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It has been demonstrated in previous literature that a tapered dashpot is a physical embodiment of the mem-dashpot, while a displacement-dependent fluid inerter device can be modeled as a mem-inerter. In this paper, a displacement-dependent diamond-shaped structure spring device is found to be a physical realization of a mem-spring via both theoretical and experimental research. A quarter-car model of the suspension system equipped with the mem-spring is established by the Lagrangian method, and it is exhibited in simulation that the mem-spring has load adaptivity and the ability to improve suspension performance. An investigation reveals the mechanism behind load adaptivity from the perspective of energy storage, namely, a mem-spring with different initial displacement values can be equivalent to a semi-active spring performing an initial-position-dependent stiffness control strategy. Finally, the load adaptivity and performance benefits are verified through the bench test of the suspension system equipped with the mem-spring prototype. Thanks to such load adaptivity, the suspension system with the mem-spring can provide smoother and more constant ride comfort as well as better road holding performance than the one with a linear spring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid advancement of pulse technology, given the extraordinarily high repetition frequency of high-repetition pulse interference, with pulse widths typically ranging from a few nanoseconds to several hundred nanoseconds, it possesses ultra-wideband characteristics, research on how to avoid spectral conflict and malicious interference between these pulse signals and navigation receiver systems has emerged as a pressing and popular issue. This paper introduces the mathematical model of high repetition pulse interference signals. Following this, the paper summarizes and analyses the transient response, nonlinear distortion, and linear distortion that accompany signal processing at the Radio Frequency (RF) front end of the receiver. It concludes that the main source of interference in the limiter's transient response is peak leakage, the primary factor in low noise amplifier's (LNA) interference is third-order intermodulation distortion, and filter interference is due to the interlaced response from adjacent pulses. Lastly, the current research progress on the mechanism of high repeti-tion pulse interference with navigation receivers is reviewed, providing reference for future study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study elucidates the impact of the types and blending ratios of low-carbon alkanes (methane and ethane, C1/C2) on the combustion and emission performance of NH₃ and analyzes the reasons for the differences in the effects of C1/C2 from the elementary reaction. The experimental and numerical analysis results show that C1/C2 reduces the temperature dependence of NH₃ oxidation and promotes the formation of combustion-promoting (CP) radicals. The concentration of CP is determined by the strength of the H-abstraction reactions of C1/C2. The initial H-abstraction product of C1, CH₃, exhibits reaction inertness, whereas the inert radicals of C2 (C₂H₄, C₂H₃, and C₂H₂) appear after three main H-abstraction steps. Additionally, C1/C2 intensifies the NH→N→NO reaction, worsening thermal-NO emissions; this study classifies it as a thermal-NO generation pathway. Although NH₂ and NH significantly reduce fuel-NO, their effect on thermal-NO is less pronounced. The consumption of thermal-NO primarily depends on the reverse direction of the reaction N 2 +O N + NO. • The introduction of C1/C2 reduces the temperature dependence of NH 3 oxidation reactions. • The dehydrogenation reactions of C1/C2 produce different types of inert radicals that limit subsequent dehydrogenation reactions. • C1's inert radicals form after the first dehydrogenation, while C2's form after the third dehydrogenation. • For the HC(O)/NH 3 , NH.→N→NO should be classified as one of the thermal-NO generation pathways. • Thermal-NO consumption depends on N accumulation, driving the reaction N 2 +O=N+NO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the world's most fragile and sensitive ecological regions, Xizang risks significant environmental damage from using traditional materials, including cement and lime, to improve and reinforce loose accumulated sandy soil slopes. To address this issue, this study utilized a low-concentration biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution combined with sisal fibers (SFs) to stabilize loose accumulated sand in southeastern Xizang. A series of physical, mechanical, and microscopic analyses was conducted to evaluate the properties of the treated sand. The results indicated the following. 1) The stress-strain curves of the improved samples exhibited an elastic-plastic relationship. Failure was observed in two stages. At a strain of 3% or less, the samples demonstrated elastic deformation with a linear increase in stress, whereas the deviator stress increased rapidly and linearly with an increase in axial strain. Once the strain exceeded 3%, the deformation became plastic with a nonlinear increase in the stress-strain relationship, and the growth rate of the deviator stress gradually decreased and leveled off. 2) Under varying confining pressure conditions, the relationship curve between the maximum (σ1-σ3)max∼σ3 for both untreated loose accumulated sandy soil and soil improved with the PVA solution, and the sisal fiber was approximately linear. 3) The SFs created a skeletal-like network that encased the soil particles, and the hydroxyl functional groups in the PVA molecules bonded with both the soil particles and the fiber surface, thereby enhancing the interfacial properties. This interaction resulted in a tighter connection between the soil particles and SFs, which improved the stability of the structure. 4) The incorporation of a PVA solution and SFs significantly enhanced the mechanical strength and deformation resistance of the loose accumulated sandy soil. The optimal ratio for the improved soil was SP = 3% and SL = 15 mm, which increased the cohesion from 24.54 kPa in untreated loose accumulated sandy soil to 196.03 kPa. These findings could be applied in engineering practices to improve and reinforce loose accumulated sandy soil slopes in southeastern Xizang and provide a theoretical basis for such applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haze pollution has caused huge losses to the tourism industry, but China's Clean Air Act (CAA), implemented in 2013, provides an important opportunity for the tourism industry to recover. Using a difference-in-differences model and panel data across 275 prefecture-level cities, we investigate the effects of the CAA on their urban tourism economies. The results confirm significant positive effects of the CAA mainly through adjusting the urban industrial structures and stimulating technological innovation. However, there is significant heterogeneity of the policy effects. The CAA plays a greater role in promoting the tourism economies of small-scale cities and non-first-tier cities. In addition, domestic tourism is more affected than inbound tourism. Our findings verify the positive effects of China's haze pollution governance and provide theoretical evidence for the cities to promote the high-quality development of their tourism economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Optimizing the energy consumption structure (ECS) is conducive to promoting the efficiency and quality of regional green economic development (GED). This paper discusses the current situation of green economic development (GED) in China and how optimizing the energy consumption