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1. The largest deep-ocean silicic volcanic eruption of the past century.

Author

Carey, Rebecca, Soule, S Adam, Manga, Michael, White, James, McPhie, Jocelyn, Wysoczanski, Richard, Jutzeler, Martin, Tani, Kenichiro, Yoerger, Dana, Fornari, Daniel, Caratori-Tontini, Fabio, Houghton, Bruce, Mitchell, Samuel, Ikegami, Fumihiko, Conway, Chris, Murch, Arran, Fauria, Kristen, Jones, Meghan, Cahalan, Ryan, and McKenzie, Warren

Abstract

The 2012 submarine eruption of Havre volcano in the Kermadec arc, New Zealand, is the largest deep-ocean eruption in history and one of very few recorded submarine eruptions involving rhyolite magma. It was recognized from a gigantic 400-km2 pumice raft seen in satellite imagery, but the complexity of this event was concealed beneath the sea surface. Mapping, observations, and sampling by submersibles have provided an exceptionally high fidelity record of the seafloor products, which included lava sourced from 14 vents at water depths of 900 to 1220 m, and fragmental deposits including giant pumice clasts up to 9 m in diameter. Most (>75%) of the total erupted volume was partitioned into the pumice raft and transported far from the volcano. The geological record on submarine volcanic edifices in volcanic arcs does not faithfully archive eruption size or magma production.

Published
2018

21. Contributors

Author

Acocella, Valerio, primary, Andrews, Graham D.M., additional, Andrews, Benjamin, additional, Angelis, Silvio De, additional, Arnórsson, Stefán, additional, Aspinall, Willy, additional, Aubele, Jayne C., additional, Barclay, Jenni, additional, Baxter, Peter J., additional, Bebbington, Mark, additional, Belousov, Alexander, additional, Bernard, Alain, additional, Bernstein, Marc, additional, Bleacher, Jacob Elvin, additional, Blong, Russell, additional, Bonadonna, Costanza, additional, Branney, Michael, additional, Brown, Richard J., additional, Browne, Brandon, additional, Burgisser, Alain, additional, Bursik, Marcus, additional, Büttner, Ralf, additional, Calder, Eliza S., additional, Carey, Steven, additional, Carey, Rebecca J., additional, Carn, Simon A., additional, Cas, Ray, additional, Cashman, Katharine V., additional, Chiodini, Giovanni, additional, Cioni, Raffaello, additional, Clarke, Amanda Bachtell, additional, Clarkson, Bruce D., additional, Coffin, Millard F., additional, Cole, Paul D., additional, Connor, Chuck, additional, Connor, Charles B., additional, Cornelis, Jean-Thomas, additional, Costa, Antonio, additional, Cottrell, Elizabeth, additional, Crisafulli, Charles M., additional, Crown, David A., additional, Crumpler, Larry S., additional, Daines, Martha J., additional, Davies, Tim, additional, Day, Simon J., additional, Degruyter, Wim, additional, Dehn, Jonathan, additional, de la Cruz, Servando, additional, Deligne, Natalia Irma, additional, Dellino, Pierfrancesco, additional, Delmelle, Pierre, additional, de Ronde, Cornel E.J., additional, de Silva, Shan, additional, Dufek, Josef, additional, Edmonds, Marie, additional, Edwards, Benjamin R., additional, Erfurt-Cooper, Patricia, additional, Esposti Ongaro, Tomaso, additional, Ewert, John W., additional, Fee, David, additional, Fischer, Tobias P., additional, Folch, Arnau, additional, Freymueller, Jeffrey T., additional, Garry, William Brent, additional, Geissler, Paul, additional, Ghiorso, Mark S., additional, Goff, Fraser, additional, Goff, Cathy J., additional, Gonnermann, Helge, additional, Gregg, Chris E., additional, Grove, Timothy L., additional, Gualda, Guilherme A.R., additional, Gudmundsson, Magnús T., additional, Halvorson, Jonathan J., additional, Harris, Andrew J.L., additional, Hauri, Erik H., additional, Haynes, Katharine, additional, Head, James W., additional, Henley, Richard W., additional, Horwell, Claire J., additional, Houghton, Bruce, additional, Ian Schipper, C., additional, Ivanov, Mikhail A., additional, Iverson, Richard M., additional, James, Michael R., additional, Johnson, Jeffrey, additional, Johnston, David, additional, Jolly, Gill, additional, Kano, Kazuhiko, additional, Kendrick, Jackie E., additional, Kilburn, Christopher R.J., additional, Koppers, Anthony A.P., additional, Koyaguchi, Takehiro, additional, LaFemina, Peter C., additional, Lavallée, Yan, additional, Lesher, Charles E., additional, Lindsay, Jan M., additional, Locke, Corinne A., additional, Lopes, Rosaly M.C., additional, Marsh, Bruce D., additional, Marzocchi, Warner, additional, Maters, Elena, additional, McNutt, Stephen R., additional, McPhie, Jocelyn, additional, Murray, John B., additional, Neri, Augusto, additional, Opfergelt, Sophie, additional, Oppenheimer, Clive, additional, Pallister, John, additional, Pec, Matej, additional, Ping, Chien-Lu, additional, Pistolesi, Marco, additional, Plank, Terry, additional, Prata, Fred, additional, Pyle, David M., additional, Rampino, Michael R., additional, Robock, Alan, additional, Roche, Olivier, additional, Rogers, Nick, additional, Roman, Diana C., additional, Rose, Bill, additional, Rosi, Mauro, additional, Rowland, Scott K., additional, Russell, James K., additional, Rymer, Hazel, additional, Scheu, Bettina, additional, Self, Stephen, additional, Sheets, Payson, additional, Siebert, Lee, additional, Sigurdsson, Haraldur, additional, Soule, S. Adam, additional, Spera, Frank J., additional, Spudis, Paul D., additional, Staudigel, Hubert, additional, Stefánsson, Andri, additional, Stimac, James, additional, Stucker, Valerie K., additional, Swanson, Frederick J., additional, Szramek, Lindsay, additional, Taddeucci, Jacopo, additional, Taisne, Benoit, additional, Thomas, Ronald J., additional, Thompson, Glenn, additional, Thórhallsson, Sverrir, additional, Till, Christy B., additional, Valentine, Greg A., additional, Vallance, James W., additional, Van Eaton, Alexa R., additional, van Wyk de Vries, Benjamin, additional, Venzke, Edward, additional, Vergniolle, Sylvie, additional, Wallace, Paul J., additional, White, James D.L., additional, Williams-Jones, Glyn, additional, Williams, David A., additional, Wilson, Lionel, additional, Wohletz, Kenneth H., additional, Wolff, John A., additional, Zimanowski, Bernd, additional, and Zimbelman, James R., additional

