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4. Bacteriostatic and Haemolytic Activities of Extracts and Compounds of Commiphora swynnertonii

Author

Msengwa, Zaituni, Credo, David, Mafuru, Magesa, Mwesongo, James, Mabiki, Faith Philemon, Mwang’onde, Beda John, Mtambo, Madundo Mkumbukwa, Kusiluka, Lughano Jeremy, Mdegela, Robinson Hammerthon, Olsen, John Elmerdahl, Msengwa, Zaituni, Credo, David, Mafuru, Magesa, Mwesongo, James, Mabiki, Faith Philemon, Mwang’onde, Beda John, Mtambo, Madundo Mkumbukwa, Kusiluka, Lughano Jeremy, Mdegela, Robinson Hammerthon, and Olsen, John Elmerdahl

Abstract

Background and objective: Commiphora swynnertonii (Pax) is used in traditional medicine to treat infectious diseases. Previous studies have reported antimicrobial activity of this plant; however, the activity of compounds that are present in extracts of this plant has not been thoroughly documented. Likewise, the primary mode of action (bactericidal or bacteriostatic) and the possible toxicity on red blood cells have not been reported. Methods: Extracts of leaves, whole root, root bark, root wood, whole stem, stem bark and stem wood, were produced using hexane, dichloromethane, methanol and water. Cold and hot extraction methods were employed. Antibacterial activity of extracts was tested against selected medically important Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by growth inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentrations and time kill assays. Moreover, haemolytic activity against sheep red blood cells was determined in vitro. Results: The hexane extracts of whole root and root bark, methanol extracts of root wood, and dichloromethane extracts from the leaves of C. swynnertonii inhibited the growth of S. aureus. MIC values for the extracts and compounds, indicated moderate activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococci species and Enterococci species) while the activity against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella species, Shigella sonnei and Yersinia enterocolitica) was weak. Time kill profiles showed the extracts have bacteriostatic activity against S. aureus, and low haemolytic effect, except for extracts of whole root and leaves at the concentration of 1000 µg/mL. Conclusion: Extracts of C. swynnertonii showed bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive bacteria with low toxicity on red blood cells.