structure (ECS) can promote green economic development (GED). Methods: A systematic literature search (from January 2013 to July 2024) was conducted using the keywords "green economic development" and "energy consumption structure" in the following databases: Web of Science, Embase, Science Direct, and PubMed. In this paper, the entropy method was used to measure the GED indicator system, Arcgis drawing was applied to show the current status of GED development, and the theme of this paper was investigated by constructing the basic regression model, Spatial Durbin model, mediating effect model, and moderating effect model. Two researchers independently screened and extracted data. Results: The analysis of empirical tests in 30 provinces yielded the following results: The overall development of China's GED shows a fluctuating upward trend. However, there is a regional development imbalance, and the development level of the eastern region is significantly higher than that of the central and western regions. The optimization of ECS contributes significantly to the improvement of GED. And the effect of optimizing ECS on GED has an apparent spatial spillover effect. The optimization of ECS in neighboring regions also promotes the increase of GED in the region, and this feature is more obvious in the central and western regions. The spatial effect of ECS optimization on GED is shown as Central Region > Western Region > Eastern Region. The total effect of the upgrading of the energy consumption structure and its impact on surrounding areas is shown in the following regions: Western region > Central region > Eastern region. The analysis of the mechanism effect shows that upgrading industrial structure is the main mechanism for optimizing ECS on GED. Discussion: The results show that the optimization and upgrading of ECS is the driving force behind the development of GED, and that there is a need to break down barriers between regions to promote the common development of GED, as well as to play a role in the mechanism of industrial structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the supply efficiency of ecological products (EPSE) is of great significance to protect the ecological environment, promote the development of green industry and the sustainable growth of the economy. This paper focuses on constructing an evaluation index system for EPSE and exploring the relationship between the development level of the digital economy (DE) and EPSE in China. To measure the EPSE, the study employs the Undesirable Slacks-Based Measurement (SBM) Model across 30 provinces, cities and districts in China from 2011 to 2022. Furthermore, the research utilizes spatial econometric models, panel threshold effect models, and other methodologies to investigate the impact mechanism and nonlinear relationship between DE and EPSE. The research shows that: (1) The overall level of EPSE in the study area is relatively low, with significant development differences observed; (2) The DE has a nota-ble spatial spillover effect on EPSE, with a significantly negative impact in neighboring areas; (3) The development of the DE promotes EPSE through the upgrading of human capital structure, industrial structure, and increases in local government fiscal revenue and corporate operating profits; (4) Heterogeneity analysis shows that the impact of DE on EPSE varies significantly across eastern, central, and western China, with positive effects pronounced in the eastern and western regions; (5) Regression results of the threshold effect indicate a significant single threshold effect on the impact of DE development level on EPSE. Specifically, when the threshold value is less than 0.1232, DE significantly contributes to the improvement of EPSE. This paper contributes new literature evidence and factual references to the understanding of the causal relationship between DE and EPSE. The findings highlight the importance of considering spatial spillover effects, impact mechanisms, and regional heterogeneity in analyzing the relationship between DE and EPSE. The research also suggests that promoting the development of the digital economy could be a viable strategy to enhance EPSE, especially in regions where the threshold value is below 0.1232 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

H2S gas sensors with facile preparation, low detection limits, and high selectivity are crucial for environmental and human health monitoring. However, it is difficult to maintain a high response of H2S gas sensors under high humidity in practical applications. To face this dilemma, a layer‐by‐layer growth method is applied to in situ prepare a nanostructured Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O/WO3 coated by a hydrophobic hierarchical ZIF‐67 as the H2S sensor. This novel composite exhibits excellent humidity immunity without sacrificing the excellent sensitivity and selectivity of H2S. At a low operating temperature of 90 °C, a remarkable response value of 1052.3 to 100 ppm H2S has been achieved, which is 779 and 9.36 times higher than that of pure WO3 and Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O/WO3, respectively. More importantly, an 82.2% relative response value remains at a high humidity of 75%RH. The sensing mechanisms are investigated using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), which revealed that the reaction products are H2O and SO2. The high humidity immunity and fast response of the Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O@ZIF‐67/WO3 demonstrate the layer‐by‐layer in situ synthesis method holds the potential application for the development of high‐performance WO3‐based H2S sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the demands of new power systems, this paper explores the role of heat pump energy storage in novel power systems. First, the principles of ultra-high temperature heat pump energy storage system technology are introduced. Next, a simulation analysis model of the ultra-high temperature heat pump system is built using Aspen Plus, and simulation calculations are conducted for key parameters such as outlet temperature, pressure loss, end temperature difference, cold-end heat storage medium temperature, and other design factors. Finally, an economic analysis model is developed to study the sensitivity of system efficiency, thermal storage power, annual operating hours, electricity purchase prices, and other factors on the economic performance of the heat pump energy storage system. The results show that parameters like pressure and temperature have a significant impact on the energy efficiency of the heat pump energy storage system. Notably, the turbine inlet temperature is linearly related to the outlet temperature. Increasing the turbine inlet temperature, reducing system pressure losses, lowering the cold-end heat storage medium temperature, and minimizing the end temperature difference can improve system efficiency. Many factors affect the economic performance of the system, with the top three influencing net profitability being system efficiency, thermal storage power, and annual operating hours. These three factors should be prioritized in system design and optimization. This study provides theoretical guidance for the design and analysis of ultra-high temperature heat pump energy storage systems in new power systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important driving device, the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) plays a critical role in modern industrial fields. Given the harsh working environment, research into accurate PMSM fault diagnosis methods is of practical significance. Time–frequency analysis captures the rich features of PMSM operating conditions, and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) offer