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Background: Non-unions of the Tibia fracture is basically an orthopedic critical condition when the level of acute inferior wall NTF habitually depends on the infarct associated artery patients having surgery depression. Non- unions of the tibia, predominantly found in the distal third of the bone, are comparatively common in most clinical cases. Methods: This study was a hospital based, retrospective, descriptive study, which was conducted at the department of Orthopedics in NITOR, Bangladesh. This study was conducted during the period of May 2021- June 2022. The total sample size for this study was 52. Result: Most of the respondents 18(34.6%) were aged from 21-30 years and followed by 7(13.5%) were 50 years. Most of the respondents 35(67%) were male where only 17(33%) were female. 31(60%) cases found with right sided nonunion and 21(40%) cases with left sided nonunion. Atrophic nonunion was found in 19(36.5%) cases, hypertrophic nonunion in most 27(51.9%) cases and the rest 6(11.5%) had oligotrophic nonunion. A1 type of nonunion was seen in 19(36.5%) cases and followed by A2.2 in most 27(51.9%) cases, B2 in 4(7.7%) cases and B3 in 2(3.8%) cases. 30(57.7%) cases showed excellent outcome whereas 18(34.6%) cases had good outcome, 3(5.8%) cases showed fair outcome and only 1(1.9%) case had poor outcome. Conclusion: Ilizarov external fixator is best suitable for treating infected non-union of tibia for its steady mechanical environment, conveyance bone, correct defects, and allow weight bearing during the treatment course.

The study aims to explore the roles of indigenous Garo women in transforming their families in Bangladesh. A quantitative approach was applied to conduct the study while the social survey method was used to collect data and information. The study reveals that the socio-economic status of Garo women is very poor as 35% of them completed the primary level of education and 40% passed the secondary level of education while 64% of Garo women are day laborers and 61% are loan receivers. Conventional role-female headship has been changing overwhelmingly as both husband and wife are playing vibrant roles in the family building where 80% of family decisions are being taken jointly. Though the traditional role of female headship is being changed, women have to perform 69% of household activities. Their participation in local social organizations is impressive (74%) but they are reluctant to involve in local politics.

A field investigation was run to ascertain the critical period of weed control in jute (Corchorus olitorius). The study consisted of two distinct sets of treatments, with one set of weeds being left to invade the crop for a longer period of time, specifically, for 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing (DAS) and up to harvest. In the other set of treatments, the plants remained weed-free for progressively longer periods, i.e., 15, 30, 45 and 60 DAS, and until harvest. The reduction in fibre yield (FY) was recorded as 53.39% when weed interference was permitted from the beginning to harvest, as opposed to the season-long weed-free period. The critical period for weed competition (CPWC) of jute was calculated as being 11 to 68 DAS and 19 to 59 DAS, based on results of 5% and 10% yield loss, respectively. Under the 5% yield loss condition, although yield was higher (3.36 t ha−1), the benefit cost ratio (BCR) was lower (1.65), whereas yield was slightly lower (3.19 t ha−1) but BCR was higher (1.73) with respect to 10% yield loss. Therefore, jute fields should be kept weed free from 19 to 59 days after sowing, and a weed management strategy should be undertaken accordingly.

Bangladesh registered 20,117,32 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and the death toll crossed the grim milestone of 29,323 across the country as of August 31st, 2022. Despite the enforcement of stringent COVID-19 measures, the country witnessed an accelerated diffusion of coronavirus cases during the national events, inclusive of short festivals, in 2020. The present study aims to examine the association between these national holidays and the COVID-19 trasmission rate in Bangladesh. We employed a mathematical model and calculated the instantaneous reproduction number, Rt, of the 64 districts in Bangladesh to check the dynamics of COVID-19 diffusion. The comprehensive analysis shows a notable escalation of Rt value and thus the enhanced transmission rate in Dhaka and in all industrialized cities during the major events such as, garments reopening and religious holidays in Bangladesh. We further showcase the COVID-19 diffusion explicitly in Dhaka Division at the first phase of the pandemic in Bangladesh. Based on our analysis, a set of measures, including restricted public mobility and the celebration of festivals, alongside improving the public’s awareness of the situation, has been recommended to evade the future pandemic risks while running the national festival activities in Bangladesh.

