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Travel time and its variability is one of the biggest controlling factors for trip planning, mode selection and forecasting trip duration. Travel time can be affected by various issues. Savar-Aricha highway is the gateway between south and south-western part of the country. Large variability on this corridor can cause great economic losses. To understand this routes travel time, running velocity and level of service moving observer method was conducted. The survey also includes travel time, stopped time and journey time for two types of public transport present on the corridor: ticket-based bus system and without ticket local bus system. The study found that, Ticket based bus system has lesser travel time and stopped time resulting is less travel time in comparison with local bus system. Speed analysis for both the route also supports this. In consideration of free flow speed, the level of service of this corridor was found A. Journal of Engineering Science 13(1), 2022, 21-29

This chapter discusses the adoption of open governance in public finance with a particular view to citizen-friendly budgeting and consistent financial reporting in local government in the developing country context. The authors are interested in how a concept that was developed in the Western world is adopted in developing countries. The objective is to shed light on local councilors' understanding of the conditions and development needs of open governance in budgeting and financial control in Bangladeshi municipalities. According to our survey conducted in 2018 with municipal managers and councilors, the key institutional actors consider that the conditions of open governance in local public finance are fairly good, financial information is provided systematically, and the competence level is sufficient among both citizens and representatives of local government. However, participatory methods and the utilization of digital tools in budgeting and financial reporting are still in their infancy. publishedVersion

The low back pain is common problem shown in lumbar disc herniation. It produces pain in the lower back or leg especially in adult person. The disc loses its own structure and herniates outside due to disc compression. The purpose of this study was to find out the Effectiveness of intermittent mechanical traction among the patients with lumbar disc herniation. It was an experimental study design with 30 participants were included with selected Lumbar disc herniation and study was conducted in Gonoshasthaya samaj vittik medical college hospital, OPD of physiotherapy, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Non-randomize sampling technique & semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Subjects were divided into equal 2 groups. (Group-A. applied intermittent mechanical traction) and (Group-B. Applied Manual traction) The mean age of the respondents was (14 ± 8.485) and (30-49) year’s age group felt more pain and most of the respondents (83%) were male and weight were 66-70 kg. Day labour worker groups were 50% and worked daily average 5-8 hours and more of the respondent 67% carried over weight objects around 30 kg. most of the respondent 67% was no history of trauma and 43% of the respondent felt moderate types of pain and 44% of the respondents feels radiating nature of pain. More of the respondent 40% felt pain least 6 months Most of the respondent 67% felt pain during work and 83% visited doctor and 63% taken self-treatment before doctor visit. The statistical analysis of paired t test with14 degrees of freedom and 5% as level of significant. The pre and post test value value for VAS scale showed in intermitten mechanical traction group “t’’ value were 16.60 and manual traction group “t’’ value were 3.27 and tabulated t value were 2.145. The mean ± SD of pre and posttest value of Group A were 7.73±1.38 & 1.35±0.57 and Group B were 7.87±1.40 & 5.45 ± 2.50. Analysis of data showed that within-group comparison both groups showed significant improvement for all the parameters, whereas between-group comparison revealed higher improvement in Group A compared to the Group B. In this study the treatment of patients with signs of lumbar disc herniation the intermittent mechanical traction of lumbar spine seem more useful for the reduction of pain and improve functional activity

Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is an emerging pathogen in aquaculture, reportedly affecting farmed tilapia in 16 countries across multiple continents. Following an early warning in 2017 that TiLV might be widespread, we executed a surveillance programme on tilapia grow-out farms and hatcheries from 10 districts of Bangladesh in 2017 and 2019. Among farms experiencing unusual mortality, eight out of 11 farms tested positive for TiLV in 2017, and two out of seven tested positive in 2019. Investigation of asymptomatic broodstock collected from 16 tilapia hatcheries revealed that six hatcheries tested positive for TiLV. Representative samples subjected to histopathology confirmed pathognomonic lesions of syncytial hepatitis. We recovered three complete genomes of TiLV from infected fish, one from 2017 and two from 2019. Phylogenetic analyses based on both the concatenated coding sequences of 10 segments and only segment 1 consistently revealed that Bangladeshi TiLV isolates formed a unique cluster within Thai clade, suggesting a close genetic relation. In summary, this study revealed the circulation of TiLV in 10 farms and six hatcheries located in eight districts of Bangladesh. We recommend continuing TiLV-targeted surveillance efforts to identify contaminated sources to minimize the countrywide spread and severity of TiLV infection.