excellent feature extraction capabilities. This study proposes an intelligent fault diagnosis method based on continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and CNNs. Initially, a mechanism analysis is conducted on the inter-turn short-circuit and demagnetization faults of PMSMs, identifying and displaying the key feature frequency range in a time–frequency format. Subsequently, a CNN model is developed to extract and classify these time–frequency images. The feature extraction and diagnosis results are visualized with t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE). The results demonstrate that our method achieves an accuracy rate of over 98.6% for inter-turn short-circuit and demagnetization faults in PMSMs of various severities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clogging frequently occurs in the cutter head, excavation chamber or screw conveyor when an earth pressure balance (EPB) shield machine is tunneling in soft or silty clay ground with high clay mineral content. In this paper, montmorillonite, kaolinite, and illite were selected as research objects, and molecular dynamics simulation and laboratory experiment were adopted. At the microscopic scale, dynamic contact behavior and interfacial mechanical behavior of the interface between clay minerals and water/surfactant solution was simulated and the interfacial adhesion and conditioning mechanism between clay minerals and water/surfactant solution was revealed. Thus, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate surfactant was selected as the main composition of the soil conditioner. Then, the adhesion stress before and after soil conditioning and the contact angles between clay minerals and water/surfactant solution were tested and analyzed at the macroscopic scale. The result shows that the contact angle between droplet and clay mineral surface is an important parameter to characterize soil adhesion. The simulation rules of the microscopic contact angle are consistent with the experiment results. Furthermore, the adsorption energy between microscopic substances is dominated by electrostatic force, which can reflect the adhesion stress between macroscopic substances. Soil adhesion stress can be effectively decreased by adding the surfactant to the soil conditioner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the impact of digital finance on environmental pollution is of great significance for realising regional sustainable development and promoting digital finance strategies. This paper uses the balanced panel data of 274 prefecture-level cities in China collected between 2011 and 2018, empirically studies the impact of digital finance on environmental pollution, and analyses its direct, mediating, nonlinear and heterogeneity effects. The results show that digital finance reduces environmental pollution and the effect gradually increases with time. The sub-indicators of digital finance significantly reduce environmental pollution, among which the usage-depth has the greatest impact on environmental pollution, while digitalisation level has the least. Digital finance reduces environmental pollution through production technology and industrial structure, while pollution control technology does not play an intermediary role. The pollution control effect of digital finance is more prominent in cities with a high level of Internet development and human capital. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect is more significant in western region and medium-small sized cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional transportation development has yielded significant economic and social benefits, but it has also led to increased pollution emissions and substantial environmental impacts. Transport has become a major source of carbon emissions in China. Against the backdrop of national goals for “carbon peak” and “carbon neutrality”, the development of smart transportation offers a fresh perspective on reducing carbon emission intensity. In this study, both provincial and enterprise-level data from China are used to examine the critical role of smart transportation in reducing carbon emission intensity from both macro and micro perspectives, and the dynamic threshold model is employed to validate the inverted U-shaped relationship between the energy structure and digital infrastructure in the carbon reduction process facilitated by smart transportation. In addition, in this mechanism, green innovation and the digital economy play pivotal roles. Multiple robustness tests confirmed the reliability of the empirical analysis. This study highlights the important role of smart transport in carbon intensity and provides valuable insights for developing countries aimed at transitioning toward environmentally friendly, low-carbon, intelligent and advanced transport.

We examine the effect of financial and manufacturing co-clustering on high-quality green development in China’s 30 provinces from 2005 to 2020. The nexus between financial and manufacturing co-clustering and high-quality green development has been comprehensively investigated from linear and non-linear perspectives. We find that financial and manufacturing co-clustering significantly fosters high-quality green development. Mechanism analysis shows that formal environmental regulation has a significant negative moderating effect on high-quality green development, whereas informal environmental regulation plays a significantly positive moderating role. However, empirical results only show the mediation effect of formal environmental regulation in the incentive role of financial and manufacturing co-clustering to high-quality green development. A dynamic panel threshold model also certifies the non-linear effect between financial and manufacturing co-clustering and high-quality green development. Lastly, the promotion effect of financial and manufacturing co-clustering on high-quality green development creates significant heterogeneity.

The relationship between information and communication technology (ICT) and carbon emissions has been inconsistent. Based on the panel data for 261 cities from 2008 to 2018 in China, this paper takes the "Broadband China" pilot policy as a quasi-natural experiment, and uses the difference-in-differences model, instrumental variable approach and other research methods to comprehensively evaluate the impact of the "Broadband China" pilot policy on carbon emissions. Our research found that the "Broadband China" pilot policy can reduce carbon emissions in China, but there was a certain lag in this effect. At the same time, the "Broadband China" pilot policy can reduce carbon emissions by promoting adjustment of industrial structure and green technology innovation, and the mechanism of green technology innovation played a stronger role. In addition, we also found that there was a spatial spillover effect of the "Broadband China" pilot policy affecting carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanadium doping can effectively modify the physical properties of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), broadening their application prospect in electronic, spintronic, and valleytronic devices. However, vanadium dopants always suppress the growth of TMDCs and lower the growth controllability. Here, we report the morphology-controlled growth of vanadium-doped MoS2 (V-MoS2). Both the layer-controlled growth and fractal growth of monolayer V-MoS2 were realized, and the mechanism was analyzed, including contributions from the localized concentration of Mo atoms, the etching effect, and formation energies of different terminations. It will shed light on the morphology-controlled growth of other vanadium-doped TMDCs, promoting the construction of novel devices.