Context Cadmium (Cd) toxicity and zinc (Zn) deficiency are of major concerns for crop growth and quality. Moreover, their interactive effects exert some controversial reports. Aims The effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and Cd on growth, physiology, and metal distribution in mung beans (Vigna radiata L.) was investigated. Methods Seven-day-old seedlings were treated with Zn (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 μM) and Cd (0, 0.5, 1 μM) for 14 days. Key results Photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzyme activities, dry matter yield and metal concentration in tissues were significantly influenced by ZnO NPs and Cd. Considered on its own as a main effect, Zn application (16 μM) enhanced its accumulation in roots, stem and leaf by about 33-fold (314 mg kg−1), 10-fold (60.6 mg kg−1) and 17-fold (110.8 mg kg−1), respectively, compared to control. However, accumulation was slower for interactions with Cd. While leaf Zn increased approximately 27 times (180 mg kg−1) at 32 μM Zn, its interactions with lower and higher Cd increased only 6-fold (41.2 mg kg−1) and 3-fold (21.4 mg kg−1), respectively. Added ZnO NPs up to 4 μM under Cd contamination elevated the leaf Cd, which was restricted by higher supply. However, Cd accumulation in stem and root consistently rose, indicating a synergistic effect. ZnO NPs induced an upregulation of antioxidant enzymes to avert oxidative stress and maintain growth performance. Implications These findings may be suitable for formulating nanomaterials of desired particle sizes and testing on other crop to remediate Cd.

Excessive vibration is one of the main causes of damaging the vulnerable parts of the machines. However, a low-cost vibration monitoring system is yet to be proposed in the literature to the best of our knowledge. In this paper, we propose a low-cost wireless vibration monitoring system that can be used to monitor the machine vibration remotely at any time. It will help the maintenance department to decide on the maintenance required for a particular machine and improving the lifetime of the machine as well. By using our device, we find which machine in the textile factory needs more maintenance. Besides, by analyzing our data, we establish a relationship between machine vibration, machine age, and machine quality.

Vitamin-A deficiency associated with night blindness in children is a global health problem that could be prevented or reduced by promoting the intake of β-carotene in food. The fortification of β-carotene in yogurt using pumpkin flesh (PF) could be a very cost-effective public health intervention. The current study aimed to analyze the proximate, functional, microbial, textural, and sensory properties of yogurt fortified with PF to evaluate its suitability as a β-carotene enriched food. The research was conducted with three treatments, control set-type yogurt (CSY) with no PF, 15% PF-fortified set-type yogurt (15PFSY), and 20% PF-fortified set-type yogurts (20PFSY) followed by pumpkin pie spice and ground pumpkin seed to improve consumer acceptability. The fortified yogurt with 20PFSY and 15PFSY contained a higher amount of β-carotene, protein, fiber, and ash, and lower carbohydrate, fat, and energy in compression with CSY, which might attract health-conscious people. In addition, viable bacterial count, firmness, consistency, cohesiveness, and viscosity index were found better in fortified yogurt. Based on reports of sensory panellists, 15PFSY achieved a significantly (p

A study was investigated to estimate the current status of health hazardous organochlorine insecticide DDT and its metabolites DDE and DDD in different species of dry fish. To achieve the goal of this experiment, ten different sun-dried fish samples were collected from different markets of Dhaka city. The concentration of DDT, DDE and DDD was determined using the capillary column coupled to Gas Chromatograph with Electron Captured Detector (GC-ECD). Most of the dry fishes, seven out of ten samples, were found to be contaminated with DDT along with its metabolites DDE and DDD ranging from 0.029-1.22 mg/kg which is a serious concern because of the nature of long persistency and bioaccumulation of DDT in the environment. The highest concentration of DDT (1.22 mg/kg) was observed in Pampus chinensis dry fish whereas low concentration was detected in Otolithoides pama (0.029 mg/kg). Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2021, 5 (2), 79-84

