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Background: Carcinoma pancreas is increasingly being identified by conventional imaging techniques such as ultrasonography (USG), computed tomography (CT) scans, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Imaging also allows for the evaluation of resectability. MRI and CT scans are not generally available in our nation, and most pancreatic carcinomas are too advanced for curative surgical resection when discovered. These are unresectable pancreatic carcinomas (UCP). Objective: In this study our main goal is to evaluate the efficacy of imaging in diagnosing carcinoma pancreas and to assess respectability after comparing them with per-operative findings. Method: This prospective study was done at tertiary medical hospital from January 2021 to January 2022. Where Hospital records of all 150 pancreatic carcinoma patients admitted during the period were retrospectively analyzed. Pre-operatively labeled unresectable carcinoma pancreas patients that underwent laparotomy with histopathological proof during this period were included for the study. Total 150 patients were labeled as ‘unresectable carcinoma. All patients were evaluated by USG and CT scan. MRI was done where USG /CT scan had failed to give any clue about the diagnosis in clinically suspected 8 carcinoma pancreas patients. Results: During the study, majority were belonging to >60 years age group, 65%. USG was able to diagnose 85% with pancreatic cancer followed by CT and MRI scan was able to diagnose 90% and 100% with pancreatic cancer. According to per-operative findings most of the lesions were found at the head of the pancreas, 75%, followed by 16% cases were in body and 9% cases were tail. However, the situation is quite different in USG and CT findings. Where in USG 80% cases were head and In CT it was 70%. Moreover, in MRI it was 78%. According to pre-operative findings ascites was seen in 25% cases, however according to USG it was 18% cases, in CT it was 23%, and in MRI it was 15% cases. USG was able to ......

This paper examines the farm income differences, income inequality of farm households, parameters of income variability that ascertain vulnerability levels, and cost-income variability of agricultural crops in four districts of Mymensingh division in Bangladesh. Six hundred farm households from Mymensingh division were used as the source of data for the current study. The results of the analysis show that per capita income difference is significant in farm household among the districts, and agricultural income variation play an important role in per capita income. Higher income from agriculture contributed lower income inequality in the districts, even though employment income is dominant in most of the districts and highest income inequality is found in Netrokona district. Rice is the leading crop in most of districts, except Mymensingh where income share of other crops is high in the total agricultural income. Remittance income shows the higher income inequality among the districts that are lowest in employment and then agriculture. Agriculture is a primary contributor of inducing income disparity of farm households. In this context, we found that the key variation of agricultural income comes from aman HYV and boro HYV rice crops. The cost and income of these rice crops was largely calculated based on the enhanced yields, higher irrigation, and chemical fertilizer and hired labor use per hectare land. By using the lognormal distribution under two scenarios (baseline, yield loss), we estimated the poverty rates resulted from the yield loss of rice production due to potential climate change impact in different districts. The unexpected yield loss of rice by climate change impact leads to the projection that poverty rates in Jamalpur and Netrokona districts would increase. It is, therefore, recommended that proper management of agricultural farms, crop diversification, and appropriate technology interventions are necessary to reduce income inequality and losses of farm income from climate change impact.

The study analyzed the food security and dietary diversity of tea workers in Lakkatura Tea Garden and Ootterbhag Tea garden in greater Sylhet district of Bangladesh. A total of 200 respondents (100 from each tea estate) were interviewed to evaluate the food security and dietary diversity. The study found that average daily per capita calorie intake by tea workers was 2095.96 kcal. In addition, around 85.30% of the total calorie intake was received from the rice consumption. Average per capita daily intake of rice was estimated at 538.51 gm which is higher than the national average. It was also observed that 71.7 and 65.0% households were food secure in Lakkatura and Ootterbhag Tea garden, respectively. In Lakkatura Tea Garden, 61.67% tea workers have medium dietary diversity and in Ootterbhag Tea Estate 49.47% tea workers have low dietary diversity. Using the logit model analysis, this study provides food consumption patterns of tea workers and determine the factors responsible for food security. Household size, farm income and daily calorie intake were found having significant influence on households’ food security. For improving socioeconomic conditions of tea workers, educational institution should be set up to improve their educational status and government should give loans for them at a low interest rate and create alternative job opportunity in off season.

The study was accomplished to examine the impact of agricultural modernization on sustainable livelihood among the tribal and non-tribal farmers in Bangladesh. Two districts had been selected purposively as study areas which were Sherpur and Mymensingh districts. A total of 160 households (i.e., 80 samples from each district and 40 from tribal and 40 from non-tribal community) were interviewed from different villages for field survey where the indigenous people were involved with different agricultural practices. The majority (43.7%) of the tribal farmers had no education whereas only 30% of the non-tribal farmers were illiterate. It is also showed that 22.5% tribal farmers were engaged in crop cultivation where it was 26.25% for non-tribal farmers. Most of the tribal and non-tribal farmers opined that training is essential for operating new technology. Majority of the farmers had low extent of using modern agricultural practices in the study areas. The Simpson livelihood diversification index was found higher for crop cultivation as well as small business group. The households in the study areas are likely to have a diversified livelihood when they have better education. The scope for livelihood diversification also gets boosted when there was better irrigation, educational and membership facilities. Five components altogether explained about (74.10%) of total variations and first three components account for about half of the variations of the model results. In spite of all problems and threats, there is a strong and great prospect for the upliftment of living standards of underprivileged people through agricultural innovations.

