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The current research work describes the development of a simple, fast, sensitive and efficient bioanalytical UPLC/MS–MS method for the simultaneous estimation of diclofenac and resveratrol in mice skin samples. Quetiapine was used as an internal standard (IS). Analytical separation was performed on ACQUITY UPLC C18 Column (2.1 × 100 mm; 1.7 μm) using ammonium acetate (5 mM) in water and methanol (B) with isocratic elution at ratio of (50, 50 v/v) and flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The duration of separation was maintained for 3 min. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in a positive and negative ionization mode was used for detection. Selective ion mode monitoring was used for the quantification of m/z 296.025> 249.93 for diclofenac, m/z 229.09 > 143.03 for resveratrol and MRM/ES+ve mode applied in m/z 384.25> 253.189 for IS transitions from parent to daughter ion. The lower detection and quantification limits were accomplished, and precision (repeatability and intermediate precision) with a coefficient of variation below 10% produced satisfactory results. The developed bioanalytical method was found to be useful for its suitability for the dermatokinetic evaluation of treatments through rat skin. Improvement in AUC (1.58-fold for diclofenac and 1.60-fold for resveratrol) and t1/2 in the dermis (2.13 for diclofenac and 2.21-fold for resveratrol) followed by epidermis was observed for diclofenac and resveratrol-loaded liposomal gel formulation over the conventional gel. Overall, the developed method for the dermatokinetic studies of the above-mentioned dual drugs-loaded liposome gel was found to be reproducible and effective for bioanalytical.

With the advent of drug delivery, various polymeric materials are being explored to fabricate numerous nanocarriers. Each polymer is associated with a few characteristics attributes which further facilitate its usage in drug delivery. One such polymer is chitosan (CS), which is extensively employed to deliver a variety of drugs to various targets, especially to cancer cells. The desired properties like biological origin, bio-adhesive, biocompatibility, the scope of chemical modification, biodegradability and controlled drug release make it a highly rough after polymer in pharmaceutical nanotechnology. The present review attempts to compile various chemical modifications on CS and showcase the outcomes of the derived nanocarriers, especially in cancer chemotherapy and drug delivery.

Novel SARS-CoV-2 claimed a large number of human lives. The main proteins for viral entry into host cells are SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (PDB ID: 6VYB) and spike receptor-binding domain bound with ACE2 (spike RBD-ACE2; PDB ID: 6M0J). Currently, specific therapies are lacking globally. This study was designed to investigate the bioactive components from Moringa oleifera leaf (MOL) extract by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and their binding interactions with spike glycoprotein and spike RBD-ACE2 protein through computational analysis. GC-MS-based analysis unveiled the presence of thirty-seven bioactive components in MOL extract, viz. polyphenols, fatty acids, terpenes/triterpenes, phytosterols/steroids, and aliphatic hydrocarbons. These bioactive phytoconstituents showed potential binding with SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and spike RBD-ACE2 protein through the AutoDock 4.2 tool. Further by using AutoDock 4.2 and AutoDock Vina, the top sixteen hits (binding energy ≥ - 6.0 kcal/mol) were selected, and these might be considered as active biomolecules. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulation was determined by the Desmond module. Interestingly two biomolecules, namely β-tocopherol with spike glycoprotein and β-sitosterol with spike RBD-ACE2, displayed the best interacting complexes and low deviations during 100-ns simulation, implying their strong stability and compactness. Remarkably, both β-tocopherol and β-sitosterol also showed the drug- likeness with no predicted toxicity. In conclusion, these findings suggested that both compounds β-tocopherol and β-sitosterol may be developed as anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs. The current findings of in silico approach need to be optimized using in vitro and clinical studies to prove the effectiveness of phytomolecules against SARS-CoV-2.