Water is one of the most vital elements for livelihood but at the same time, it is polluted by different kinds of fastest-growing industries like textiles, leather, sugar, etc. The textile industry is one of the most water-consuming sectors in Bangladesh. A huge amount of water is being used in different textile processes and consequently, a high volume of contaminated water is being produced. Both the textile processes, machinery, and environment are very sensitive to water parameters. There are significant numbers of water quality monitoring systems available that are very costly, have no notification system for critical conditions, and are also not automated. To mitigate these problems, we propose a low-cost IoT-based automatic water quality monitoring system that provides real-time information about water parameters and transmits data through both Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. Real-world evaluation of our system shows that wastewater from the washing and untreated dyeing process has high-level contamination compared with usable water. The device can detect the abnormal value of different parameters such as pH, TDS, turbidity, and temperature when contaminated water gets mixed with usual water and alarm the personnel through email and SMS. The device can be used to monitor the quality of water for any specific water-sensitive process and condition of the treatment plant.

Textile industry is one of the most labor-intensive manufacturing sectors in developing countries such as Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, etc. During the manufacturing process, the textile machinery produces a high concentration of cotton dust as well as a high level of noise that affects workers’ health, which eventually affects the production rate. To improve workplace health and safety, there exist several pollution monitoring systems in the literature that use commercially available sensors to collect data from the environment and send them to online storage (cloud) using wireless networks such as mobile data, Wi-Fi, etc. Although Wi-Fi is the cheapest option to transfer pollution data to the cloud, there is no Wi-Fi network in production areas of textile industries. Hence, state-of-the-art approaches are not readily applicable there. To this extent, in this paper, we propose a cloud-based dust and noise pollution monitoring system using a wireless sensor network. For this purpose, we transfer the sensor data from the production areas to the nearest Wi-Fi zone (e.g., office room) using nRF modules. After that, we upload the sensor data to the cloud using the Wi-Fi network and visualize them graphically. We evaluate our system inside several textile industries that demonstrate the applicability of our proposed approach in real cases.

Grain zinc (Zn) biofortification with less cadmium (Cd) accumulation is of paramount importance from human health and environmental point of view. A pot experiment was carried out to determine the influence of Zn and Cd on their accumulations in Mung bean tissues (Vigna radiata) in two contrast soil types (Dermosol and Tenosol). The soil types with added Zn and Cd exerted a significant effect on translocation and accumulation of metals in different tissues. The accumulation of Zn and Cd was higher for Tenosol than that for Dermosol. At control, the concentration of Cd followed a pattern, e.g., root > stem > petiole > pod > leaflet > grain for both soils. A basal Zn supply (5 mg kg−1) increased the grain Zn concentration to a significant amount (up to 67%). It also reduced Cd accumulation in tissues, including grains (up to 34%). No non-carcinogenic effect was observed for either the children or the adults as the EDI and PTDI values were below the safety limit; however, the ILCR values exceeded the safety limit, indicating the possibility of some carcinogenic effects. Added Zn helped to reduce the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks on humans.

This article attempts to measure the state of satisfaction of patients over the quality of health care as well as identify the crucial factors that affect the patients’ satisfaction in Upazila Health Complex (UHC). The quantitative approach was used following a structured questionnaire survey method. Four hundred visitors of 2 UHCs in Meherpur district were randomly selected as respondents for the study. The Statistical Package for Social Science IBM version 24 and R software (version 4.0.2) were used to run descriptive statistics, χ2 test, confirmatory factor analysis, and principal component analysis for quantitative data analysis. The data reveal that the overall satisfaction score is (2.75 ± 0.943). A 3-dimension model of service quality is found to have a significant relationship with patients’ satisfaction at the rural level. Care providers’ attitude and responsiveness in service delivery are found to be the most vital factor, while the tangibles and accessibility factors moderately influence the patient’s satisfaction on the service quality at UHCs.