Published
2023

6. Genomic analysis of sewage from 101 countries reveals global landscape of antimicrobial resistance

Author

Munk, Patrick, Brinch, Christian, Møller, Frederik Duus, Petersen, Thomas N., Hendriksen, Rene S., Seyfarth, Anne Mette, Kjeldgaard, Jette S., Svendsen, Christina Aaby, van Bunnik, Bram, Berglund, Fanny, Bego, Artan, Power, Pablo, Rees, Catherine, Lambrinidis, Dionisia, Neilson, Elizabeth Heather Jakobsen, Gibb, Karen, Coventry, Kris, Collignon, Peter, Cassar, Susan, Allerberger, Franz, Begum, Anowara, Hossain, Zenat Zebin, Worrell, Carlon, Vandenberg, Olivier, Pieters, Ilse, Victorien, Dougnon Tamègnon, Gutierrez, Angela Daniela Salazar, Soria, Freddy, Grujić, Vesna Rudić, Mazalica, Nataša, Rahube, Teddie O., Tagliati, Carlos Alberto, Rodrigues, Dalia, Oliveira, Guilherme, de Souza, Larissa Camila Ribeiro, Ivanov, Ivan, Juste, Bonkoungou Isidore, Oumar, Traoré, Sopheak, Thet, Vuthy, Yith, Ngandijo, Antoinette, Nzouankeu, Ariane, Olivier, Ziem A. Abah Jacques, Yost, Christopher K., Kumar, Pratik, Brar, Satinder Kaur, Tabo, Djim-Adjim, Adell, Aiko D., Paredes-Osses, Esteban, Martinez, Maria Cristina, Cuadros-Orellana, Sara, Ke, Changwen, Zheng, Huanying, Baisheng, Li, Lau, Lok Ting, Chung, Teresa, Jiao, Xiaoyang, Yu, Yongjie, JiaYong, Zhao, Morales, Johan F. Bernal, Valencia, Maria Fernanda, Donado-Godoy, Pilar, Coulibaly, Kalpy Julien, Hrenovic, Jasna, Jergović, Matijana, Karpíšková, Renáta, Deogratias, Zozo Nyarukweba, Elsborg, Bodil, Hansen, Lisbeth Truelstrup, Jensen, Pernille Erland, Abouelnaga, Mohamed, Salem, Mohamed Fathy, Koolmeister, Marliin, Legesse, Mengistu, Eguale, Tadesse, Heikinheimo, Annamari, Le Guyader, Soizick, Schaeffer, Julien, Villacis, Jose Eduardo, Sanneh, Bakary, Malania, Lile, Nitsche, Andreas, Brinkmann, Annika, Schubert, Sara, Hesse, Sina, Berendonk, Thomas U., Saba, Courage Kosi Setsoafia, Mohammed, Jibril, Feglo, Patrick Kwame, Banu, Regina Ama, Kotzamanidis, Charalampos, Lytras, Efthymios, Lickes, Sergio A., Kocsis, Bela, Solymosi, Norbert, Thorsteinsdottir, Thorunn R., Hatha, Abdulla Mohamed, Ballal, Mamatha, Bangera, Sohan Rodney, Fani, Fereshteh, Alebouyeh, Masoud, Morris, Dearbhaile, O’Connor, Louise, Cormican, Martin, Moran-Gilad, Jacob, Battisti, Antonio, Diaconu, Elena Lavinia, Corno, Gianluca, Di Cesare, Andrea, Alba, Patricia, Hisatsune, Junzo, Yu, Liansheng, Kuroda, Makoto, Sugai, Motoyuki, Kayama, Shizuo, Shakenova, Zeinegul, Kiiyukia, Ciira, Ng’eno, Eric, Raka, Lul, Jamil, Kazi, Fakhraldeen, Saja Adel, Alaati, Tareq, Bērziņš, Aivars, Avsejenko, Jeļena, Kokina, Kristina, Streikisa, Madara, Bartkevics, Vadims, Matar, Ghassan M., Daoud, Ziad, Pereckienė, Asta, Butrimaite-Ambrozeviciene, Ceslova, Penny, Christian, Bastaraud, Alexandra, Rasolofoarison, Tiavina, Collard, Jean-Marc, Samison, Luc Hervé, Andrianarivelo, Mala Rakoto, Banda, Daniel Lawadi, Amin, Arshana, Rajandas, Heraa, Parimannan, Sivachandran, Spiteri, David, Haber, Malcolm Vella, Santchurn, Sunita J., Vujacic, Aleksandar, Djurovic, Dijana, Bouchrif, Brahim, Karraouan, Bouchra, Vubil, Delfino Carlos, Pal, Pushkar, Schmitt, Heike, van Passel, Mark, Jeunen, Gert-Jan, Gemmell, Neil, Chambers, Stephen T., Mendoza, Fania Perez, Huete-Pιrez, Jorge, Vilchez, Samuel, Ahmed, Akeem Olayiwola, Adisa, Ibrahim Raufu, Odetokun, Ismail Ayoade, Fashae, Kayode, Sørgaard, Anne-Marie, Wester, Astrid Louise, Ryrfors, Pia, Holmstad, Rune, Mohsin, Mashkoor, Hasan, Rumina, Shakoor, Sadia, Gustafson, Natalie Weiler, Schill, Claudia Huber, Rojas, Maria Luz Zamudio, Velasquez, Jorge Echevarria, Magtibay, Bonifacio B., Catangcatang, Kris, Sibulo, Ruby, Yauce, Felipe Campos, Wasyl, Dariusz, Manaia, Celia, Rocha, Jaqueline, Martins, Jose, Álvaro, Pedro, Di Yoong Wen, Doris, Shin, Hanseob, Hur, Hor-Gil, Yoon, Sukhwan, Bosevska, Golubinka, Kochubovski, Mihail, Cojocaru, Radu, Burduniuc, Olga, Hong, Pei-Ying, Perry, Meghan Rose, Gassama, Amy, Radosavljevic, Vladimir, Tay, Moon Y. F., Zuniga-Montanez, Rogelio, Wuertz, Stefan, Gavačová, Dagmar, Pastuchová, Katarína, Truska, Peter, Trkov, Marija, Keddy, Karen, Esterhuyse, Kerneels, Song, Min Joon, Quintela-Baluja, Marcos, Lopez, Mariano Gomez, Cerdà-Cuéllar, Marta, Perera, R.R.D.P., Bandara, N.K.B.K.R.G.W., Premasiri, H.I., Pathirage, Sujatha, Charlemagne, Kareem, Rutgersson, Carolin, Norrgren, Leif, Örn, Stefan, Boss, Renate, Van der Heijden, Tanja, Hong, Yu-Ping, Kumburu, Happiness Houka, Mdegela, Robinson Hammerthon, Hounmanou, Yaovi Mahuton Gildas, Chonsin, Kaknokrat, Suthienkul, Orasa, Thamlikitkul, Visanu, de Roda Husman, Ana Maria, Bidjada, Bawimodom, Njanpop-Lafourcade, Berthe-Marie, Nikiema-Pessinaba, Somtinda Christelle, Levent, Belkis, Kurekci, Cemil, Ejobi, Francis, Kalule, John Bosco, Thomsen, Jens, Obaidi, Ouidiane, Jassim, Laila Mohamed, Moore, Andrew, Leonard, Anne, Graham, David W., Bunce, Joshua T., Zhang, Lihong, Gaze, William H., Lefor, Brett, Capone, Drew, Sozzi, Emanuele, Brown, Joe, Meschke, John Scott, Sobsey, Mark D., Davis, Michael, Beck, Nicola Koren, Sukapanpatharam, Pardi, Truong, Phuong, Lilienthal, Ronald, Kang, Sanghoon, Wittum, Thomas E., Rigamonti, Natalia, Baklayan, Patricia, Van, Chinh Dang, Tran, Doan Minh Nguyen, Do Phuc, Nguyen, Kwenda, Geoffrey, Larsson, D. G. Joakim, Koopmans, Marion, Woolhouse, Mark, Aarestrup, Frank M., Virology, Producció Animal, and Sanitat Animal