In this study, the storm surge processes and characteristics of Tide-Surge Interactions (TSI) induced by the sequential tropical cyclones (TCs) BARIJAT and MANGKHUT (2018) in the Northern South China Sea (NSCS) are investigated using the numerical model. By comparing the impacts of the two TCs, we find that storm surges are significantly influenced by multiple factors. Notably, bays situated on the western side of the cyclone's landfall point exhibit a double peak pattern in storm surge. In addition, TSI exhibits a pronounced impact across bays affected by the two TCs, with amplitude fluctuations ranging from -0.3 to 0.3 meters and contributing approximately -5% to -20% to the peaks of storm surge. Comparative analysis of TSI variations reveals that tides act as the primary determinant, significantly influencing both the magnitude and period of TSI. Dynamic analysis further highlights that variations in TSI are dominated by barotropic pressure gradient and bottom friction stress. Moreover, TSI affects the frequency of storm surges, introducing high-frequency tidal signals to storm surges and reducing the frequency of storm surges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of bionic vacuum suckers with papillae structures of different parameters were developed to improve the attachment performance of vacuum suckers. The oral sucker of the suckermouth catfish served as the bionic prototype and bionic suckers were made by taking the diameter of papillae, the number of single rows of papillae, the center distance between adjacent rows of papillae, and the distance between the outermost row of papillae and the edge as influencing factors. The single-factor tests and response surface tests were carried out respectively with the growth rates of vertical and horizontal attachment forces as the response values. Twenty-five groups of bionic suckers and one group of standard suckers were fabricated and tested for attachment forces. The experimental results revealed that the bionic suckers had higher vertical and horizontal attachment forces than standard suckers and that their maximum growth rates for these forces were 5.16% and 59.87%, respectively. This suggested that the bionic suckers had better attachment performance. The significant orders of the factors affecting response values were established and their interaction was also analyzed. Besides, the optimal parameter combination of papillae structures of the bionic suckers with optimal vertical and horizontal attachment properties was obtained, respectively. Finally, the influence mechanism of papillae structures on the attachment properties of bionic suckers was analyzed. The studies can serve as a guide for the application of bionic suckers in agricultural production areas such as fruit picking and handling, and the improvement of attachment performance of associated machinery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deformation and failure of the surrounding rock mass is a key issue during the construction of large‐scale underground powerhouse, and large discontinuities are likely to cause this problem in the presence of complex geological structures. This article takes the right bank underground powerhouse of the Baihetan Hydropower Station as a case study. In this case, deformation mutation of the surrounding rock mass occurred in the south section of the main powerhouse, with the maximum deformation reaching 178 mm, and the deformation and failure of different parts showed differences. A comprehensive study integrating field survey, site monitoring, laboratory test and numerical simulation was carried out. By field survey and monitoring, characteristics of deformation and failure are described, and the spatiotemporal difference in deformation is analysed. The stress evolution during excavation is studied based on numerical simulations, the mechanical response of rock is derived through laboratory tests, and the mechanism of spatiotemporal difference is revealed. The results indicate that the main reason for the spatiotemporal difference is the presence of slightly inclining interlayer shear zone C4. In the south section, the excavation‐induced stress concentration at the arch was enhanced due to C4, with the maximum principal stress exceeding 70 MPa, and the high compressive stress here triggered the deformation mutation of surrounding rock mass. After undergoing a stress path from concentration to unloading, the surrounding rock mass at the downstream sidewall was seriously damaged, and its deformation also mutated under approximately vertical stress. The mutation resulted in the uneven spatial distribution, large increment and time‐dependent feature of deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rheology control of water-based drilling fluids at ultra-high temperatures has been one of the major challenges in deep or ultra-deep resource exploration. In this paper, the effects of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (ILA), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (ILB) and N-methyl, butylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) (ILC) on the rheological properties and filtration loss of polymer-based slurries at ultra-high temperatures (200 °C and 240 °C) are investigated by the American Petroleum Institute (API) standards. The results show that ionic liquids with different structures could improve the high-temperature rheological properties of polymer-based drilling fluids. The rheological parameter value (YP/PV) of the polymer-based slurry formulated with ILC is slightly higher than that with ILA at the same concentration, while the YP/PV value of the polymer-based slurry with ILA is slightly higher than that with ILB, which is consistent with the TGA thermal stability of ILA, ILB, and ILC; the thermal stability of ILC with pyrrolidine cations is higher than that of ILA with imidazole cations, and the thermal stability of ILA with bis(trifluorosulfonyl)amide anions is higher than that of ILB with tetrafluoroborate anions. Cation interlayer exchange between organic cation and sodium montmorillonite can improve the rheological properties of water-based drilling fluids. And meantime, the S=O bond in bis(trifluorosulfonyl)amide ions and the hydroxyl group of sodium montmorillonite may form hydrogen bonds, which also may increase the rheological properties of water-based drilling fluids. ILA, ILB, and ILC cannot reduce the filtration loss of polymer-based drilling fluids at ultra-high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the tire is in contact with the wet road, the anti-skid performance is significantly reduced. In order to reveal the mechanism of the decline of the anti-skid performance of the tire when driving on the wet road, combined with the source of the friction force in the interaction between the tire and the road, this paper improved the use method of the British pendulum and conducts an indoor test. At the same time, the contact model between the tire and the road surface was established by the method of molecular dynamics, and the relationship between the change of energy in the model and the macroscopic anti-skid performance index of the laboratory was analyzed. The results show that the pendulum value of the asphalt mixture specimen in the wet state is obviously lower than that in the dry state, and as the temperature increases, the pendulum value decreases more, and the maximum value can reach 8.1%;The existence of water molecules significantly reduces the absolute value of van der Waals energy between rubber molecules and aggregate molecules, and weakens the interaction between tires and road surfaces; water molecules exist between the rubber and aggregate molecules, which will weaken the adhesion between the two. The variation of van der Waals energy between rubber molecules and aggregate crystals with temperature has no obvious correlation with the variation trend of indoor macroscopic anti-slip performance index pendulum value BPN (British Pendulum Number). The variation of adhesion energy with temperature has a strong correlation with the variation trend of BPN in the laboratory test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In cold and arid saline areas, the mechanical properties of soils are usually significantly affected by some complicated conditions, especially the coupled effects of the freeze–thaw–dry–wet (F–T–D–W) cycles and soil salinization. This study experimentally investigated the effect of F–T–D–W cycles on the shear