu, Malte Friese, Maria Cecilia Gastardo-Conaco, Angel Gómez, Roberto González, Nobuhiko Goto, Peter Halama, Camilo Hurtado-Parrado, Gabriela M. Jiga-Boy, Johannes A. Karl, Lindsay Novak, Liisi Ausmees, Steve Loughnan, Khairul A. Mastor, Neil McLatchie, Ike E. Onyishi, Muhammad Rizwan, Mark Schaller, Eleonora Serafimovska, Eunkook M. Suh, William B. Swann, Eddie M. W. Tong, Ana Torres, Rhiannon N. Turner, Alexander Vinogradov, Zhechen Wang, Victoria Wai-lan Yeung, Catherine E. Amiot, Watcharaporn Boonyasiriwat, Müjde Peker, Paul A. M. Van Lange, Christin-Melanie Vauclair, Peter Kuppens, Brock Bastian, Medical and Clinical Psychology, Peker, Müjde, Dejonckheere, E, Rhee, J, Baguma, P, Barry, O, Becker, M, Bilewicz, M, Castelain, T, Costantini, G, Dimdins, G, Espinosa, A, Finchilescu, G, Friese, M, Gastardo-Conaco, M, Gomez, A, Gonzalez, R, Goto, N, Halama, P, Hurtado-Parrado, C, Jiga-Boy, G, Karl, J, Novak, L, Ausmees, L, Loughnan, S, Mastor, K, Mclatchie, N, Onyishi, I, Rizwan, M, Schaller, M, Serafimovska, E, Suh, E, Swann, W, Tong, E, Torres, A, Turner, R, Vinogradov, A, Wang, Z, Yeung, V, Amiot, C, Boonyasiriwat, W, Peker, M, Van Lange, P, Vauclair, C, Kuppens, P, Bastian, B, Social Psychology, IBBA, and A-LAB

Subjects
Adult, SATISFACTION, Happiness, Happine, Major clinical study, PEOPLE, Humans, Peer Influence, SEEKING HAPPINESS, ASSOCIATIONS, Cross-Sectional Studie, Emotion, Multidisciplinary, Science & Technology, Wellbeing, human behaviour, NEGATIVE AFFECT, Multicenter study, Ciências Naturais::Outras Ciências Naturais [Domínio/Área Científica], Multidisciplinary Sciences, MODEL, Clinical indicator, Cross-Sectional Studies, DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS, depression, Science & Technology - Other Topics, EXPERIENCE, VALUING HAPPINESS, Perception, MENTAL-HEALTH, Human
Abstract

Happiness is a valuable experience, and societies want their citizens to be happy. Although this societal commitment seems laudable, overly emphasizing positivity (versus negativity) may create an unattainable emotion norm that ironically compromises individual well-being. In this multi-national study (40 countries; 7443 participants), we investigate how societal pressure to be happy and not sad predicts emotional, cognitive and clinical indicators of well-being around the world, and examine how these relations differ as a function of countries' national happiness levels (collected from the World Happiness Report). Although detrimental well-being associations manifest for an average country, the strength of these relations varies across countries. People's felt societal pressure to be happy and not sad is particularly linked to poor well-being in countries with a higher World Happiness Index. Although the cross-sectional nature of our work prohibits causal conclusions, our findings highlight the correlational link between social emotion valuation and individual well-being, and suggest that high national happiness levels may have downsides for some. WOS:000757537100060 2-s2.0-85124776484 PMID: 35177625 Science Citation Index Expanded Q1 Article Uluslararası işbirliği ile yapılan - EVET Şubat 2022 YÖK - 2021-22 Şubat

Published
2022
Full Text
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21. Social mindfulness predicts concern for nature and immigrants across 36 nations

Author

Kelly Kirkland, Paul A. M. Van Lange, Niels J. Van Doesum, Cesar Acevedo-Triana, Catherine E. Amiot, Liisi Ausmees, Peter Baguma, Oumar Barry, Maja Becker, Michal Bilewicz, Watcharaporn Boonyasiriwat, Thomas Castelain, Giulio Costantini, Girts Dimdins, Agustín Espinosa, Gillian Finchilescu, Ronald Fischer, Malte Friese, Ángel Gómez, Roberto González, Nobuhiko Goto, Peter Halama, Ruby D. Ilustrisimo, Gabriela M. Jiga-Boy, Peter Kuppens, Steve Loughnan, Marijana Markovik, Khairul A. Mastor, Neil McLatchie, Lindsay M. Novak, Ike E. Onyishi, Müjde Peker, Muhammad Rizwan, Mark Schaller, Eunkook M. Suh, William B. Swann, Eddie M. W. Tong, Ana Torres, Rhiannon N. Turner, Christin-Melanie Vauclair, Alexander Vinogradov, Zhechen Wang, Victoria Wai Lan Yeung, Brock Bastian, Kirkland, K, Van Lange, P, Van Doesum, N, Acevedo-Triana, C, Amiot, C, Ausmees, L, Baguma, P, Barry, O, Becker, M, Bilewicz, M, Boonyasiriwat, W, Castelain, T, Costantini, G, Dimdins, G, Espinosa, A, Finchilescu, G, Fischer, R, Friese, M, Gómez, Á, González, R, Goto, N, Halama, P, Ilustrisimo, R, Jiga-Boy, G, Kuppens, P, Loughnan, S, Markovik, M, Mastor, K, Mclatchie, N, Novak, L, Onyishi, I, Peker, M, Rizwan, M, Schaller, M, Suh, E, Swann, W, Tong, E, Torres, A, Turner, R, Vauclair, C, Vinogradov, A, Wang, Z, Yeung, V, Bastian, B, Peker, Müjde, Social Psychology, IBBA, A-LAB, and Amsterdam Sustainability Institute