The 2019-nCoV (COVID-19; novel coronavirus disease-2019) outbreak is caused by the coronavirus, and its continued spread is responsible for increasing deaths, social and economic burden. COVID-19 created a chaotic situation worldwide and claimed the lives of over 5,027,183 and 248,467,363 confirmed cases have been reported so far as per the data published by WHO (World Health Organization) till 5th November 2021. Scientific communities all over the world are toiling to find a suitable therapeutic drug for this deadly disease. Although till date no promising drug has been discovered for this COVID-19. However, as per the WHO, over 102 COVID-19 vaccines are in clinical development and 185 in pre-clinical development. Naturally occurring phytoconstituents possess considerable chemical richness in the form of anti-viral and anti-parasitic potential and have been extensively exploited for the same globally. Still, phytomedicine-based therapies are considered as the best available treatment option to minimize and treat the symptoms of COVID-19 because of the least possible side effects compared to synthetic drugs recommended by the physicians/clinicians. In this review, the use of plant chemicals as a possible therapeutic agent for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV2) is highlighted with their proposed mechanism of action, which will prove fruitful and effective in finding a cure for this deadly disease.

Herbal medicines are being used since ancient times and are an important part of the alternative and traditional medicinal system. In recent decades, scientists are embracing herbal medicines based on the fact that a number of drugs that are currently in use are derived directly or indirectly from plant sources. Moreover, herbal drugs have lesser side effects, albeit are potentially strong therapeutic agents. The herbal medicine market is estimated to be around US $62 billion globally. Herbal medicine has gained widespread acceptance due to its low toxicity, low cost, ease of accessibility and efficacy in treating difficult diseases. Safety and efficacy are another important factors in the commercialization process of herbal medicines. Nanotechnology has been shown to be potentially effective in improving the bioactivity and bioavailability of herbal medicines. Development of nano-phytomedicines (or by reducing the size of phytomedicine), attaching polymers with phytomedicines and modifying the surface properties of herbal drugs, have increased the solubility, permeability and eventually the bioavailability of herbal formulations. Novel formulations such as niosomes, liposomes, nanospheres, phytosomes etc., can be exploited in this area. This article reviews herbal medicines, which have prominent activity in the Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders and reported nano-phytomedicines based delivery systems.

A validated ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) method was developed for the first-ever simultaneous analysis of neratinib, curcumin and internal standard (imatinib) using acetonitrile as the liquid–liquid extraction medium. On a BEH C18 (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) column, the analytes were separated isocratically using acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid):0.002M ammonium acetate. The flow rate was set at 0.5 mL.min−1. The authors utilized multiple reaction monitoring-based transitions for the precursor-to-product ion with m/z 557.099 → 111.928 for neratinib, m/z 369.231 → 176.969 curcumin and m/z 494.526 → 394.141 for imatinib during the study. Validation of the method as per United States Food and Drug Administration requirements for linearity (5–40 ng mL−1), accuracy and precision, stability, matrix effect, etc. were investigated and were observed to be acceptable. Afterward, we evaluated the method for establishing its greenness profile by using two greenness assessment tools and found it green. Overall, a reliable green UPLC–MS/MS method was devised and used to estimate neratinib and curcumin in human plasma simultaneously.

Many attempts have been made to the refinement of liposomal stability. In 1986, Payne et al. developed the approach of proliposomes to derelict the physicochemical instability confronted in some liposome suspensions, i.e., fusion, aggregation, hydrolysis, and oxidation. This review attempts to cover different aspects of proliposomes along with their types and preparation methods. The review is also focused on the scope of proliposomes as a nano-based drug delivery system and subsequent applications. An attempt has been made to cover all the facets of proliposomes, from their composition to clinical trials. The extensive scientific data from proliposomes provide substantial shreds of evidence for its huge delivery potential.