performances and microstructures of silty clay that was salinized during wetting processes. Three types of soil samples with different dry densities were designed: (1) silty clay samples without salt (Category Ⅰ); (2) silty clay samples with salt (Category Ⅱ); and (3) silty clay samples that were salinized during wetting processes (Category Ⅲ). Direct shear and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests were carried out, the variations in the shear strength, surface deterioration, and shear parameters (e.g., cohesion and internal friction angle) were analyzed, and the degradation mechanism was revealed. The results show that the F–T–D–W cycles and soil salinization significantly affect the shear strength of soils, especially for the samples with low dry densities. The shear strengths of soil samples with and without salt (Categories Ⅰ and Ⅱ) decrease as the F–T–D–W cycles increase. Besides, the cohesion of soil samples increases with dry density and declines with the F–T–D–W cycles due to the appearance of cracks and bond failure among soil particles. In addition, there is a threshold number of F–T–D–W cycles to significantly reduce the cohesion of soil samples, and the threshold numbers for soil samples Categories Ⅰ and Ⅱ are six and three, respectively. The repeated expansion and shrinking of soils accelerate the damage to the soil structure, which results in a decrease in cohesion and interparticle force. However, when the concentration of salt solution in soils exceeds the saturation concentration, a new denser soil skeleton is formed by the soil particles and surrounding salt crystals, which improves the shear strength of the soil samples. This study could provide deep insights into the shear performance and microstructures of silty clay exposed to F–T–D–W cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the development problems caused by the geological characteristics of heterogeneous sandstone reservoirs, such as uneven interlayer exploitation, a method for improving uneven interlayer exploitation differences by applying interlayer injection–production coupling technology is proposed. A physical model of interlayer injection–production coupling is elaborated in detail, and its mechanism of enhancing oil recovery is analyzed. The reservoir physical property parameters are measured, and a productivity numerical model for the two-phase flow of oil–water was established based on measurement results. Then, the effectiveness of interlayer injection–production coupling was evaluated. The results showed that the mechanism of interlayer injection–production coupling can be summarized as reservoir elastic energy adjustment and reservoir flow field reconstruction, based on the established physical model. The application of interlayer injection–production coupling technology can significantly improve the interlayer exploitation differences in strongly heterogeneous sandstone reservoirs. The injection rate, liquid production rate, half-period ratio, and coupling period all have a significant influence on the interlayer injection–production coupling effect. Specifically, for the J1 well group, the injection rate and liquid production rate can be appropriately increased by a factor of 2 and 1.5, and corresponding oil recovery will increase by 6.4% and 5%. Meanwhile, when the half-period ratio increases to 3:1, the oil recovery will increase by 7.08%. Therefore, during the design of the interlayer injection–production coupling scheme, the injection rate and liquid production rate can be appropriately increased, the injection time should be increased for the under-exploitation layer, and the optimal coupling period should be selected based on the characteristics of the oilfield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the urban panel data of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei from 2009 to 2021, this article constructs an indicator system for the development level of the digital economy and regional integration, evaluates the impact of the digital economy on the integration development levels of different types of cities. The study found that (1) The digital economy significantly promotes the integration level of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei. The study divides Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei into two categories: large cities and small and medium-sized cities. Large cities and small and medium-sized cities have different effects on the relationship between the digital economy and integration level. (2) From the analysis of different dimensions of the digital economy, digital network infrastructure improvements, industrial digitization, and digital society can all promote regional integration. However, different digital economy contents have different promotional effects on different types of cities. (3) From the results of the mechanism analysis, it can be seen that the optimization of the allocation of human and capital elements, the increase in patent innovation, and the reduction of transaction costs will help enhance the driving force of the digital economy for regional integration. Among them, innovative development significantly impacts large cities' integration levels. The promotion effect is more significant, and small and medium-sized cities are mainly affected by reduced transaction costs and the optimized allocation of capital factors. This study further expands the impact mechanism of the digital economy on the level of regional integration development. It provides a more in-depth analysis of the use of the digital economy to achieve coordinated regional development in regions with excessive economic and technological differences through heterogeneity research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The innovative city pilot policy (ICPP) is a key policy practice in China's innovation-driven economic strategy, yet its influence on urban energy use efficiency (UEUE) has yet to be assessed. This study used balanced panel data from Chinese cities from the period of 2006 to 2022 to investigate the impact of innovative cities on urban energy consumption efficiency. The double-difference method, which treats creative cities as quasi-natural experiments, was applied to identify the impact mechanism of these cities. Additionally, this study looked at heterogeneity from several angles and assessed the effects of the policy on the environment. Following thorough testing to guarantee the reliability of the findings of this study—such as changing variables, ruling out further policy interferences, and running placebo tests—it can be concluded that the pilot program significantly improves urban energy consumption. The mechanism analysis performed in this study shows that, via talent concentration, utilizing technology, and optimizing the industrial structure, the creative city pilot policies increase energy consumption efficiency. Additionally, a heterogeneity analysis shows that eastern cities and cities with a high degree of digital finance benefit most from the legislation in terms of energy consumption efficiency. The application of creative city pilot programs has a more noticeable effect on increasing the energy consumption efficiency in eastern cities, as well as in cities with a high degree of digital infrastructure and digital finance, according to the heterogeneity analysis. Furthermore, an environmental consequence test shows that, by encouraging the growth of UEUE, the development of innovative cities can successfully help to reduce carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel Ti/PANI/PbO2-Ce electrode was fabricated using the electrodeposition method for the degradation of 2,3-dimethylphenol, a typical phenolic pollutant in coking wastewater. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses confirmed the successful incorporation of Ce into the PbO2 matrix. The polyaniline (PANI) interlayer significantly enhanced the electrode's stability and service lifetime. The addition of the rare earth element Ce resulted in the formation of a three-dimensional spherical PbO2 structure, increasing the electrode's surface area and reducing the PbO2 grain size. Compared to the conventional Ti/PbO2 electrode, the Ti/PANI/PbO2-Ce electrode exhibited a higher oxygen evolution potential (OEP, 1.91 V), larger specific surface area, lower charge transfer resistance, and superior hydroxyl radical (•OH) generation capacity. The degradation conditions for 2,3-dimethylphenol were optimized through single-factor experiments, achieving a degradation efficiency of 99.86% at a voltage of 14 V, plate spacing of 1.5 cm, Na2SO4 electrolyte concentration of 0.25 mol/L, pH of 10, and reaction time of 120 min. The calculated activation energy (Ea) and thermodynamic parameters indicate that the electrocatalytic process is an endothermic process. The efficient anodic oxidation of 2,3-dimethylphenol was primarily driven by indirect •OH oxidation. Potential degradation pathways of 2,3-dimethylphenol were elucidated through UV–visible spectrophotometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of the degradation intermediates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer electrolytes play a crucial role in advancing rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) owing to their exceptional characteristics, including high flexibility, superior interface compatibility, broad electrochemical stability window, and enhanced safety features. Despite these advantages, research in this domain remains nascent, plagued by single preparation approaches and challenges associated with the compatibility between polymer electrolytes and Mg metal anode. In this study, we present a novel synthesis strategy to fabricate a glycerol α,α′‐diallyl ether‐3,6‐dioxa‐1,8‐octanedithiol‐based composite gel polymer electrolyte supported by glass fiber substrate (GDT@GF CGPE) through anion modification and thiol‐ene click chemistry polymerization. The developed route exhibits novelty and high efficiency, leading to the production of GDT@GF CGPEs featuring exceptional mechanical properties, heightened ionic conductivity, elevated Mg2+ transference number, and commendable compatibility with Mg anode. The assembled modified Mo6S8||GDT@GF||Mg cells exhibit outstanding performance across a wide temperature range and address critical safety concerns, showcasing the potential for applications under extreme conditions. Our innovative preparation strategy offers a promising avenue for the advancement of polymer electrolytes in high‐performance rechargeable magnesium batteries, while also opens up possibilities for future large‐scale applications and the development of flexible electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing a longitudinal dataset encompassing 30 Chinese provinces and municipalities (with the exception of Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) that spans the years 2011 through to 2021, this study adopts the spatial Durbin model to study the path and mechanism behind the promotion of carbon emission reductions through intelligent manufacturing. The results show the following: ① Intelligent manufacturing plays a crucial role in promoting the reduction of carbon emissions. ② Government interventions can amplify the positive influence of intelligent manufacturing in reducing carbon emissions, and intelligent manufacturing promotes carbon emission reductions by accelerating scientific and technological innovation. ③ There is temporal heterogeneity: upgrading intelligent manufacturing exerted a substantial influence in advancing the reduction of carbon emissions during the timeframe from 2011 to 2019, while it exerted a notable impeding impact on the reduction of carbon emissions during the timeframe from 2011 to 2019. ④ There is spatial heterogeneity: in the eastern region, upgrading intelligent manufacturing promoted carbon emission reductions in 2011–2015, but it inhibited carbon emission reductions in 2016–2021. Consequently, here are the insights we have distilled: ① Enhancing the overall advancement level of intelligent manufacturing can effectively promote carbon emission reductions in China; ② It can also play an important role in guiding governments in making these upgrades and actively promoting them in conjunction with technological innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving corporate ESG performance is regarded as a useful means to promote low-carbon transformation. Based on executive echelon theory, this study uses textual analysis to identify the executives' environmental background characteristics and explores the impact on the company's ESG performance, using data on China's A-share listed companies from 2009 to 2021. The empirical results show that (1) the environmental background of executives has a positive impact on the enterprise's ESG performance, and a series of robustness tests reconfirm this finding. (2) The mediating effect model shows that the executives' environmental background can trigger environmental investment and the green innovation effect, improving the enterprise's ESG performance. (3) The heterogeneity analysis shows that the impact of the environmental background of executives on the firm's ESG performance is more sensitive in non-state-owned and heavily polluting enterprises. (4) Improving corporate ESG performance can also promote economic performance and achieve the dual goals of the "environment + economy". The conclusions in this study provide a theoretical basis and practical enlightenment for the government to formulate environmental policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand for clean hydrogen necessitates the rapid development of efficient photoanodes to catalyze the water oxidation half‐reaction effectively. Here a strategy is introduced to fabricate photoanodes that synergistically combine and leverage the properties of porous Ti‐doped hematite (Ti‐Fe2O3) and graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) nanosheets anchored with in situ grown Ni‐doped CoP co‐catalyst (Ni‐CoP). The resulting hybrid photoanodes exhibit >7 times higher photocurrent density at +1.23 VRHE compared with Ti‐Fe2O3 photoanodes. Comprehensive characterization techniques, including ambient photoemission spectroscopy, intensity‐modulated photocurrent spectroscopy, and transient absorption spectroscopy complementarily reveal the key impact of g‐C3N4 in these composites with enhanced solar oxygen evolution reaction: The incorporation of g‐C3N4 leads to enhanced charge separation through a type‐II heterojunction, thereby increasing the hole flux at the surface, and extending the charge carrier lifetime to the ms‐s range needed for water oxidation. Additionally, g‐C3N4 facilitates efficient transfer of photogenerated holes to the fine Ni‐CoP nanoparticles confined in the graphitic matrix for a boosted oxygen evolution reaction. These findings highlight the advantages of complex heterostructure photoanodes and demonstrate a new application of g‐C3N4 as a multifunctional support of co‐catalysts for future photoanodes with enhanced performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete is obviously affected by the loading strain rate, and concrete exists in the state of shear multiaxial stress in practical engineering. Studying the dynamic response of concrete under multiaxial shear states facilitates comprehensive analysis of its actual failure behavior under complex loading conditions, thereby establishing an experimental foundation for precisely formulating dynamic constitutive models of concrete. Therefore, in this study, five axial compression ratios (0, 0.138, 0.207, 0.276, and 0.414 fc) and four strain rates (10−5/s , 10−4/s , 10−3/s , and 10−2/s) were considered. A servohydraulic machine for compression and shear was applied to conduct experimental research on the shear multiaxial dynamic mechanical properties of concrete. Different failure patterns and shear mechanical characteristic values of concrete under different loading conditions were obtained from the experiments. The following conclusions were mainly drawn through comparative analysis: as the axial compression ratio increases, oblique cracks are gradually formed in the parallel shear direction of the concrete, accompanied by a small amount of concrete spalling. The strain rate parameter has no significant influence on the apparent failure pattern of concrete in the parallel shear direction; moreover, as the axial compression ratio increases, the ranges of increase in shear stress and residual stress for concrete under different strain rates are 357.02% to 291.65%. The increase of strain rate gradually leads to a decreasing trend of shear stress for concrete under the influence of the axial compression ratio; as the strain rate increases, the range of increase in shear stress for concrete under different axial compression ratios is 21.08% to 33.81%. Overall, the increase of axial compression ratio leads to a decreasing trend of shear