Mungbean is an important indigenous vegetable legume providing protein for the rural and urban poor in South and Southeast Asia. This study was conducted to analyze the value chain, determine the value addition at different levels of value chain of mungbean and identify some constraints of mungbean marketing in Bangladesh. Using a structured questionnaire with face to face interviews, 120 samples were surveyed which were collected from Barisal and Patuakhali district of Bangladesh during the period of 2017-18. The stratified random sampling technique was used in selecting the sample. This study found that the main actors of mungbean marketing were farmer, arathder, wholesaler, retailer and consumer. The study also revealed that mungbean production was found profitable. The study revealed that the cost of mungbean production of a farmer was Tk 40955/ha on full cost basis and Tk. 28055/ha on cash cost basis. The average gross return of a farmer was Tk. 49775/ha and gross margin was found Tk. 8820/ha on full cost basis and Tk. 21720/ha on cash cost basis. Value addition of arathder and wholesaler was Tk 80/maund and Tk 190/maund respectively and value addition of retailer was Tk 410/maund. In the study area farmers and traders mentioned some problems at production and marketing level such as shortage of capital, lack of labour, insecticides, severe attack of insects, dominance of intermediaries, lack of adequate market facility etc. So, government should take proper initiative to solve these problems. [J Bangladesh Agril Univ 2021; 19(4.000): 521-527]

Widespread poverty is the most serious threat and social problem that Bangladesh faces. Regional vulnerability to climate change threatens to escalate the magnitude of poverty. It is essential that poverty projections be estimated while bearing in mind the effects of climate change. The main purpose of this paper is to perform an agrarian sub-national regional analysis of climate change vulnerability in Bangladesh under various climate change scenarios and evaluate its potential impact on poverty. This study is relevant to socio-economic research on climate change vulnerability and agriculture risk management and has the potential to contribute new insights to the complex interactions between household income and climate change risks to agricultural communities in Bangladesh and South Asia. This study uses analysis of variance, cluster analysis, decomposition of variance and log-normal distribution to estimate the parameters of income variability that can be used to ascertain vulnerability levels and help us to understand the poverty levels that climate change could potentially generate. It is found that the levels and sources of income vary greatly among regions of Bangladesh. The variance decomposition of income showed that agricultural income in Mymensingh and Rangpur is the main cause of the total income difference among all sources of income. Moreover, a large variance in agricultural income among regions is induced by the gross income from rice production. Additionally, even in the long run the gradual, constant reduction of rice yield due to climate change in Bangladesh is not a severe problem for farmers. However, extreme events such as floods, flash floods, droughts, sea level rise and greenhouse gas emissions, based on Representative concentration pathways (RCPs), could increase the poverty rates in Mymensingh, Rajshahi, Barisal and Khulna&mdash, regions that would be greatly affected by unexpected yield losses due to extreme climatic events. Therefore, research into and development of adaptation measures to climate change in regions where farmers are largely dependent on agricultural income are important.

Widespread poverty is the most serious threat and social problem that Bangladesh faces. Regional vulnerability to climate change threatens to escalate the magnitude of poverty. It is essential that poverty projections be estimated while bearing in mind the effects of climate change. The main purpose of this paper is to perform an agrarian sub-national regional analysis of climate change vulnerability in Bangladesh under various climate change scenarios and evaluate its potential impact on poverty. This study is relevant to socio-economic research on climate change vulnerability and agriculture risk management and has the potential to contribute new insights to the complex interactions between household income and climate change risks to agricultural communities in Bangladesh and South Asia. This study uses analysis of variance, cluster analysis, decomposition of variance and log-normal distribution to estimate the parameters of income variability that can be used to ascertain vulnerability levels and help us to understand the poverty levels that climate change could potentially generate. It is found that the levels and sources of income vary greatly among regions of Bangladesh. The variance decomposition of income showed that agricultural income in Mymensingh and Rangpur is the main cause of the total income difference among all sources of income. Moreover, a large variance in agricultural income among regions is induced by the gross income from rice production. Additionally, even in the long run the gradual, constant reduction of rice yield due to climate change in Bangladesh is not a severe problem for farmers. However, extreme events such as floods, flash floods, droughts, sea level rise and greenhouse gas emissions, based on Representative concentration pathways (RCPs), could increase the poverty rates in Mymensingh, Rajshahi, Barisal and Khulna—regions that would be greatly affected by unexpected yield losses due to extreme climatic events. Therefore, research into and development of adaptation measures to climate change in regions where farmers are largely dependent on agricultural income are important.