The emerging mosquito-borne Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection is a massive threat in tropical areas and is rapidly expanding towards the temperate zones. This virus is causing recent epidemics worldwide, predominantly in Europe and North America. Moreover, CHIKV has a mounting impact on persons with possibly painful arthritis. Millions of positive cases have already been recorded in more than 100 countries worldwide. This virus is also capable of infecting new areas by travelers, which has made it more dreadful. However, for the dearth of approved therapeutics or vaccines to prevent or control the virus, it is essential to identify new and effective medicinal compounds to address this. Therefore, the non-structural protein nsP3 macro domain, nsP2 protease, and envelope proteins responsible for viral replication are the new target sites for therapeutic development. Mushrooms are abundant in bioactive compounds with antiviral properties. Thus, we performed molecular docking (MD) and dynamics simulation to identify the top candidates for nsP3 macro domains, nsP2 protease, and envelope glycoprotein complex inhibitors, as well as to predict possible therapeutic candidates. We then predicted the drug similarity for the best candidates based on higher binding affinity. Our findings suggest that mushroom-derived heliantriol F, semicochliodinol A, and semicochliodinol B are the best inhibitors. Based on the ligand, the predicted drugs allylestrenol (DB01431), calcitriol (DB00136), calcidiol (DB00146), benzonatate (DB02659), and gallamine triethiodide (DB00459) are recommended as alternative therapies for CHIKV.

Sähköinen hallinto on hallinnon tehokasta ja vaikuttavaa kehittämistä demokraattisten käytäntöjen sisällä ja hallinnon ulkopuolella (sisällä tarkoittaa eri hallintoelimiä ja ulkopuolella tarkoittaa niiden sidosryhmiä). Sähköisen hallinnon sovellukset ovat kuitenkin toteutettavissa ainoastaan suurella määrällä tietotekniikkaa ja sen sovelluksia. Sähköinen hallinto on yhdistelmä ICT- sovelluksia, asianmukaisia käyttöönoton suunnitelmia ja riittävän tuloksellisia strategioita. The term e-government is to make the administration effective and efficient through democratic practice inside and outside of government (inside means different administrative bodies and outside are the stakeholders of them). However, e-government application never possible only with the abundance of ICTs and its applications. E-government is the combination of ICTs applications with proper plans of implementation through a decent outcome strategies.

E-Governance is a powerful tool for bringing change to the government process in the developing world. Mainly, e-governance operates at the cross roads between information and communication Technology (ICT) and Government Processes (GP). In order for successful implementation and maximize the impact, e-governance must be embedded and supported in the existing government processes by both politically and technically in the country. Bangladesh, as one of the countries of developing world, has been implementing various projects of installation and adaptation of e-governance with a view to ensuring the transparency and accountability of government processes since more than a decade ago. This article attempts to provide an overview on the existing state and impacts of e-governance in Bangladesh and revealed that Bangladesh has made remarkable progress over the years in the way of e-governance. However, more concentrations are needed in the country to expedite the successful implementation of initiatives for ensuring e-services.

In order to expedite the process of democracy, through the openness the functions of government's administration, multifarious initiatives have been taken by almost every government in the world. The most recent and viable one is the initiative of e-government. The main aim of e-government is to make the administration ready to endow accountability, transparency, and to ease the communication process between the government and the citizens. Bangladesh is a developing country in the world, has initiated a massive programs to introduce the e-government application through the different administrative levels. Moreover, the special emphasis has been given in the field administration of Bangladesh where from almost 70% citizens directly benefited and take part into the administrative process. However, the gap is yet not up to mark to promote the actual level of democracy. This chapter will elaborate different initiatives of e-government taken by the government of Bangladesh for endorsing the process of democracy. Moreover, the actual present situation of government will also be outlined here. In order to elaborate this paper different secondary sources of data such as, books, journals, web, etc. will be used as much as possible.

e-Government has become an inherent aspect of the modernization of public administration all over the world. Increased use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has created a new channel of the interaction and communication between government and citizens, which is supposed to increase transparency, responsiveness and the utilization of local potential in governance and policy processes. How this potential translates into practice depends on context. The key question is whether ICT itself is able to change the way government interacts with citizens through overall informatization of society, or would it be more proper to understand the new technologies only as a tool that can be manipulated by governments and even used to maintain the power of the elite of society in an increasingly complex environment. In this article we approach this issue by analyzing the communicational aspect of e-government in Bangladesh. We will analyze the e-government strategy and strategy-making process of the government, paying special attention to how it addresses the use of ICTs in facilitating interaction and communication between government and citizens. As a special instance of such a communication we focus on the national Web portal of Bangladesh. Our analysis will reveal how general theories and technological opportunities translate into realities in a developing country context.