The neurological disorders affect millions of people worldwide, and are bracketed as the foremost basis of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The treatment options are symptomatic and often the movement of drugs is restricted by a specialized network of endothelial cell layers (adjoined by tight cell-to-cell junction proteins; occludin, claudins, and junctional adhesion molecules), pericytes and astroglial foot processes. In recent years, advances in nanomedicine have led to therapies that target central nervous system (CNS) pathobiology via altering signaling mechanisms such as activation of PI3K/Akt pathway in ischemic stroke arrests apoptosis, interruption of α-synuclein aggregation prevents neuronal degeneration in Parkinson's. Often such interactions are limited by insufficient concentrations of drugs reaching neuronal tissues and/or insufficient residence time of drug/s with the receptor. Hence, lipid nanoformulations, SLNs (solid lipid nanoparticles) and NLCs (nanostructured lipid carriers) emerged to overcome these challenges by utilizing physiological transport mechanisms across blood-brain barrier, such as drug-loaded SLN/NLCs adsorb apolipoproteins from the systemic circulation and are taken up by endothelial cells via low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptor mediated endocytosis and subsequently unload drugs at target site (neuronal tissue), which imparts selectivity, target ability, and reduction in toxicity. This paper reviews the utilization of SLN/NLCs as carriers for targeted delivery of novel CNS drugs to improve the clinical course of neurological disorders, placing some additional discussion on the metabolism of lipid-based formulations.

This study reports the formulation of mupirocin-loaded chitosan microspheres embedded in Piper betle extract containing collagen scaffold as combinational drug delivery for improved wound healing. Selection of chitosan type (molecular weight and degree of deacetylation) was carried out based on their antibacterial efficacy. The low molecular weight chitosan was selected owing to the highest antibacterial action against gram-positive as well as gram-negative bacteria. Low molecular weight chitosan-microspheres showed spherical shape with largely smooth surface morphology, 11.81% of mupirocin loading, and its controlled release profile. The XRD, DSC thermograms, and FT-IR spectral analysis revealed the mupirocin loaded in molecularly dispersed or in amorphous form, and having no chemical interactions with the chitosan matrix, respectively. The in vivo study indicates potential effect of the mupirocin, Piper betle, and chitosan in the collagen scaffold in the wound healing efficiency with approximately 90% wound healing observed at the end of 15 days of study for combinational drug-loaded chitosan microspheres-collagen scaffold-treated group. The histopathology examination further revealed tissue lined by stratified squamous epithelium, collagen deposition, fibroblastic proliferation, and absence of inflammation indicating relatively efficient wound healing once treated with combinational drug-loaded chitosan microspheres containing scaffold.

In the present work, an attempt was undertaken to improve the oral bioavailability and anticancer activity of abiraterone acetate. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were developed using the quality by design (QbD) principles and evaluated through

The present work describes the development and characterization of liquid crystalline nanoparticles of hispolon (HP-LCNPs) for treating hepatocellular carcinoma. HP-LCNPs were prepared by a top-down method utilizing GMO as the lipid and Pluronic F-127 as the polymeric stabilizer. The prepared formulations (HP1-HP8) were tested for long-term stability, where HP5 showed good stability with a particle size of 172.5 ± 0.3 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.38 ± 0.31 nm, a zeta potential of -10.12 mV ± 0.05, an entrapment efficiency of 86.81 ± 2.5%, and a drug loading capacity of 12.51 ± 1.12%. Optical photomicrography and transmission electron microscopy images demonstrated a consistent, low degree of aggregation and a spherical shape of LCNPs. The effect of temperature and pH on the optimized formulation (HP5) indicated good stability at 45 °C and at pH between 2 and 5. In vitro gastrointestinal stability indicated no significant change in the particle size, PDI, and entrapment efficiency of the drug. The drug release study exhibited a biphasic pattern in simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) for 2 h and simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.4) for up to 24 h, while the best fitting of the profile was observed with the Higuchi model, indicating the Fickian diffusion mechanism. The in vivo pharmacokinetic study demonstrated nearly 4.8-fold higher bioavailability from HP5 (AUC: 1774.3 ± 0.41 μg* h/mL) than from the HP suspension (AUC: 369.11 ± 0.11 μg* h/mL). The anticancer activity evaluation revealed a significant improvement in antioxidant parameters and serum hepatic biomarkers (SGOT, SGPT, ALP, total bilirubin, and GGT) in the diethyl nitrosamine-treated group of rats with the optimized LCNP formulation (HP5) vis-à-vis HP suspension.