Many alternative substances have been investigated for their potential to replace antibiotics as growth promoters. Probiotics and phytobiotics are some of the products that can be used as growth promoters in broiler. The present study was designed to investigate either single or combined effect of a probiotic and phytobiotic on serum bio-chemistry and growth performances in broilers. A total of 50 Cobb-500 day old chicks were divided into five groups (10 birds each). The birds of Group A were offered a basal diet (corn-soya based), Group B basal diet + 0.10% Renamycin 100®, Group C basal diet + 0.15% probiotic (Bio-Top®), Group D basal diet + 0.10% phytobiotic (Galibiotic) and Group E basal diet + 0.15% Bio-Top® + 0.10% Galibiotic. Body weight, feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and serum bio-chemistry (Triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, HDL, ALT, AST, creatinine) were recorded. Serum biochemical values differed significantly (P

Over the previous decades, the textile industry is playing a leading role in the Bangladesh economy. Currently, it is the largest revenue source in our country. We left behind many developing countries in this sector, such as India, Pakistan, and Vietnam. Every year many workers in the textile industry lose their lives and livelihood due to fire accidents. To detect a fire before it spread out, our country’s factory owners mostly use manual fire detection system. We cannot use existing modern fire monitoring systems in our factories, since they use various wireless technologies, such as Wi-Fi, GSM which require additional infrastructure for the application in a factory. In this paper, we propose an automated fire monitoring system that transfers data using nRF24L01. nRF24L01 module makes our device suitable for industry since it can send data to long range and does not require additional infrastructure for application. To evaluate our device, we collect data from different textile industry sections and analyze the sensor data.

Background Having inadequate health care systems and poor socio-economic infrastructure, Bangladesh has been braving to contain the impact of current COVID-19 pandemic since March, 2020. To curb the diffusion of COVID-19, the local government has responded to the outbreak by enforcing a set of restricted measures on economic and social activities across the country. Objectives Here, we aim to assess the propagation of COVID-19 by estimating the coronavirus active cases and mortality rate in two major business hubs of Bangladesh, namely Dhaka and Chittagong city under flexible lockdown conditions. Methods We apply a data-driven forecasting model using Susceptible, Exposed, Infected, Recovered and Deaths status through time to deal with coronavirus outbreak. Results The epidemiological model forecasts the dire consequences for Dhaka city with 2400 death cases at the end of December, 2020, whereas Chittagong city might experience 14% more deaths than Dhaka if the severe restrictions are not implemented to control the pandemic. Conclusion Although lockdown has a positive impact in reducing the diffusion of COVID-19, it is disastrous for human welfare and national economies. Therefore, a unidirectional decision by the policymakers might cost a very high price on either way for a lower-middle-income country, Bangladesh. In this study, we suggest a fair trade-off between public health and the economy to avoid enormous death tolls and economic havoc in Bangladesh., Highlights • Dhaka has been severely affected by the COVID-19 outbreak. • SEIRD, was used to assess the dynamics of COVID-19 transmission in Dhaka and Chittagong city. • Dhaka might face dire consequences with 2400 death cases at the end of December, 2020. • Chittagong is found more vulnerable than Dhaka in terms of death tolls due to COVID-19. • A fair trade-off needs to be considered to avoid enormous death tolls and national economic havoc.

A composition of Ni $$_{{0.7}}\hbox {Cd}_{{0.3}}\hbox {Fe}_{{2}}\hbox {O}_{{4}}$$ (NCF) ferrite nanoparticles was synthesized by a sol–gel auto-combustion technique. The particles in powder form were annealed at 550 and 700 $$^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ to study the structural, dielectric and electric properties of NCF by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy, impedance and modulus spectroscopy. XRD patterns confirmed the single phase cubic spinel structure of the sample. The average crystallite size of NCF was found to be 17 nm at 550 $$^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ and 31 nm at 700 $$^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ , respectively. The variation in complex dielectric constant, loss tangent and impedance along with the modulus properties of NCF with frequencies was observed at room temperature because of their size and annealing temperature. Notably, dielectric dispersion of the materials was observed at low frequencies because of Maxwell–Wagner interfacial polarization. The impedance and modulus spectroscopy were used to investigate the electric properties of the materials, which revealed the increase in grain and grain boundary resistance with annealing temperature. A non-Debye type of relaxation in the materials was evidenced through the Cole–Cole study of impedance and modulus spectra.