Subjects
SDG 16 - Peace, Social Psychology, Emigrants and Immigrants, immigrant, climate protection, Ecology, Environment, Verhalten, psychology, migration, Ökologie und Umwelt, community participation controlled study, Natur, ddc:150, Klimaschutz, Humans, Ökologie, controlled study, human, ddc:577, Migration, Sociology of Migration, Social sciences, sociology, anthropology, clinical article, mindfulne, Multidisciplinary, Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie, Ecology, Nachhaltigkeit, behavior, SDG 16 - Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions, article, nature, soziale Einstellung, organization, sustainability, prejudice, Justice and Strong Institutions, social attitude, Ciências Naturais::Outras Ciências Naturais [Domínio/Área Científica], Psychologie, social capital, ddc:300, community participation, Sozialpsychologie, Vorurteil, Mindfulness, EVS, EVS 2017 (ZA7500 v5.0.0)
Abstract

People cooperate every day in ways that range from largescale contributions that mitigate climate change to simple actions such as leaving another individual with choice – known as social mindfulness. It is not yet clear whether and how these complex and more simple forms of cooperation relate. Prior work has found that countries with individuals who made more socially mindful choices were linked to a higher country environmental performance – a proxy for complex cooperation. Here we replicated this initial finding in 41 samples around the world, demonstrating the robustness of the association between social mindfulness and environmental performance, and substantially built on it to show this relationship extended to a wide range of complex cooperative indices, tied closely to many current societal issues. We found that greater social mindfulness expressed by an individual was related to living in countries with more social capital, more community participation and reduced prejudice towards immigrants. Our findings speak to the symbiotic relationship between simple and more complex forms of cooperation in societies.

Published
2022
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22. Multinational data show that conspiracy beliefs are associated with the perception (and reality) of poor national economic performance

Author

Matthew J. Hornsey, Samuel Pearson, Jemima Kang, Kai Sassenberg, Jolanda Jetten, Paul A. M. Van Lange, Lucia G. Medina, Catherine E. Amiot, Liisi Ausmees, Peter Baguma, Oumar Barry, Maja Becker, Michal Bilewicz, Thomas Castelain, Giulio Costantini, Girts Dimdins, Agustín Espinosa, Gillian Finchilescu, Malte Friese, Roberto González, Nobuhiko Goto, Ángel Gómez, Peter Halama, Ruby Ilustrisimo, Gabriela M. Jiga‐Boy, Johannes Karl, Peter Kuppens, Steve Loughnan, Marijana Markovikj, Khairul A. Mastor, Neil McLatchie, Lindsay M. Novak, Blessing N. Onyekachi, Müjde Peker, Muhammad Rizwan, Mark Schaller, Eunkook M. Suh, Sanaz Talaifar, Eddie M. W. Tong, Ana Torres, Rhiannon N. Turner, Christin‐Melanie Vauclair, Alexander Vinogradov, Zhechen Wang, Victoria Wai Lan Yeung, Brock Bastian, Hornsey, M, Pearson, S, Kang, J, Sassenberg, K, Jetten, J, Van Lange, P, Medina, L, Amiot, C, Ausmees, L, Baguma, P, Barry, O, Becker, M, Bilewicz, M, Castelain, T, Costantini, G, Dimdins, G, Espinosa, A, Finchilescu, G, Friese, M, Gonzalez, R, Goto, N, Gomez, A, Halama, P, Ilustrisimo, R, Jiga-Boy, G, Karl, J, Kuppens, P, Loughnan, S, Markovikj, M, Mastor, K, Mclatchie, N, Novak, L, Onyekachi, B, Peker, M, Rizwan, M, Schaller, M, Suh, E, Talaifar, S, Tong, E, Torres, A, Turner, R, Vauclair, C, Vinogradov, A, Wang, Z, Yeung, V, Bastian, B, Social Psychology, Amsterdam Sustainability Institute, IBBA, A-LAB, and Peker Booth, Mujde