Sorafenib tosylate (SFB) is a multikinase inhibitor that inhibits tumour growth and proliferation for the management of breast cancer but is also associated with issues like toxicity and drug resistance. Also, being a biopharmaceutical class II (BCS II) drug, its oral bioavailability is the other challenge. Henceforth, this report intended to encapsulate SFB into a biocompatible carrier with biodegradable components, i.e., phospholipid. The microemulsion of the SFB was prepared and characterized for the surface charge, morphology, micromeritics and drug release studies. The cell viability assay was performed on 4T1 cell lines and inferred that the IC50 value of sorafenib-loaded microemulsion (SFB-loaded ME) was enhanced compared to the naïve SFB at the concentrations of about 0.75 µM. More drug was available for the pharmacological response, as the protein binding was notably decreased, and the drug from the developed carriers was released in a controlled manner. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic studies established that the developed nanocarrier was suitable for the oral administration of a drug by substantially enhancing the bioavailability of the drug to that of the free SFB. The results bring forth the preliminary evidence for the future scope of SFB as a successful therapeutic entity in its nano-form for effective and safer cancer chemotherapy via the oral route.

The phytogenous alkaloid berberine (BBR) has become a potential drug for the treatment of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and cancer. However, its therapeutic potential is limited because ofpoor intestinal absorption due to its efflux by the P-gp expressed in the intestinal lumen. Therefore, we aimed to design and fabricate a nanoparticulate system for delivery of BBR employing naturally derived biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, mainly chitosan and alginate, to enhance the oral bioavailability of BBR. A chitosan-alginate nanoparticle system loaded with BBR (BNPs) was formulated by ionic gelation method and was optimized by employing a three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken statistical design. BNPs were characterized for various physicochemical properties, ex vivo, and in vivo evaluations. The optimized BNPs were found to be 202.2 ± 4.9 nm in size, with 0.236 ± 0.02 of polydispersity index, zeta potential −14.8 ± 1.1 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 85.69 ± 2.6%. BNPs showed amorphous nature with no prominent peak in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) investigation. Similarly, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies did not reveal any interaction between BBR and excipients used. The drug release followed Higuchi kinetics, since these plots demonstrated the highest linearity (R2 = 0.9636), and the mechanism of release was determined to be anomalous or non-Fickian in nature. An ex-vivo gut permeation study showed that BNPs were better internalized into the cells and more highly permeated through the intestine. Furthermore, in vivo pharmacokinetic analysis in female Wistar rats showed a 4.10−fold increase in the oral bioavailability of BBR from BNPs as compared to BBR suspension. With these findings, we have gained new insight into the effective delivery of poorly soluble and permeable drugs via a chitosan-alginate nanoparticle system to improve the therapeutic performance of an oral nanomedicine.

A biosensitive analysis method development and validation was performed for accurate and rapid quantification of cefdinir (CDR) in human plasma by a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry technique coupled with electrospray ionization. Analysis was carried out using a C18 column with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and operating temperature of 30.0 ± 1°C. The drug was eluted by optimizing the m/z ratios of 396.20 → 227.20 and 428.17 → 241.10, for cefdinir and IS (internal standard), respectively. The intraday precision (%CV) for Cefdinir ranged from 2.8% and 6.7% as lower limit of quantification of quality control (LLOQ QC) and higher level of quantification of quality control (HQC QC), respectively, whereas these value were found to be as 3.0% and 5.6% for LLOQ and HQC, respectively after interday precision. Moreover, accuracy ranged from 107.70% (HQC QC) to 95.5% (LLOQ QC). The extraction mean recovery was found to be 83.91 ± 6.0% for cefdinir and 76.7 ± 6.23% for IS. The drug was stable throughout the analysis period. It was possible to analyze several plasma samples every day since each sample took