stress for concrete under the influence of strain rate. Based on the compression-shear relation and the principal stress space, the combined dynamic failure criterion of plain concrete is proposed by considering the effect of strain rate, and the corresponding stress mechanism is analyzed. The research results are of great significance to the development and application of concrete engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presented the investigation on the microstructure characteristics and the interaction among asphalt, crumb rubber (CR) and modifiers (softener, activator, and cross-linking agent) of crumb rubber compound modified asphalt (CRCMA) at process phases by microscopic testing techniques. The results showed that CRCMA had excellent rheological properties at high or low-temperature. The softener was only physically mixed with asphalt and did not change the microscopic morphology of the asphalt. The activator can break some of the chemical bonds of CR and promote the desulphurization degradation reaction which makes the asphalt show a large number of small-body type mesh structures and a small amount of chains in microscopic morphology. The crosslinking agent provided a source of sulphur to induce the crosslinking reaction which resulted in an increase in the reticulation of CRCMA. Finally, a modification mechanism model and the evolution mechanisms based on the microstructure characteristics at preparation phases of CRCMA were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Huaihe River basin is located in eastern and central China and in a climate transition zone. Its unique geographical location and climatic conditions have led to increases in flood waterlogging damage in the basin. The impact of climate change on water resources in the basin and the adaptability of these resources to these changes deserve attention. To achieve the objectives of climate resilient development, society and ecosystems must transform into a more resilient state. This dynamic process includes two stages: adaptation and resilience. In this study, elements of social resilience were integrated into adaptability analyses. Three aspects of the adaptation mechanism of water resource system are discussed: natural resilience, artificial adaptation, and social resilience. An index system that conforms to the process mechanism of water resource system adaptability was constructed. The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process was used to identify and analyse indexes of natural resilience, artificial adaptation and social resilience. Based on the adaptation mechanism of the water resource system and the original two-dimensional risk matrix, a method combining the connection number and three-dimensional risk matrix was established. In addition, a risk element combination table of a three-dimensional risk matrix and its chromatograms was obtained. Finally, an empirical study was conducted using the Huaihe River basin in Anhui Province, China, as an example. The results indicated that the adaptability level of the upper region of the Huaihe River basin in Anhui is higher than that of the lower region, and the adaptability level of the southern part is higher than that of the northern part. To improve the adaptability of water resource system in the lower and northern regions, targeted, evidence-based measures for strengthening water resource management in the Huaihe River basin are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) may lead to oxidative damage and metabolic disorder. The pathogenesis of human bowel inflammation is closely related to oxidative damage of intestinal epithelial cells caused by ROS. This study aimed to explore the high-value utilization of the byproducts of sea cucumber in antioxidant food for colitis prevention. The technology of protease hydrolysis combined with Cordyceps militaris fermentation was used to obtain fermented sea cucumber viscera protease hydrolysates (FSVHs). The results revealed that FSVH could enhance antioxidant capacity and alleviate oxidative damage and apoptosis by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and triggering the self-protection immune mechanisms. Moreover, the FSVH supplementation could upregulate antioxidant-related metabolic pathways of Caco-2 cells such as glutathione metabolism, confirming the enhanced antioxidant capacity of damaged cells. In summary, FSVH could exert protective effects on Caco-2 cells in response to oxidative damage, providing a promising prospect for sea cucumber resource utilization and colitis prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The species of the adaptive male–female sex ratio has different effects on the bio-community. This paper is aimed at figuring out these effects through mechanism analysis and Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE). Hence, the ODE environmental model is created by combining the Lotka–Volterra model, the interspecific model, and other external factors. The stability is used to characterize these effects. According to this model, effects on bio-community stability under different male–female sex ratios are roughly observed. By innovatively considering different living environments during the species' lifecycle, the ODE environmental model is optimized, and the effects of different male–female sex ratios on the bio-community are further analyzed by phase-track maps and relative standard deviation. It is found that there are different findings and features in resource-rich and resource-scarce living environments during the lifecycle. Meanwhile, bio-communities in these two types of environments are in a stable state based on different male–female sex ratios. Based on these findings, directive opinions can be used to manage and help relevant bio-communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco, a crop of significant economic importance, was greatly influenced in leaf quality by protein content. However, current processing parameters fail to adequately meet the requirements for protein degradation. Microorganisms possess potential advantages for degrading proteins and enhancing the quality of tobacco leaves, and hold substantial potential in the process of curing. To effectively reduce the protein content in tobacco leaves, thereby improving the quality and safety of the tobacco leaves. In this study, tobacco leaf were used as experimental material. From these, the BSP1 strain capable of effectively degrading proteins was isolated and identified as Bacillus subtilis by 16S rDNA analysis. Furthermore, the mechanisms were analyzed by integrating microbiome, transcriptome, and metabolome. Before curing, BSP1 was applied to the surface of tobacco leaves. The results indicated that BSP1 effectively improves the activity of key enzymes and the content of related substances, thereby enhancing protein degradation. Additionally, protein degradation was achieved by regulating the diversity of the microbial community on the surface of the tobacco leaves and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. This study provided new strategies for extracting and utilizing functional strains from tobacco leaves, opening new avenues for enhancing the quality of tobacco leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The terrestrial heat flow and lithospheric thermal structure of sedimentary basins are crucial for understanding basin dynamics and assessing geothermal resources. This study computed the heat flow in the Hubao Basin using rock thermal conductivity and borehole temperature data. Combined with the geophysical profile of the Yinshan Orogenic Belt–Hubao Basin–Ordos Basin, the lithospheric thermal structure was studied, and the geodynamic mechanism is discussed. The results indicate that the heat flow in the Hubao Basin ranges from 64.0 to 73.8 mW/m2. The Moho temperature along the profile varies between 570 and 652 °C, and the thickness of the thermal lithosphere ranges from 122.7 to 138.8 km. Using the backstripping method to calculate the crust–mantle heat flow ratio, we find that this ratio in in the Hubao Basin is approximately 1, indicating a "warm crust, warm mantle" type of lithospheric thermal structure. This is related to the combined effects of extensional tectonics since the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, westward subduction of the Pacific Plate, remote effects from the Indian Ocean Plate, and the development of deep-seated faults within the basin. The combined effects of