In the cysteine and mimosine biosynthesis process, O-acetyl-l-serine (OAS) is the common substrate. In the presence of O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase (OASTL, cysteine synthase) the reaction of OAS with sulfide produces cysteine, while with 3-hydroxy-4-pyridone (3H4P) produces mimosine. The enzyme OASTL can either catalyze Cys synthesis or both Cys and mimosine. A cDNA for cytosolic OASTL was cloned from M. pudica for the first time containing 1,410 bp nucleotides. The purified protein product from overexpressed bacterial cells produced Cys only, but not mimosine, indicating it is Cys specific. Kinetic studies revealed that pH and temperature optima for Cys production were 6.5 and 50 °C, respectively. The measured Km, Kcat, and Kcat Km−1 values were 159 ± 21 µM, 33.56 s−1, and 211.07 mM−1s−1 for OAS and 252 ± 25 µM, 32.99 s−1, and 130.91 mM−1s−1 for Na2S according to the in vitro Cys assay. The Cy-OASTL of Mimosa pudica is specific to Cys production, although it contains sensory roles in sulfur assimilation and the reduction network in the intracellular environment of M. pudica.

The gender-based differences in satisfaction on the service quality of the Upazila Health Complex (UHC) in Bangladesh are assessed in this paper using the SERVQUAL model. Two Upazila, field administrative unit of Bangladesh, of Meherpur district of Bangladesh, were selected to conduct the study. The study used a quantitative approach, primarily using the survey method. The research found that the perception of male and female on service quality of UHC varies significantly. Though they have a similar perception of reliability dimension, females still have a comparatively more positive perception of accessibility, tangibles, empathy, and responsiveness dimensions to UHC than male service receivers. The regression result showed that responsiveness is the key factor to bring satisfaction in service, while empathy and accessibility moderately influence service receivers’ satisfaction. The findings will be useful for policymakers, public health stakeholders, earnest learners, practitioners, and academia.

The purpose of this research was to establish an effective dose of gamma irradiation to eliminate any possible bacterial contamination as well as assess the levels of essential major elements [sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe)] present in black tea. The samples were compared to fresh tea leaves and soil from the tea gardens of two distinct tea cultivating regions (Sylhet and Moulvibazar) in Bangladesh. Maximum coliform bacterial contaminants (4.0 × 102 cfu/g) were completely eliminated following an irradiation dose of 2.5 kGy, whereas a viable bacterial load of 9.0 × 103 cfu/g was completely eliminated at 5.0 kGy. Major elements were present at higher concentrations in black tea samples originating from Sylhet compared to those from Moulvibazar. Among the analyzed elements, only Na and Fe were present at higher concentrations in the fresh tea leaves from Sylhet, whereas K, Ca and Mg were observed at higher concentrations in the tea leaves from Moulvibazar. The amount of each mineral in the black tea is acceptable for daily intake and is safe for consumption. It is concluded that black tea from Bangladesh is a rich source of minerals and could be free of microbial contamination after receiving 5.0 kGy of gamma radiation.

Plant hormones and the circadian rhythm have been implicated in coordinated control of isoprene emission in plants. To gain insights into the signalling networks, foliar application of plant hormones was conducted in a native emitter, Ficus septica. Spraying of 50 μM jasmonic acid (JA) gradually decreased isoprene emission by 88% compared with initial levels within 5 days, and emission increased after relief from JA application. We further explored the molecular regulatory mechanism of isoprene emission by analysing photosynthetic rate, gene expression of 2-C-methyl-D-erythrytol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, hormone signalling and circadian rhythm processes, and metabolite pool sizes of MEP pathway. Results show that isoprene emission strongly correlated with isoprene synthase (IspS) gene expression and IspS protein levels over the period of JA treatment, indicating transcriptional and possible translational modulation of IspS by JA. Application of JA coordinately modulated genes in the auxin, cytokinin (CK), and circadian rhythm signal transduction pathways. Among the transcriptional factors analysed, MYC2 (JA) and LHY (circadian clock) negatively correlated with isoprene emission. Putative cis-elements predicted on IspS promoter (G-box for MYC2 and circadian for LHY) supports our proposal that isoprene emission is regulated by coordinated transcriptional modulation of IspS gene by phytohormone and circadian rhythm signalling.