A burgeoning literature documents the confluence of ovarian steroids and central serotonergic systems in the injunction of epileptic seizures and epileptogenesis. Estrogen administration in animals reduces neuronal death from seizures by up-regulation of the prosurvival molecule i.e. Bcl-2, anti-oxidant potential and protection of NPY interneurons. Serotonin modulates epileptiform activity in either direction i.e administration of 5-HT agonists or reuptake inhibitors leads to the activation of 5-HT3 and 5-HT1A receptors tending to impede focal and generalized seizures, while depletion of brain 5-HT along with the destruction of serotonergic terminals leads to expanded neuronal excitability hence abatement of seizure threshold in experimental animal models. Serotonergic neurotransmission is influenced by the organizational activity of steroid hormones in the growing brain and the actuation effects of steroids which come in adulthood. It is further established that ovarian steroids bring induction of dendritic spine proliferation on serotonin neurons thus thawing a profound effect on serotonergic transmission. This review features 5-HT1A and 5-HT3 receptors as potential targets for ameliorating seizure-induced neurodegeneration and recurrent hypersynchronous neuronal activity. Indeed 5-HT3 receptors mediate cross-talk between estrogenic and serotonergic pathways, and could be well exploited for combinatorial drug therapy against epileptogenesis.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. (C. reflexa) is a well-known traditional herbal plant, with numerous inherent therapeutic potentials including anticancer, antitumor, antibacterial, analgesic, anthelmintic, laxative and others. Moreover, the anticancer and antitumor potentials of this herb are ongoing with several trails, thus an attempt was made to assess the anticancer and hepatoprotective potentials of traditional C. reflexa herbs. Method The dried ethanolic extract of C. reflexa was tested for acute oral toxicity in the treated animals subsequently their behavioral, neurological, and autonomic profiles changes were observed. The preliminary anti-cancer effects of extracts against 1, 2- Dimethyl hydrazine (DMH) induced animals were assessed through barium enema X-ray, colonoscopy, and Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) studies. The blood samples of the animals (treated and untreated) were collected and their in-vitro histological parameters were evaluated by the experienced technician. Results It was observed that C. reflexa significantly reduced Disease activity indexing (DAI) level and ACF counting, as well as demonstrated similar activity as of the standard drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU). Histopathological results revealed that the apoptotic bodies decreased in the DMH-induced group (group II) during cancer progression while in 5-FU treated (group III) and C. reflexa treated (group IV and V) animals the apoptotic bodies were increased. Inversely, the mitotic bodies increased in group II animals and reduced in group III, IV, and V animals. In the colonic section, DMH-induced cancer assay exhibited significant effects on the levels of hemoglobin, Packed cell volume (PCV), Red blood cell (RBC) counts, Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), and was found to be less in group II animals whereas administration of C. reflexa efficiently recovered back the loss probably by healing the colon damage/depletion of cancer progression. Moreover, compared to the group II animals, the neutrophil count was within the normal range in C. reflexa administered group. Conclusions In the present study, the major hematological parameters significantly increased within DMH treated animals and exhibited extensive damage in the hepatic regions. Moreover, the histopathological findings demonstrated that the C. reflexa extracts potentially reduced the cell proliferation, with no toxicity. The C. reflexa extracts exhibited impending anti-cancer activity as well as protected the hepatic cells and thus could be potentially used in the management of colon or colorectal cancer and hepatic impairments.