Subjects
genomic analysis, sewage, antimicrobial resistance, Multidisciplinary, Sewage, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Metagenome, General Physics and Astronomy, Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics, Genomics, General Chemistry, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology, Anti-Bacterial Agents
Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to global health. Understanding the emergence, evolution, and transmission of individual antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is essential to develop sustainable strategies combatting this threat. Here, we use metagenomic sequencing to analyse ARGs in 757 sewage samples from 243 cities in 101 countries, collected from 2016 to 2019. We find regional patterns in resistomes, and these differ between subsets corresponding to drug classes and are partly driven by taxonomic variation. The genetic environments of 49 common ARGs are highly diverse, with most common ARGs carried by multiple distinct genomic contexts globally and sometimes on plasmids. Analysis of flanking sequence revealed ARG-specific patterns of dispersal limitation and global transmission. Our data furthermore suggest certain geographies are more prone to transmission events and should receive additional attention. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to global health. Understanding the emergence, evolution, and transmission of individual antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is essential to develop sustainable strategies combatting this threat. Here, we use metagenomic sequencing to analyse ARGs in 757 sewage samples from 243 cities in 101 countries, collected from 2016 to 2019. We find regional patterns in resistomes, and these differ between subsets corresponding to drug classes and are partly driven by taxonomic variation. The genetic environments of 49 common ARGs are highly diverse, with most common ARGs carried by multiple distinct genomic contexts globally and sometimes on plasmids. Analysis of flanking sequence revealed ARG-specific patterns of dispersal limitation and global transmission. Our data furthermore suggest certain geographies are more prone to transmission events and should receive additional attention.

Published
2022
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11. Taenia solium taeniosis and cysticercosis literature in Tanzania provides research evidence justification for control:A systematic scoping review

Author

Ngowi, Helena Aminiel, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Braae, Uffe Christian, Mdegela, Robinson Hammerthon, Mkupasi, Ernatus Martin, Kabululu, Mwemezi Lutakyawa, Lekule, Faustin Peter, Johansen, Maria Vang, Ngowi, Helena Aminiel, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Braae, Uffe Christian, Mdegela, Robinson Hammerthon, Mkupasi, Ernatus Martin, Kabululu, Mwemezi Lutakyawa, Lekule, Faustin Peter, and Johansen, Maria Vang

Abstract

Background Despite Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis (TSTC) having been put high on the global agenda of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), which over the last years has received a lot of attention, there has been no control programmes in place in sub-Saharan Africa, a highly endemic region. This could be attributed to lack of awareness of many stakeholders on the burden and impact of T. solium. This information is essential in guiding TSTC policies, practices and research agendas as well as encouraging cross-sectoral collaboration in the control of this important zoonotic parasite using a One Health approach. National elimination of the parasite is the foundation for global eradication. This will require that substantial country-level information is provided to all key stakeholders. We have mapped out TSTC research evidence in Tanzania to inform on disease burden and potential for integrated control measures. Methodology/Principal findings A scoping review of all TSTC studies undertaken in Tanzania and published up to December 2018 was conducted. The articles were searched from PUBMED, AJOL, Google Scholar and Google in general. Fifty-one (51) articles met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Prevalence of taeniosis of 2.3% - 5.2% was estimated based on copro-antigen ELISA while human cysticercosis of >16% was estimated based on serum antigen ELISA (Ag-ELISA) or IgG Western Blot. Neurocysticercosis (NCC) contributed significantly to epilepsy in adults. Farm prevalence of porcine cysticercosis were 6.0% - 17.4% (lingual examination) and 1.5% - 33.3% (Ag-ELISA). Slaughter-slab prevalence were 0% - 18.2% (routine meat inspection). Lacking latrines, watering pigs with river or pond water, and feeding pigs with potato peels were associated with porcine cysticercosis prevalence. Washing hands by dipping method increased the risk of human cysticercosis. In 2012, the number of DALYs/1000 person-years for NCC-associated epilepsy was 0.7 (95% UI, 0.2 1.6), ar