Subjects
CONSEQUENCES, SDG 16 - Peace, Social Psychology, Psicologia social, conspiracy belief, SDG 16 - Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions, Conspiracy theories, Social Sciences, Ciências Sociais::Psicologia [Domínio/Área Científica], Conspiració, Teories de la, Psychology, Social, conspiracies, Social psychology, Justice and Strong Institutions, GDP, Social representations, conspiracy beliefs, economic vitality, conspiracie, ORIGINS, political trust, Psychology, Representacions socials
Abstract

While a great deal is known about the individual difference factors associated with conspiracy beliefs, much less is known about the country-level factors that shape people's willingness to believe conspiracy theories. In the current article we discuss the possibility that willingness to believe conspiracy theories might be shaped by the perception (and reality) of poor economic performance at the national level. To test this notion, we surveyed 6723 participants from 36 countries. In line with predictions, propensity to believe conspiracy theories was negatively associated with perceptions of current and future national economic vitality. Furthermore, countries with higher GDP per capita tended to have lower belief in conspiracy theories. The data suggest that conspiracy beliefs are not just caused by intrapsychic factors but are also shaped by difficult economic circumstances for which distrust might have a rational basis. WOS:000869285600001 2-s2.0-85132525534 Social Sciences Citation Index Q2 Article; Early Access Uluslararası işbirliği ile yapılan - EVET October 2022 YÖK - 2022-23 Ekim

Published
2022
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23. Can the left hand benefit from being right? The influence of body side on perceived grasping ability.

Author

Taylor RL, McLatchie N, and Linkenauger SA

Abstract

Right-handed individuals (RHIs) demonstrate perceptual biases towards their right hand, estimating it to be larger and longer than their left. In addition, RHIs estimate that they can grasp larger objects with their right hand than their left. This study investigated whether visual information specifying handedness enhances biases in RHIs' perceptions of their action capabilities. Twenty-two participants were placed in an immersive virtual environment in which self-animated, virtual hands were either presented congruently to their physical hand or mirrored. Following a calibration task, participants estimated their maximum grasp size by adjusting the size of a virtual block until it reached the largest size they thought they could grasp. The results showed that, consistent with research outside of virtual reality, RHIs gave larger estimates of maximum grasp when using their right physical hand than their left. However, this difference remained regardless of how the hand was virtually presented. This finding suggests that proprioceptive feedback may be more important than visual feedback when estimating maximum grasp. In addition, visual feedback on handedness does not appear to enhance biases in perceptions of maximum grasp with the right hand. Considerations for further research into the embodiment of mirrored virtual limbs are discussed., Competing Interests: Declarations Ethics approval Approval was obtained from Lancaster University Faculty of Science and Technology ethics committee. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent to participate All participants were over 18 years of age and provided informed consent before participating in the study. Consent for publication All participants were informed when providing consent to participate in the study that their data may be used in anonymised format for publication in journals. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest to disclose., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
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24. High economic inequality is linked to greater moralization.

Author

Kirkland K, Van Lange PAM, Gorenz D, Blake K, Amiot CE, Ausmees L, Baguma P, Barry O, Becker M, Bilewicz M, Boonyasiriwat W, Booth RW, Castelain T, Costantini G, Dimdins G, Espinosa A, Finchilescu G, Fischer R, Friese M, Gómez Á, González R, Goto N, Halama P, Hurtado-Parrado C, Ilustrisimo RD, Jiga-Boy GM, Kuppens P, Loughnan S, Mastor KA, McLatchie N, Novak LM, Onyekachi BN, Rizwan M, Schaller M, Serafimovska E, Suh EM, Swann WB Jr, Tong EMW, Torres A, Turner RN, Vauclair CM, Vinogradov A, Wang Z, Yeung VWL, and Bastian B

Abstract

Throughout the 21st century, economic inequality is predicted to increase as we face new challenges, from changes in the technological landscape to the growing climate crisis. It is crucial we understand how these changes in inequality may affect how people think and behave. We propose that economic inequality threatens the social fabric of society, in turn increasing moralization-that is, the greater tendency to employ or emphasize morality in everyday life-as an attempt to restore order and control. Using longitudinal data from X, formerly known as Twitter, our first study demonstrates that high economic inequality is associated with greater use of moral language online (e.g. the use of words such as "disgust", "hurt", and "respect'). Study 2 then examined data from 41 regions around the world, generally showing that higher inequality has a small association with harsher moral judgments of people's everyday actions. Together these findings demonstrate that economic inequality is linked to the tendency to see the world through a moral lens., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of National Academy of Sciences.)

Published
2024
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25. Social mindfulness predicts concern for nature and immigrants across 36 nations.

