Search

Fear is expressed as an unpleasant emotion caused by threat of danger, pain and harm. Anxiety is an emotional state of a person such as doubt, mental-conflict, and disappointment. Phobia is persistent, unrealistic and intense fear of a specific stimulus, leading to absolute avoidance of the perceived danger. Corah’s Dental Anxiety Scale (CDAS), Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS), and Dental Fear Survey (DFS) are the tools to assess fear and anxiety. Dental fear and anxiety can be managed by change in dental set up and office environment, improving communication skill of practitioner and trust building among patients. Other approaches like behaviour-management techniques e.g., technique of relaxation, attention distraction, hypnotherapy, positive reinforcement, systematic desensitization and pharmacological management e.g., general anaesthesia and conscious sedation are also used to prevent and treat dental fear and anxiety in dental practice. J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2022; 40: 292-298

A 23-year-old married woman presented with primary amenorrhoea with well-developed 2ndary sex characteristics. She is chromosomally competent female (46xx) with average body built and had no problem in marital relationship. Clinical examinations and all relevant investigations including transvaginal ultrasound(TVS) showed uterus, adnexa normal size and volume. Progesterone challenge test was negative on 3 occasions. Laparoscopy showed distorted shape of fallopian tubes with beaded appearance. Biopsy from it and endometrial samplzings collected by aspiration showed granuloma with caseation necrosis, typical of tuberculosis (TB) though no AFB found on culture. PCRRFLP also positive for TB. So, primary amenorrhoea with unresponsive endometrium with underlying Genital Tuberculosis was clinical diagnosis. She received 9 months treatments of 4 drugs regimens of anti-TB. J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2022; 40: 302-305

Shadow detection is a fundamental challenge in the field of computer vision. It requires the network to understand the global semantics and local details of the image. All existing methods depend on the aggregation of the features of a multi-stage pre-trained convolution neural network but in comparison to high-level capabilities, low-level capabilities provide less to the detection performance. Using low-level features not only increases the complex difficulty of the network but also reduces the time efficiency. In this article, we propose a new shadow detector, which only uses high-level features and explores the complementary information between adjacent feature layers. Experiments show that the technique in this paper can accurately detect shadows and perform well compared with the most advanced methods. The detailed experiments performed in three public shadow detection datasets SUB, UCF, and ISTD demonstrate that the suggested method is efficient and stable.

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PMR) is a diverse specialty with principal focus on disability evaluation and functional restoration of an individual. The PMR Faculty at Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons (BCPS) was established about 30 years ago. As a medical specialist of 21st century, at this point of time, it is important to know and evaluate the spectrum of research activities performed by the trainees of the faculty. Objectives of the study was to make an in-depth analysis of the dissertations completed by the PMR fellow trainees of BCPS since the inception of the Faculty. It was also aimed to discuss the strengths and insights of shortcoming of the research areas and topics with directives for further improvement of the future trainees and faculties ultimately to initiate a dialogue among the stake holders and other specialties. This was an observational mixed method study. Information was gathered from the BCPS webpage, Faculty office and published materials, which was further strengthened with a small group discussion, online literature search and a telephone interview of the PMR fellows to learn their experience that they gained during the dissertation works. A total of 167 (n=167) dissertation topics were available for statistical analysis submitted by the trainee fellows from 1992 to 2021, a period of 30yrs. More than half (50.9%) of the submitted titles were on effectiveness or comparative study of rehabilitation therapy modalities which include therapeutic -electrophysical -agents(TEA), exercises, occupational therapy or orthotics. Musculoskeletal (MSK) and rheumatological disorders constituted (17.4%), neurological disorder 7.1%), risk factor assessment or etiological pattern of MSK conditions (7.2%), disability and functional outcome assessment (5.4%), interventions for regional pain management (4.8%) and other category (7.2%). The initial decade trend was on MSK, which later shifted to TEA and on interventions respectively. Overall, TEA modalities were the predominating titles in all 3 decades. Considering the other category of titles, there were interesting topics which include COVID-19, variation in body mass composition, assessment of drug effects, diagnostics and effectiveness of educational booklet. Of the 09 dissertations approved during the most recent year (2021), 34% were with interventional pain management. In the process of doing a dissertation, a number of opportunities and challenges were identified by the fellows for fellow trainee researchers. There was a clear trend of dissertation titles on MSK pain management and interventions with less attention to rehabilitation procedure and appliances. Identified opportunities include cooperative attitude of the trainers and mentors in the department and there were wide research areas with vast sample population. Time allocation and funding were the biggest barriers for research works during training period. BCPS to support on research methodology, fund placements and to catalyze with other institutes to ensure a reasonable level comfort for research works. J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2022; 40: 51-56