Published
2015
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28. Products of neptunian eruptions

Author

Allen, Sharon R. and McPhie, Jocelyn

Subjects
Facies (Geology) -- Environmental aspects, Volcanism -- Observations, Volcanism -- Environmental aspects, Earth sciences
Abstract

A common pyroclastic facies in subaqueous volcanic successions comprises massive to graded, very thick (several to tens of meters), laterally extensive (several kilometers) beds of nonwelded pumice lapilli with volumes ranging to tens of cubic kilometers. This facies may be overlain by laminated ash or bimodal ash and giant (>1 m) pumice clasts, and underlain by coarse lithic breccia. The association is inferred to be the typical product of sustained magmatic volatile--driven explosive eruptions from vents at water depths of ~1300-200 m. We propose the term 'neptunian' for such eruptions and their products. The eruption column rapidly mixes with the surrounding water, cools, increases in density, and collapses, while remaining under water. Lithic clasts that are too heavy to be entrained in the column are deposited close to the source, forming a neptunian lithic breccia. Pumice lapilli are rapidly waterlogged and form the dominant component in the collapsing column and in eruption-fed, water-supported density currents (neptunian density currents). Hot, buoyant, giant pumice clasts continue to rise and may reach the water surface before being waterlogged and settling, along with temporarily suspended ash, forming neptunian suspension deposits. Eruption magnitude, fragmentation mechanisms, and juvenile pyroclast characteristics, especially vesicularity, are very similar in neptunian and Plinian-style eruptions, but column behavior differs primarily because of the contrasting physical properties of the ambient fluid (water versus air).

Published
2009

30. The medial offshore record of Plinian arc volcanism in the Eastern Aegean Sea: Implications for tephrostratigraphy, correlations, ages and volumes

Author

Kutterolf, Steffen, primary, Freundt, Armin, additional, Hansteen, Thor H., additional, Dettbarn, Rebecca, additional, Hampel, Fabian, additional, Sievers, Carina, additional, Wittig, Cathrin, additional, Druitt, Timothy, additional, Nomikou, Paraskevi, additional, McPhie, Jocelyn, additional, Pank, Katharina, additional, Schindlbeck-Belo, Julie C., additional, Wang, Kuo-Lung, additional, and Lee, Hao-Yang, additional

Published
2021
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41. Operational report for the 2017 Surtsey Underwater volcanic System for Thermophiles, Alteration processes and INnovative concretes (SUSTAIN) drilling project at Surtsey Volcano, Iceland