Author

Kirkland K, Van Lange PAM, Van Doesum NJ, Acevedo-Triana C, Amiot CE, Ausmees L, Baguma P, Barry O, Becker M, Bilewicz M, Boonyasiriwat W, Castelain T, Costantini G, Dimdins G, Espinosa A, Finchilescu G, Fischer R, Friese M, Gómez Á, González R, Goto N, Halama P, Ilustrisimo RD, Jiga-Boy GM, Kuppens P, Loughnan S, Markovik M, Mastor KA, McLatchie N, Novak LM, Onyishi IE, Peker M, Rizwan M, Schaller M, Suh EM, Swann WB Jr, Tong EMW, Torres A, Turner RN, Vauclair CM, Vinogradov A, Wang Z, Yeung VWL, and Bastian B

Subjects
Humans, Mindfulness, Emigrants and Immigrants
Abstract

People cooperate every day in ways that range from largescale contributions that mitigate climate change to simple actions such as leaving another individual with choice - known as social mindfulness. It is not yet clear whether and how these complex and more simple forms of cooperation relate. Prior work has found that countries with individuals who made more socially mindful choices were linked to a higher country environmental performance - a proxy for complex cooperation. Here we replicated this initial finding in 41 samples around the world, demonstrating the robustness of the association between social mindfulness and environmental performance, and substantially built on it to show this relationship extended to a wide range of complex cooperative indices, tied closely to many current societal issues. We found that greater social mindfulness expressed by an individual was related to living in countries with more social capital, more community participation and reduced prejudice towards immigrants. Our findings speak to the symbiotic relationship between simple and more complex forms of cooperation in societies., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Published
2022
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26. Publisher Correction: Situational factors shape moral judgements in the trolley dilemma in Eastern, Southern and Western countries in a culturally diverse sample.

Author

Bago B, Kovacs M, Protzko J, Nagy T, Kekecs Z, Palfi B, Adamkovic M, Adamus S, Albalooshi S, Albayrak-Aydemir N, Alfian IN, Alper S, Alvarez-Solas S, Alves SG, Amaya S, Andresen PK, Anjum G, Ansari D, Arriaga P, Aruta JJBR, Arvanitis A, Babincak P, Barzykowski K, Bashour B, Baskin E, Batalha L, Batres C, Bavolar J, Bayrak F, Becker B, Becker M, Belaus A, Białek M, Bilancini E, Boller D, Boncinelli L, Boudesseul J, Brown BT, Buchanan EM, Butt MM, Calvillo DP, Carnes NC, Celniker JB, Chartier CR, Chopik WJ, Chotikavan P, Chuan-Peng H, Clancy RF, Çoker O, Correia RC, Adoric VC, Cubillas CP, Czoschke S, Daryani Y, de Grefte JAM, de Vries WC, Burak EGD, Dias C, Dixson BJW, Du X, Dumančić F, Dumbravă A, Dutra NB, Enachescu J, Esteban-Serna C, Eudave L, Evans TR, Feldman G, Felisberti FM, Fiedler S, Findor A, Fleischmann A, Foroni F, Francová R, Frank DA, Fu CHY, Gao S, Ghasemi O, Ghazi-Noori AR, Ghossainy ME, Giammusso I, Gill T, Gjoneska B, Gollwitzer M, Graton A, Grinberg M, Groyecka-Bernard A, Harris EA, Hartanto A, Hassan WANM, Hatami J, Heimark KR, Hidding JJJ, Hristova E, Hruška M, Hudson CA, Huskey R, Ikeda A, Inbar Y, Ingram GPD, Isler O, Isloi C, Iyer A, Jaeger B, Janssen SMJ, Jiménez-Leal W, Jokić B, Kačmár P, Kadreva V, Kaminski G, Karimi-Malekabadi F, Kasper ATA, Kendrick KM, Kennedy BJ, Kocalar HE, Kodapanakkal RI, Kowal M, Kruse E, Kučerová L, Kühberger A, Kuzminska AO, Lalot F, Lamm C, Lammers J, Lange EB, Lantian A, Lau IY, Lazarevic LB, Leliveld MC, Lenz JN, Levitan CA, Lewis SC, Li M, Li Y, Li H, Lima TJS, Lins S, Liuzza MT, Lopes P, Lu JG, Lynds T, Máčel M, Mackinnon SP, Maganti M, Magraw-Mickelson Z, Magson LF, Manley H, Marcu GM, Seršić DM, Matibag CJ, Mattiassi ADA, Mazidi M, McFall JP, McLatchie N, Mensink MC, Miketta L, Milfont TL, Mirisola A, Misiak M, Mitkidis P, Moeini-Jazani M, Monajem A, Moreau D, Musser ED, Narhetali E, Ochoa DP, Olsen J, Owsley NC, Özdoğru AA, Panning M, Papadatou-Pastou M, Parashar N, Pärnamets P, Paruzel-Czachura M, Parzuchowski M, Paterlini JV, Pavlacic JM, Peker M, Peters K, Piatnitckaia L, Pinto I, Policarpio MR, Pop-Jordanova N, Pratama AJ, Primbs MA, Pronizius E, Purić D, Puvia E, Qamari V, Qian K, Quiamzade A, Ráczová B, Reinero DA, Reips UD, Reyna C, Reynolds K, Ribeiro MFF, Röer JP, Ross RM, Roussos P, Ruiz-Dodobara F, Ruiz-Fernandez S, Rutjens BT, Rybus K, Samekin A, Santos AC, Say N, Schild C, Schmidt K, Ścigała KA, Sharifian M, Shi J, Shi Y, Sievers E, Sirota M, Slipenkyj M, Solak Ç, Sorokowska A, Sorokowski P, Söylemez S, Steffens NK, Stephen ID, Sternisko A, Stevens-Wilson L, Stewart SLK, Stieger S, Storage D, Strube J, Susa KJ, Szekely-Copîndean RD, Szostak NM, Takwin B, Tatachari S, Thomas AG, Tiede KE, Tiong LE, Tonković M, Trémolière B, Tunstead LV, Türkan BN, Twardawski M, Vadillo MA, Vally Z, Vaughn LA, Verschuere B, Vlašiček D, Voracek M, Vranka MA, Wang S, West SL, Whyte S, Wilton LS, Wlodarczyk A, Wu X, Xin F, Yadanar S, Yama H, Yamada Y, Yilmaz O, Yoon S, Young DM, Zakharov I, Zein RA, Zettler I, Žeželj IL, Zhang DC, Zhang J, Zheng X, Hoekstra R, and Aczel B