ERP has been adopting newer features over the last several decades and shaping global businesses with the advent of newer technologies. This research article uses a state-of-the-art review method with the purpose to review and synthesize the latest information on the possible integration of potential Industry 4.0 technologies into the future development of ERP. Different software that contributed to the development of the existing ERP is found to be Material Requirement Planning (MRP), Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRPII), and Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM). Potential disruptive Industry 4.0 technologies that are featured to be integrated into future ERP are artificial intelligence, business intelligence, the internet of things, big data, blockchain technology, and omnichannel strategy. Notable Critical Success Factors of ERP have been reported to be top management support, project team, IT infrastructure, communication, skilled staff, training & education, and monitoring & evaluation. Moreover, cybersecurity has been found to be the most challenging issue to overcome in future versions of ERP. This review article could help future ERP researchers and respective stakeholders contribute to integrating newer features in future versions of ERP.

This paper presents a novel method for estimating the human body in 3D using depth sensor data. The proposed method utilizes a deep neural network to predict the body joints and a kinematic model to estimate the body shape. The approach utilizes a combination of convolutional and recurrent neural networks, trained on a dataset of human subjects, to accurately predict the positions of key body joints. These joints are then used as input to a kinematic model, which estimates the body shape and pose. The method was estimated on a dataset of human subjects, and the results show that it achieves high delicacy in body joint and shape estimation. The proposed approach outperforms being methods in terms of both delicacy and robustness, and it's suitable to handle a wide range of body acts and movements. also, the system is computationally effective and can run in real- time, making it suitable for a variety of operations similar as virtual reality, mortal- computer commerce, and stir analysis. The capability to directly estimate the human body in 3D is pivotal for a wide range of operations, and this work makes significant benefactions towards this thing. The proposed system is the first to demonstrate that it's possible to directly estimate the body shape and disguise using only depth sensor data, and it opens up new possibilities for a wide range of exploration and operations. In summary, this paper presents a real- time, robust and accurate system for 3D mortal body estimation using depth detector data, which is grounded on a deep neural network armature and kinematic model. The proposed system was estimated on a dataset of human subjects and achieved high delicacy in body joint and shape estimation, outperforming being methods in terms of both delicacy and robustness. And the approach can be used for a variety of operations similar as virtual reality, human- computer interaction, and motion analysis.

As Bangladesh is an agricultural country, irrigation water is an important factor in proper crop production. Thus irrigation water plays a vital role in food safety and security. This study, therefore, focuses on the estimation of the concentration of four heavy metals in irrigation water along with their pollution assessments. Twenty water samples were collected from different areas of Rajshahi City in Bangladesh. The concentration of heavy metals found in this study followed the order of Mn (0.0913-0.3701 mg/L) > Pb (0.0211-0.2104 mg/L) > Cd (0.0004-0.0222 mg/L) > Cr (0.00105-0.00937 mg/L). In a few cases, the concentrations of heavy metals exceed the permissible limit for irrigation water recommended by the Food and Agricultural Organization. Pollution assessments were carried out using the enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index, contamination factor, and modified degree of contamination. This study revealed that the enrichment factor for lead and chromium showed no enrichment, whereas cadmium showed minor to moderate enrichment, and manganese was used as a reference element. The geoaccumulation index and contamination factor demonstrate that lead and chromium were uncontaminated, but manganese and cadmium denote moderate contamination. The modified degree of contamination indicated nil to the lower degree of contamination for all samples. Therefore, awareness should be raised among the people about the adverse health effects of these metal contaminations. Proper steps by the government and different organizations should be taken to identify the reasons for their sources, and appropriate techniques should be implemented to reduce their concentrations.