In the last several decades, numerous investigations have been done for the development of the novel carrier systems for the delivery of phytoconstituents. Several nano-phytomedicines, for instances, nanoparticles, nanocomposites, lipid carriers, phytosomes, nanoemulsions, microcapsules, ethosomes, etc., have been developed to improve effectiveness of phytoconstituents in the management of an array of indications. These investigations are made when scientific reports question the virtue of phytomedicine. Low lipid solubility, poor stability, large size moiety, and undesired metabolism in gut are some of the critical issues of phytomedicine that have been highlighted most. Novel drug delivery systems are gradually being recognized as the most efficient carriers that have ability to overcome safety and efficacy related issues of the phytoactives. In addition, these are helping design therapeutically effective nano-phytomedicines. In addition, disease diagnosis and molecular imaging have become the most significant application of nano-phytomedicine now. Use of these carriers in current preclinical research or clinical practices as a diagnosis tool, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, ultrasound, optical imaging and photoacoustic imaging, positron emission tomography, and single photon emission computed tomography, has gained momentum and is now taking a revolutionary shift as potential imaging modalities. Furthermore, they have shown enormous potential in molecular imaging of, drugs permeability and retention through biological membrane, absorption mechanism, their targeted delivery at cellular, tissue and organ level, tumor formation, angiogenesis, mononuclear phagocytic systems, etc. The present chapter highlights the status of the developed nano-phytomedicines, their clinical applications in the disease treatment and diagnosis.

Based on the problems associated with the delivery of herbal medicines, various investigations have been carried out. The field of formulation and development appeared progressive when we see the reports published in the previous few decades. Recent advancements in this field are based on the necessities of improved solubility, release, biological absorption, targetability, safety, dosing schedule, stability, efficacy, and patient compliance along with the decreased dose and dose-dependent side effects. Formulation scientists are now interested in the exploitation of new drug delivery system (NDDS) to deliver phytomedicine at the required rate for the entire treatment period and to channelize the phytomolecules at the desired site of action. These systems are meant to meet the unmet medical conditions that cannot be met using conventional dosage forms. Nanocarriers such as nanoparticles, nanocapsules, lipid carriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, phytosomes, nanoemulsion, and many more have shown an array of advantages while delivering phytomolecules to the site of action. Due to the proven advantages over conventional dosage forms, nano-phytomedicines have immense potential in the improvement of deliverability of the isolated and established herbal molecules. This chapter, however, includes various aspects of justification for the immense potential of the nano-structured drug delivery system for phytomedicine delivery and future prospects. In addition, the area of nanostructured carrier systems in the potential delivery of phytomedicine, and the nano-phytomedicines which have been prepared for improved solubility, pharmacokinetic profile (ADME), bioavailability, targetability, efficacy, and safety are also highlighted in this chapter.

Beclin1 is the mammalian orthologue of yeast Atg6/vacuolar protein sorting-30 (VPS30). Beclin1 interacts with various biological macromolecules like ATG14, BIF-1, NRBF2, RUBICON, UVRAG, AMBRA1, HMGB1, PINK1, and PARKIN. Such interactions promote Beclin1-PI3KC3 complex formation. Autophagy is blocked in apoptosis owing to the breakdown of Beclin1 by caspase whereas autophagy induction inhibits effector caspase degradation, therefore, blocks apoptosis. Thus, the Beclin1 is an essential biomolecular species for cross-regulation between autophagy and apoptosis. Various studies carried out in neurodegenerative animal models associated with aggregated proteins have confirmed that multifunctional Beclin1 protein is necessary for neuronal integrity. The role of Beclin1 protein has been investigated and was reported in various human neurodegeneration disorders. This chapter aims to provide an insight into the role of Beclin1 in the development of neurodegenerative disorders.