Author

Weisenberger, Tobias Björn, Gudmundsson, Magnús Tumi, Jackson, Marie Dolores, Gorny, Carolyn F., Türke, Andreas, Kleine, Barbara Irene, Marshall, Beau, Jørgensen, Steffen Leth, Marteinsson, Viggó Thór, Stefánsson, Andri, White, James D. L., Barich, Amel, Bergsten, Pauline, Bryce, Julie, Couper, Samantha, Fahnestock, Florencia, Franzson, Hjalti, Grimaldi, Carla, Groh, Marco, Gudmundsson, Ágúst, Gunnlaugsson, Ágúst Thór, Hamelin, Cedric, Högnadóttir, Thórdís, Jónasson, Kristján, Jónsson, Sigurdur Sveinn, Klonowski, Alexandra, Kück, Jochem, Magnússon, Rögnvaldur Líndal, Massey, Erica, McPhie, Jocelyn, Ólafsson, Einar Sindri, Onstad, Solveig Lie, Prause, Simon, Perez, Velveth, Rhodes, J. Michael, Snorrason, Snorri P., and ICDP Operational Report, ICDP, External Organizations

Abstract

In summer 2017, the ICDP SUSTAIN project (Surtsey Underwater volcanic System for Thermophiles, Alteration processes and INnovative concretes), drilled three cored boreholes (Table 1) through Surtsey at sites ≤10 m from a cored hole obtained in 1979. Drilling through the still hot volcano was carried out with an Atlas Copco CS1000 drill rig, whose components were transported by helicopter to Surtsey and re-assembled on site. The first vertical borehole, SE-02a, was cored in HQ diameter to 152 meters below surface (m b.s.) during August 7-16. It was terminated due to borehole collapse. A second vertical (SE-02b) cored borehole was then drilled in HQ diameter to 192 m during August 19-26. Wireline borehole logging in SE-02b was performed August 26. The anodized NQ-sized aluminum tubing of the Surtsey Subsurface Observatory was installed in SE-02b to 181 m depth on August 27. A third borehole, SE-03, angled 35° from vertical and directed 264°, was drilled from August 28 to September 4 and reached a measured depth of 354 m (~290 m vertical depth) under the eastern crater. The core is HQ diameter to a measured depth of 213 m and NQ diameter from 213-354 m measured depth. The core traverses the deep conduit and intrusions of the volcano to a total vertical depth of 290 m b.s. Seawater drilling fluid for boreholes SE-02a and SE-02b was filtered and doubly UV-sterilized at the drill site. No mud products were employed while coring SE-02a, while small amounts of attapulgite mud were used in SE-02b and SE-03. Core samples for geochemical analyses of pore water and microbiological investigations were collected on site from all three boreholes. About 650 m of core was transported by helicopter to Heimaey, 18 km northeast of Surtsey, to a processing laboratory where the core was scanned, documented, and described. Additional core processing has taken place at the Náttúrufraedistofnun Íslands, the Icelandic Institute of Natural History in Gardabaer, where both the 1979 and 2017 cores are stored.

Published
2019

49. SUSTAIN drilling at Surtsey volcano, Iceland, tracks hydrothermal and microbiological interactions in basalt 50 years after eruption

Author

Jackson, Marie D., primary, Gudmundsson, Magnús T., additional, Weisenberger, Tobias B., additional, Rhodes, J. Michael, additional, Stefánsson, Andri, additional, Kleine, Barbara I., additional, Lippert, Peter C., additional, Marquardt, Joshua M., additional, Reynolds, Hannah I., additional, Kück, Jochem, additional, Marteinsson, Viggó T., additional, Vannier, Pauline, additional, Bach, Wolfgang, additional, Barich, Amel, additional, Bergsten, Pauline, additional, Bryce, Julia G., additional, Cappelletti, Piergiulio, additional, Couper, Samantha, additional, Fahnestock, M. Florencia, additional, Gorny, Carolyn F., additional, Grimaldi, Carla, additional, Groh, Marco, additional, Gudmundsson, Ágúst, additional, Gunnlaugsson, Ágúst T., additional, Hamlin, Cédric, additional, Högnadóttir, Thórdís, additional, Jónasson, Kristján, additional, Jónsson, Sigurdur S., additional, Jørgensen, Steffen L., additional, Klonowski, Alexandra M., additional, Marshall, Beau, additional, Massey, Erica, additional, McPhie, Jocelyn, additional, Moore, James G., additional, Ólafsson, Einar S., additional, Onstad, Solveig L., additional, Perez, Velveth, additional, Prause, Simon, additional, Snorrason, Snorri P., additional, Türke, Andreas, additional, White, James D. L., additional, and Zimanowski, Bernd, additional

Published
2019
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