Published
2019

13. Seroprevalence and risk factors for Taenia sppinfection in pigs in Kongwa and Songwe districts, Tanzania: A cross-sectional study

Author

Wilson, Christina, Mdegela, Robinson Hammerthon, Nonga, Hezron Emmanuel, Makingi, George, Churi, Ayubu Jacob, Stelzle, Dominik, Mkupasi, Ernatus Martin, Schmidt, Veronika, Carabin, Hélène, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, and Ngowi, Helena Aminiel

Abstract

Taenia soliumporcine cysticercosis (PCC) is widespread in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where free-range pig rearing is common and hygienic standards are subpar. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 42 villages between June and September 2019 (14 in Songwe district, southwest Tanzania, and 28 in Kongwa district, central Tanzania). Using a commercial Ag-ELISA kit (apDia, Belgium), circulating antigens of Taenia sppin pig serum were identified and used to calculate the PCC seroprevalence. The study recruited 692 randomly selected households, sampling one pig per household. The relationship between each risk factor and the seroprevalence of PCC at the household and village levels was analysed using mixed logistic regression models. The findings showed that approximately 28% of the pigs were reared in free-range settings, the proportion of households with latrines across the districts was 92%. Twenty-seven percent of households with latrines had water and soap available for hand washing. Sixty-seven (9.7%) tested positive for PCC based on Ag-ELISA. The overall seroprevalence in Kongwa and Songwe districts was 7.3% and 14.0% respectively. In addition, the overall village Ag-ELISA positivity was 9.3%, with an interquartile range (IQR) of 4.6% – 14.1%. Increasing the age of the pig (OR = 3.13 95% CI = 1.48 – 6.60; p = 0.003), pig originating from outside the household (OR = 0.5 95% CI = 0.25 – 0.99; p = 0.05), and pigs kept in a household that practised deworming (OR = 2.23 95% CI = 1.08 – 4.61; p = 0.03) were important risk factors associated with PCC positivity. Therefore, the high seroprevalence of PCC, up to 14%, calls for rapid and effective control actions such as vaccination and treatment of pigs against PCC, and public health education emphasises on indoor pig rearing, hygienic practices and regular use of latrines. Our findings also point to a potential danger of Taenia. sppinfection indicating the possibility of people carrying the adult parasite Taenia soliumnot only in the rural communities of Kongwa and Songwe districts but also in the urban areas of Tanzania, where pigs from these areas are transported for consumption. To develop effective management measures, further research on taeniasis and cysticercosis in the human population is required.

Published
2023
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15. Occurrence and levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in farmed and wild marine fish from Tanzania. A pilot study.

Author

Müller, Mette Helen Bjorge, Lyche, Jan Ludvig, Polder, Anuschka, Mwakalapa, Eliezer Brown, Mmochi, Aviti John, and Mdegela, Robinson Hammerthon

Subjects
*PERSISTENT pollutants, *MARINE fishes, *DDT (Insecticide), *AQUACULTURE, *MILKFISH
Abstract

In 2016, farmed and wild milkfish (Chanos chanos) and mullet (Mugil cephalus) from Tanzania mainland (Mtwara) and Zanzibar islands (Pemba and Unguja) were collected for analyses of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Fish livers were analysed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Muscle tissue was used for analyses of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). The major contaminant was p,p′ -DDE. The highest p,p′ -DDE concentration was found in wild milkfish from Mtwara (715.27 ng/g lipid weight (lw)). This was 572 times higher than the maximum level detected in farmed milkfish from the same area. The ratios of p,p′ -DDE/ p,p′ -DDT in wild milkfish and mullet from Mtwara and Pemba indicate historical use of DDT. In contrast, ratios in farmed milkfish from Unguja and Mtwara, suggest recent use. The levels of HCB, HCHs and trans -nonachlor were low. ∑ 10 PCBs levels were low, ranging from -180> -138. PBDEs were detected in low and varying levels in all locations. BDE-47 was the dominating congener, and the highest level was found in farmed milkfish from Jozani (1.55 ng/g lw). HBCDD was only detected in wild mullet from Pemba at a level of 16.93 ng/g lw. PFAS was not detected in any of the samples. POP levels differed between geographic areas and between farmed and wild fish. Human activities seem to influence levels on PCBs and PBDEs on Unguja. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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