The contemporary drug discovery research shows that most of the drug candidates are highly potent, but showing poor aqueous solubility leads a variety of challenges for formulation scientists to develop a suitable formulation to improve the systemic bioavailability of such drugs. Lipid-based nanocarriers act as a major and most projecting approach overcoming the limitations which affect several physiochemical properties of drug such as the solubility, partition coefficient and bioavailability or absorption. This also fulfills a variety of product requirements and helps to overcome several limitations as decided by symptoms of the disease, various routes of administration of drug, price concern, increasing strength of product, noxious or harmful effect of drug, and dose efficacy. The lipidic nanosystem formulates aqueous drug in lipid base and is also a commercially feasible approach for the formulation of different dosage forms meant for topical or transdermal, oral, ocular, pulmonary, and parenteral delivery. This review provides a brief on lipid-based drug delivery nanocarrier and the mechanisms by which lipids and lipidic excipients improve the oral absorption of drugs with poor aqueous solubility and also provide a viewpoint on the promising applications of lipidic nanoparticulate systems.

For many years, Aegle marmelos (A. marmelos) has been used medicinally and as a dietary supplement. Despite this, there are minimal research data on A. marmelos phytochemical properties and pharmacological effects. This study aimed to explore the phytoconstituents, cytotoxicity, glucose uptake, and antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of an alcoholic extract of A. marmelos leaf. The cytotoxicity of A. marmelos in HepG2 cells was tested in vitro, and the results revealed that it has strong cytocompatibility and cytoprotective properties. The extract’s antioxidant activities were investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. Antioxidant potential was shown to be quite impressive. The enzymes α-amylase and α-glycosidase were found to be substantially inhibited by A. marmelos, with IC50 values of 46.21 and 42.07 mg/mL, respectively. In HepG2 cells, A. marmelos significantly reduced ROS levels that were elevated due to high glucose and enhanced glucose consumption (p < 0.05). These activities might be due to the enrichment of bioactive phytoconstituents analyzed chromatographically using GC/MS and HPLC. The findings of this study show that A. marmelos could be an effective restorative therapy for diabetes and related diseases.

The evidence to guide clinicians regarding rationale polytherapy with current antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is lacking, and current practice recommendations are largely empirical. The excessive drug loading with combinatorial therapies of existing AEDs are associated with escalated neurotoxicity, and that emergence of pharmacoresistant seizures couldn't be averted. In pursuit of judicious selection of novel AEDs in combinatorial therapies with mechanism based evidences, standardized dose of raloxifene, fluoxetine, bromocriptine and their low dose combinations, were experimentally tested for their impact on maximal electroshock (MES) induced tonic hind limb extension (THLE) in mice. Hippocampal neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels, oxidative stress and histopathological studies were undertaken. The results suggest the potentiating effect of 4 mg/kg raloxifene on 14 mg/kg fluoxetine against MES induced THLE, as otherwise monotherapy with 4 mg/kg raloxifene was unable to produce an effect. The results also depicted better efficacy than carbamazepine (20 mg/kg), standard AED. Most profoundly, MES-induced significant (P 0.001) reduction in hippocampal NPY levels, that were escalated insignificantly with the duo-drug combination, suggesting some other mechanism in mitigation of electroshock induced seizures. These results were later corroborated with assays to assess oxidative stress and neuronal damage. In conclusion, the results demonstrated the propitious therapeutic benefit of duo-drug low dose combination of drugs; raloxifene and fluoxetine, with diverse mode of actions fetching greater effectiveness in the management of generalized tonic clonic seizures (GTCS).

The poor solubility of paclitaxel (PTX), the most commonly used anticancer drug (Taxol®), has long hindered the development of successful formulations. In 2005, the launch of Abraxane®, a human albumin-based preparation of PTX, competed with Taxol® in the commercial market. The success of Abraxane pushed other generic preparations aside, sparking competition among the global pharmaceutical companies to develop the novel and superior PTX nanotechnology-driven formulations. Unsurprisingly, the success underlying with cancer treatment using nano PTX therapy has now entered into a new era of drug development, patentability, preclinical and clinical evaluation, leading eventually to a significant increase in the regulatory approval of the products. The present article aims to provide recent progress in the development of nano PTX formulations by various pharmaceutical companies for safe and effective drug therapies for patients benefit.