Published
2022
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27. Situational factors shape moral judgements in the trolley dilemma in Eastern, Southern and Western countries in a culturally diverse sample.

Author

Bago B, Kovacs M, Protzko J, Nagy T, Kekecs Z, Palfi B, Adamkovic M, Adamus S, Albalooshi S, Albayrak-Aydemir N, Alfian IN, Alper S, Alvarez-Solas S, Alves SG, Amaya S, Andresen PK, Anjum G, Ansari D, Arriaga P, Aruta JJBR, Arvanitis A, Babincak P, Barzykowski K, Bashour B, Baskin E, Batalha L, Batres C, Bavolar J, Bayrak F, Becker B, Becker M, Belaus A, Białek M, Bilancini E, Boller D, Boncinelli L, Boudesseul J, Brown BT, Buchanan EM, Butt MM, Calvillo DP, Carnes NC, Celniker JB, Chartier CR, Chopik WJ, Chotikavan P, Chuan-Peng H, Clancy RF, Çoker O, Correia RC, Adoric VC, Cubillas CP, Czoschke S, Daryani Y, de Grefte JAM, de Vries WC, Burak EGD, Dias C, Dixson BJW, Du X, Dumančić F, Dumbravă A, Dutra NB, Enachescu J, Esteban-Serna C, Eudave L, Evans TR, Feldman G, Felisberti FM, Fiedler S, Findor A, Fleischmann A, Foroni F, Francová R, Frank DA, Fu CHY, Gao S, Ghasemi O, Ghazi-Noori AR, Ghossainy ME, Giammusso I, Gill T, Gjoneska B, Gollwitzer M, Graton A, Grinberg M, Groyecka-Bernard A, Harris EA, Hartanto A, Hassan WANM, Hatami J, Heimark KR, Hidding JJJ, Hristova E, Hruška M, Hudson CA, Huskey R, Ikeda A, Inbar Y, Ingram GPD, Isler O, Isloi C, Iyer A, Jaeger B, Janssen SMJ, Jiménez-Leal W, Jokić B, Kačmár P, Kadreva V, Kaminski G, Karimi-Malekabadi F, Kasper ATA, Kendrick KM, Kennedy BJ, Kocalar HE, Kodapanakkal RI, Kowal M, Kruse E, Kučerová L, Kühberger A, Kuzminska AO, Lalot F, Lamm C, Lammers J, Lange EB, Lantian A, Lau IY, Lazarevic LB, Leliveld MC, Lenz JN, Levitan CA, Lewis SC, Li M, Li Y, Li H, Lima TJS, Lins S, Liuzza MT, Lopes P, Lu JG, Lynds T, Máčel M, Mackinnon SP, Maganti M, Magraw-Mickelson Z, Magson LF, Manley H, Marcu GM, Seršić DM, Matibag CJ, Mattiassi ADA, Mazidi M, McFall JP, McLatchie N, Mensink MC, Miketta L, Milfont TL, Mirisola A, Misiak M, Mitkidis P, Moeini-Jazani M, Monajem A, Moreau D, Musser ED, Narhetali E, Ochoa DP, Olsen J, Owsley NC, Özdoğru AA, Panning M, Papadatou-Pastou M, Parashar N, Pärnamets P, Paruzel-Czachura M, Parzuchowski M, Paterlini JV, Pavlacic JM, Peker M, Peters K, Piatnitckaia L, Pinto I, Policarpio MR, Pop-Jordanova N, Pratama AJ, Primbs MA, Pronizius E, Purić D, Puvia E, Qamari V, Qian K, Quiamzade A, Ráczová B, Reinero DA, Reips UD, Reyna C, Reynolds K, Ribeiro MFF, Röer JP, Ross RM, Roussos P, Ruiz-Dodobara F, Ruiz-Fernandez S, Rutjens BT, Rybus K, Samekin A, Santos AC, Say N, Schild C, Schmidt K, Ścigała KA, Sharifian M, Shi J, Shi Y, Sievers E, Sirota M, Slipenkyj M, Solak Ç, Sorokowska A, Sorokowski P, Söylemez S, Steffens NK, Stephen ID, Sternisko A, Stevens-Wilson L, Stewart SLK, Stieger S, Storage D, Strube J, Susa KJ, Szekely-Copîndean RD, Szostak NM, Takwin B, Tatachari S, Thomas AG, Tiede KE, Tiong LE, Tonković M, Trémolière B, Tunstead LV, Türkan BN, Twardawski M, Vadillo MA, Vally Z, Vaughn LA, Verschuere B, Vlašiček D, Voracek M, Vranka MA, Wang S, West SL, Whyte S, Wilton LS, Wlodarczyk A, Wu X, Xin F, Yadanar S, Yama H, Yamada Y, Yilmaz O, Yoon S, Young DM, Zakharov I, Zein RA, Zettler I, Žeželj IL, Zhang DC, Zhang J, Zheng X, Hoekstra R, and Aczel B