This study was carried out from January to May 2018 to isolate, identify, and determine microbial loads (E. coli; Salmonella spp.; Staphylococcus aureus; Campylobacter spp.) in fresh-marketed vegetables sold at several marketplaces in the districts of Netrokona, Kishoregonj, and Jamalpur. In this study, 126 samples were collected, 90 of which were unique (tomatoes 18, carrot 18, cucumber 18, coriander leaf 18, green chili 18) and 36 of which were composite (made by combining the individual samples). The spread plate dilution method was utilized for this work, and the organisms were cultivated on selected culture media. Microbes that were expected were discovered utilizing culture and staining procedures. The number of Salmonella, E. coli, S. aureus and Campylobacter was found from all tomato (100%), cucumber (100%) and green chili (100%). In carrot samples, the number (%) of E. coli, S. aureus and Campylobacter was found 100% except Salmonella (88.88%). The number of Salmonella (77.77%), E. coli (100%), S. aureus (94.44%) and Campylobacter (100%) was found in coriander leaf. In conclusion, the high bacterial load and presence of these organisms, particularly Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus, in salad vegetable samples could serve as an indicator of the need to raise awareness about the potential health hazards caused by improper handling of these vegetables. Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2022, 6 (1), 1-9

The research was conducted to identify the fish availability and fish marketing system in different markets of Ashuganj upazila under Brahmanbaria district. Data were collected from fish retailers, wholesalers and consumers of three different markets namely Ashuganj Bazar, Ferryghat Bazar and Khariyala Bazar through individual interviews and focus group discussion. The maximum 19 species were found in Ashuganj Bazar while 16 species were found in Ferryghat Bazar and 14 species were found in Khariyala Bazar. The species composition included 36% Catfishes, 15.33% SIS, 11.33% Ilish, 6.66% Thai pangas, 6% Prawn and Shrimp, 6% Marine fish, 6% Carps, 5% Tilapia and 2.33% Thai koi. The daily average gross profit of fish retailers in Ashuganj Bazar, Ferryghat Bazar and Khariyala Bazar were estimated as Tk. 550/day, Tk. 500/day and Tk. 480/day respectively. The results showed that 62% of the retailers have improved their socio-economic condition through fish selling. A number of constraints such as lack of storage facilities, poor supply of ice, exploitation by middleman, lack of money and lack of infrastructure were reported by the retailers.

The present study was undertaken to portray the socioeconomic conditions of fishermen in Kanaighat upazilla, Sylhet. A well-structured questionnaire was used to gather data from a total of 50 randomly chosen fishermen. About 55% of fishermen worked exclusively in the fishing activities, while 30% worked in agriculture and 15% worked as day laborers. The fishermen' highest yearly income ranged from BDT 25,000 to 40,000, while their lowest annual income ranged from BDT 5000 to 10,000. About % of fisherman had no education, 32% could only sign, % had primary education (up to 5 classes), and just 3 % had both S.S.C. and H.S.C. Almost all fishermen had sanitary facilities, with 67.5 % having kaccha and 32.5 % having semi-concrete. Approximately 100 % of the fishermen utilized tube well water, with 65 % having their own tube-well and the remainder using a neighbor's tube-well. The government did not give Vulnerable Group Feeding (VGD) cards in the study area. The main obstacles were discovered to be a lack of scientific information, illiteracy, and a lack of governmental assistance. Mohajan provides most of them with fishing equipment such as a boat, a net, and credit. Fishermen employed a variety of nets, including Ber jal (seine net), Current jal (gill net), Jhaki jal (cast net), and Thela jal (Push net). The Surma River was the primary source of fishing. They also caught fish from the Andu, Rouwa, and Atghaiya beels. Fishers in the study region had no other choices for earning a living outside fishing in the area.

The present study was conducted on the fish marketing system of Rangpur town to determine specific marketing channels, fish trading, marketing costs, and margins at various levels. The overall marketing cost of fish for aratdar was estimated to be Tk. 0.727, paiker, Tk. 6.396, and retailer, Tk. 4.024 per kg of fish. The total cost of the fish for the various middlemen was Tk. 12.888. Aratdar commission, transportation, personal expenditures, waste, icing, wages and salary, market toll, rent and power, packing materials, loading and unloading, phone bill, grading, and security were all cost items. Paiker has the greatest marketing expenses (Tk. 6.396) due to greater aratdari commission and transportation costs. Paikers' average net profit was Tk. 8.604 during the peak period and Tk. 9.604 during the lean period, Aratdars' average net profit was Tk. 3.516 during the peak period and Tk. 4.498 during the lean period, and Retailers' average net profit was Tk. 16.690 during the peak period and Tk. 17.809 during the lean period per kg of fish. Traders and customers faced a variety of issues, including a lack of input on time, a lack of money, a high interest rate on credit, a shortage of fisheries equipment, price volatility, a low price, political instability, a lack of physical facilities, insufficient storage space, and so on. The study will serve as a foundation for future research into the development of the fish marketing system in this area.