Subjects
Humans, Individuality, Intention, Knowledge, Judgment, Morals
Abstract

The study of moral judgements often centres on moral dilemmas in which options consistent with deontological perspectives (that is, emphasizing rules, individual rights and duties) are in conflict with options consistent with utilitarian judgements (that is, following the greater good based on consequences). Greene et al. (2009) showed that psychological and situational factors (for example, the intent of the agent or the presence of physical contact between the agent and the victim) can play an important role in moral dilemma judgements (for example, the trolley problem). Our knowledge is limited concerning both the universality of these effects outside the United States and the impact of culture on the situational and psychological factors affecting moral judgements. Thus, we empirically tested the universality of the effects of intent and personal force on moral dilemma judgements by replicating the experiments of Greene et al. in 45 countries from all inhabited continents. We found that personal force and its interaction with intention exert influence on moral judgements in the US and Western cultural clusters, replicating and expanding the original findings. Moreover, the personal force effect was present in all cultural clusters, suggesting it is culturally universal. The evidence for the cultural universality of the interaction effect was inconclusive in the Eastern and Southern cultural clusters (depending on exclusion criteria). We found no strong association between collectivism/individualism and moral dilemma judgements., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Published
2022
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28. Perceiving societal pressure to be happy is linked to poor well-being, especially in happy nations.

Author

Dejonckheere E, Rhee JJ, Baguma PK, Barry O, Becker M, Bilewicz M, Castelain T, Costantini G, Dimdins G, Espinosa A, Finchilescu G, Friese M, Gastardo-Conaco MC, Gómez A, González R, Goto N, Halama P, Hurtado-Parrado C, Jiga-Boy GM, Karl JA, Novak L, Ausmees L, Loughnan S, Mastor KA, McLatchie N, Onyishi IE, Rizwan M, Schaller M, Serafimovska E, Suh EM, Swann WB Jr, Tong EMW, Torres A, Turner RN, Vinogradov A, Wang Z, Yeung VW, Amiot CE, Boonyasiriwat W, Peker M, Van Lange PAM, Vauclair CM, Kuppens P, and Bastian B

Subjects
Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Happiness, Peer Influence, Perception
Abstract

Happiness is a valuable experience, and societies want their citizens to be happy. Although this societal commitment seems laudable, overly emphasizing positivity (versus negativity) may create an unattainable emotion norm that ironically compromises individual well-being. In this multi-national study (40 countries; 7443 participants), we investigate how societal pressure to be happy and not sad predicts emotional, cognitive and clinical indicators of well-being around the world, and examine how these relations differ as a function of countries' national happiness levels (collected from the World Happiness Report). Although detrimental well-being associations manifest for an average country, the strength of these relations varies across countries. People's felt societal pressure to be happy and not sad is particularly linked to poor well-being in countries with a higher World Happiness Index. Although the cross-sectional nature of our work prohibits causal conclusions, our findings highlight the correlational link between social emotion valuation and individual well-being, and suggest that high national happiness levels may have downsides for some., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Published
2022
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29. Improving Inferences About Null Effects With Bayes Factors and Equivalence Tests.

Author

Lakens D, McLatchie N, Isager PM, Scheel AM, and Dienes Z

Subjects
Adult, Aged, Bayes Theorem, Chronic Pain physiopathology, Emotional Regulation physiology, Humans, Male, Memory physiology, Personality physiology, Aging physiology, Biomedical Research methods, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Geriatrics methods, Models, Statistical, Psychology methods, Research Design
Abstract

Researchers often conclude an effect is absent when a null-hypothesis significance test yields a nonsignificant p value. However, it is neither logically nor statistically correct to conclude an effect is absent when a hypothesis test is not significant. We present two methods to evaluate the presence or absence of effects: Equivalence testing (based on frequentist statistics) and Bayes factors (based on Bayesian statistics). In four examples from the gerontology literature, we illustrate different ways to specify alternative models that can be used to reject the presence of a meaningful or predicted effect in hypothesis tests. We provide detailed explanations of how to calculate, report, and interpret Bayes factors and equivalence tests. We also discuss how to design informative studies that can provide support for a null model or for the absence of a meaningful effect. The conceptual differences between Bayes factors and equivalence tests are discussed, and we also note when and why they might lead to similar or different inferences in practice. It is important that researchers are able to falsify predictions or can quantify the support for predicted null effects. Bayes factors and equivalence tests provide useful statistical tools to improve inferences about null effects., (© The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Published
2020
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30. Registered Replication Report: Dijksterhuis and van Knippenberg (1998).

Author

O'Donnell M, Nelson LD, Ackermann E, Aczel B, Akhtar A, Aldrovandi S, Alshaif N, Andringa R, Aveyard M, Babincak P, Balatekin N, Baldwin SA, Banik G, Baskin E, Bell R, Białobrzeska O, Birt AR, Boot WR, Braithwaite SR, Briggs JC, Buchner A, Budd D, Budzik K, Bullens L, Bulley RL, Cannon PR, Cantarero K, Cesario J, Chambers S, Chartier CR, Chekroun P, Chong C, Cleeremans A, Coary SP, Coulthard J, Cramwinckel FM, Denson TF, Díaz-Lago M, DiDonato TE, Drummond A, Eberlen J, Ebersbach T, Edlund JE, Finnigan KM, Fisher J, Frankowska N, García-Sánchez E, Golom FD, Graves AJ, Greenberg K, Hanioti M, Hansen HA, Harder JA, Harrell ER, Hartanto A, Inzlicht M, Johnson DJ, Karpinski A, Keller VN, Klein O, Koppel L, Krahmer E, Lantian A, Larson MJ, Légal JB, Lucas RE, Lynott D, Magaldino CM, Massar K, McBee MT, McLatchie N, Melia N, Mensink MC, Mieth L, Moore-Berg S, Neeser G, Newell BR, Noordewier MK, Ali Özdoğru A, Pantazi M, Parzuchowski M, Peters K, Philipp MC, Pollmann MMH, Rentzelas P, Rodríguez-Bailón R, Philipp Röer J, Ropovik I, Roque NA, Rueda C, Rutjens BT, Sackett K, Salamon J, Sánchez-Rodríguez Á, Saunders B, Schaafsma J, Schulte-Mecklenbeck M, Shanks DR, Sherman MF, Steele KM, Steffens NK, Sun J, Susa KJ, Szaszi B, Szollosi A, Tamayo RM, Tinghög G, Tong YY, Tweten C, Vadillo MA, Valcarcel D, Van der Linden N, van Elk M, van Harreveld F, Västfjäll D, Vazire S, Verduyn P, Williams MN, Willis GB, Wood SE, Yang C, Zerhouni O, Zheng R, and Zrubka M

Subjects
Female, Humans, Male, Intelligence, Prejudice, Social Perception
Abstract

Dijksterhuis and van Knippenberg (1998) reported that participants primed with a category associated with intelligence ("professor") subsequently performed 13% better on a trivia test than participants primed with a category associated with a lack of intelligence ("soccer hooligans"). In two unpublished replications of this study designed to verify the appropriate testing procedures, Dijksterhuis, van Knippenberg, and Holland observed a smaller difference between conditions (2%-3%) as well as a gender difference: Men showed the effect (9.3% and 7.6%), but women did not (0.3% and -0.3%). The procedure used in those replications served as the basis for this multilab Registered Replication Report. A total of 40 laboratories collected data for this project, and 23 of these laboratories met all inclusion criteria. Here we report the meta-analytic results for those 23 direct replications (total N = 4,493), which tested whether performance on a 30-item general-knowledge trivia task differed between these two priming conditions (results of supplementary analyses of the data from all 40 labs, N = 6,454, are also reported). We observed no overall difference in trivia performance between participants primed with the "professor" category and those primed with the "hooligan" category (0.14%) and no moderation by gender.

Published
2018
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31. Four reasons to prefer Bayesian analyses over significance testing.

Author

Dienes Z and Mclatchie N

Subjects
Humans, Bayes Theorem, Research, Statistics as Topic
Abstract

Inference using significance testing and Bayes factors is compared and contrasted in five case studies based on real research. The first study illustrates that the methods will often agree, both in motivating researchers to conclude that H1 is supported better than H0, and the other way round, that H0 is better supported than H1. The next four, however, show that the methods will also often disagree. In these cases, the aim of the paper will be to motivate the sensible evidential conclusion, and then see which approach matches those intuitions. Specifically, it is shown that a high-powered non-significant result is consistent with no evidence for H0 over H1 worth mentioning, which a Bayes factor can show, and, conversely, that a low-powered non-significant result is consistent with substantial evidence for H0 over H1, again indicated by Bayesian analyses. The fourth study illustrates that a high-powered significant result may not amount to any evidence for H1 over H0, matching the Bayesian conclusion. Finally, the fifth study illustrates that different theories can be evidentially supported to different degrees by the same data; a fact that P-values cannot reflect but Bayes factors can. It is argued that appropriate conclusions match the Bayesian inferences, but not those based on significance testing, where they disagree.

Published
2018
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32. 'Imagined guilt' vs 'recollected guilt': implications for fMRI.

Author

Mclatchie N, Giner-Sorolla R, and Derbyshire SW

Subjects
Adult, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods, Male, Young Adult, Brain Mapping methods, Cerebral Cortex physiology, Guilt, Imagination physiology, Memory, Episodic, Social Perception
Abstract

Guilt is thought to maintain social harmony by motivating reparation. This study compared two methodologies commonly used to identify the neural correlates of guilt. The first, imagined guilt, requires participants to read hypothetical scenarios and then imagine themselves as the protagonist. The second, recollected guilt, requires participants to reflect on times they personally experienced guilt. In the fMRI scanner, participants were presented with guilt/neutral memories and guilt/neutral hypothetical scenarios. Contrasts confirmed a priori predictions that guilt memories, relative to guilt scenarios, were associated with significantly greater activity in regions associated with affect [anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), Caudate, Insula, orbital frontal cortex (OFC)] and social cognition [temporal pole (TP), precuneus). Similarly, results indicated that guilt memories, relative to neutral memories, were also associated with greater activity in affective (ACC, amygdala, Insula, OFC) and social cognition (mPFC, TP, precuneus, temporo-parietal junction) regions. There were no significant differences between guilt hypothetical scenarios and neutral hypothetical scenarios in either affective or social cognition regions. The importance of distinguishing between different guilt inductions inside the scanner is discussed. We offer explanations of our results and discuss ideas for future research., (© The Author (2016). Published by Oxford University Press.)

Published
2016
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33. Proprioceptive drift without illusions of ownership for rotated hands in the "rubber hand illusion" paradigm.

Author

Holle H, McLatchie N, Maurer S, and Ward J

Abstract

The rubber hand illusion is one reliable way to experimentally manipulate the experience of body ownership. However, debate continues about the necessary and sufficient conditions eliciting the illusion. We measured proprioceptive drift and the subjective experience (via questionnaire) while manipulating two variables that have been suggested to affect the intensity of the illusion. First, the rubber hand was positioned either in a posturally congruent position, or rotated by 180°. Second, either the anatomically same rubber hand was used, or an anatomically incongruent one. We found in two independent experiments that a rubber hand rotated by 180° leads to increased proprioceptive drift during synchronous visuo-tactile stroking, although it does not lead to feelings of ownership (as measured by questionnaire). This dissociation between drift and ownership suggests that proprioceptive drift is not necessarily a valid proxy for the illusion when using hands rotated by 180°.

Published
2011
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34. Denying humanness to others: a newly discovered mechanism by which violent video games increase aggressive behavior.

Author

Greitemeyer T and McLatchie N

Subjects
Affect, Female, Humans, Male, Students psychology, Aggression psychology, Social Behavior, Video Games psychology, Violence psychology
Abstract

Past research has provided abundant evidence that playing violent video games increases aggressive behavior. So far, these effects have been explained mainly as the result of priming existing knowledge structures. The research reported here examined the role of denying humanness to other people in accounting for the effect that playing a violent video game has on aggressive behavior. In two experiments, we found that playing violent video games increased dehumanization, which in turn evoked aggressive behavior. Thus, it appears that video-game-induced aggressive behavior is triggered when victimizers perceive the victim to be less human.

Published
2011
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