lithospheric thinning and deep-seated faults have resulted in thermal anomalies in the Hubao Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental regulation (ER) and internet development (ID) are important options for addressing the environmental health crisis, but the actual impact of both on public health outcomes (PHOs) is still unclear. This study aims to explain how and to what extent China's ER and ID jointly affect PHO. This is especially important for enhancing the degree of coordination between ecosystems and socioeconomic systems and realizing a harmonious symbiotic relationship between human beings and nature. Unlike previous studies, this paper innovatively incorporates ER and ID into the Grossman health production function, establishing a research framework that includes these factors and their impact on PHO. We employed the provincial panel data from China to methodically analyze the importance of ER and ID in responding to environmental health crises and improving public health, so as to close the gaps in the literature. On the basis of the validation of pollution in China endangering PHO and having heterogeneous manifestations, this paper employed a moderating effect model to confirm that ER and ID can mitigate the harm pollution has on PHO. Furthermore, the two have both demonstrated considerable PHO improvement impacts, with the regional heterogeneity of ER's PHO improvement effect being more pronounced. The usage of the spatial effects model proves that ER and ID have significant spatial performance. Furthermore, as the internet develops, the PHO-improving effects of both comprehensive ER and diverse environmental regulatory tools are becoming more pronounced. According to the study's findings, the government should consider ER and ID as major policy alternatives for improving national health. We developed a policy framework that incorporates multiple measures to boost public health protection in the two, and which aids in the exploration and improvement of feasible solutions to improve public health levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of China's green development and "dual carbon" goal, urbanization, as a way to achieve Chinese modernization, has a particularly important effect on green and low-carbon economic development. Firstly, this paper empirically analyzed the influence of urbanization on per capita carbon emissions using Chinese city data and a panel fixed-effects model. Then, the impact mechanisms of urbanization on carbon emissions were examined from both the demand and supply sides. Finally, we analyzed the differences in the transmission mechanisms of urbanization affecting carbon emissions in the eastern, central, and western regions. The results show that (1) urbanization increases per capita carbon emissions. However, this effect shows inter-regional differences, with more significant promotion effects in the eastern and central regions; (2) on the demand side, the residents' consumption intensity can drive carbon emissions, while the rise of human capital agglomeration suppresses carbon emissions; on the supply side, industrial structure can drive carbon emissions, while the increase of green technological innovation suppresses carbon emissions; (3) the consumption effect and the industry effect play a major role in the eastern and central regions, while the intermediary effect is not obvious in the western region. This study can provide important insights for synergizing urbanization and achieving carbon reduction commitments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of BaLaAl3O7 : xEu3+ nanophosphors have been prepared by the high‐temperature solid state reaction method. The XRD and SEM characterization results present that there exists a slight influence on the crystal structure and the average particle size of the nanophosphors while the Eu3+ ions are doped into the matrix. The intense and narrow red photoluminescence spectra have been measured under the ultraviolet excitation and there are two optimal Eu3+ concentrations of 0.8 and 12 mol %, respectively, and the intensity of the former is stronger than that of the latter. Furthermore, the mechanoluminescence phenomena with the same color are also observed when the samples are scratched with a pen. The calculated results based on the measurements of thermoluminescence spectra reveal that the total initial concentration of trapped carriers of BaLaAl3O7 : 12Eu3+ nanophosphors is larger than that of BaLaAl3O7 : 0.8Eu3+ sample, which causes the change trend of ML intensity to be opposite to that of PL intensity even though both have the same Eu3+ doping concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, Southwest China (SWC) has suffered from frequent super droughts, leading to severe economic losses and ecological degradation. This study investigates the characteristics of super droughts in SWC during 1961–2022, reveals the compounding effect of multiscalar anomalies, and explores the plausible atmospheric circulation mechanisms responsible. The nature of super drought is a compound drought caused by the superposition of extreme drought events across multiple time scales. By contrasting the typical drought cases in 2006 and 2022, the decisive role of multiscalar drought compounding is confirmed. Based on the Comprehensive Multiscalar Index (CMI), multiple super drought events in SWC were identified to be temporally clustered during 2006–2014. Among them, the decadal background of enhanced evaporation and precipitation deficit at long time scales is a necessary condition for shaping the overall pattern of super droughts, while the precipitation and evaporation anomalies at short time scales trigger the outbreak of super droughts, determining the exact timing of occurrence. These events include August–September 2006, November 2009 to May 2010, July–October 2011, April–May 2012, January–April 2013, etc. Statistical results suggest that the contribution of superposed precipitation anomalies to super drought is 2.4 times that of evaporation. As regards the circulation mechanisms affecting multiscalar precipitation, the anomalous spatial patterns at short-term and long-term scales are similar, featuring the cyclonic circulation over the South China Sea and the northeasterly wind anomalies together with the subsidence center over SWC. During 2006–2014, the possible causes for the cross-seasonal persistent precipitation reduction in SWC are the extreme negative phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) in the North Pacific as well as the pronounced warming of the warm pool in the western Pacific. The key dynamic processes are outlined as follows. On the one hand, the negative PDO phase generates anomalous anticyclonic circulation in the North Pacific, with the northeasterly winds on its southwest flank extending to Southeast Asia, hindering moisture transport into SWC. On the other hand, the warming of the warm pool excites anomalous cyclonic circulation to its northwest, also giving rise to northeasterly wind anomalies over SWC. Meanwhile, the ascending motion over the warm pool region diverges at upper levels with outflows converging aloft over SWC, which further induces compensating downward motion there. The combined effect of the above two remote forcings establishes a climatic background state unfavorable for precipitation over SWC at long time scales, thus constituting a crucial prerequisite for the superimposition of short-term precipitation anomalies to develop into super droughts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on literature review and theoretical mechanisms, this article selects city-level data to explore the impact of provincial capital cities boundary expansion on the quality of regional green and low-carbon development. The following conclusions were obtained: (1) Overall, the expansion of provincial capital city boundaries can significantly improve the quality of green and low-carbon development in the later stages of policy implementation, which in turn significantly improves the benefits of urban green and lowcarbon development. The estimated coefficients of policy effects show a trend of slow increase followed by a significant increase. (2) The analysis of Hefei City as a case sample discovered, that expansion of the provincial capital city boundaries can bring about the policy effect of about 0.002-0.371 units to Hefei. From the perspective of the development trend, in the early stage of policy implementation (2011-2014), the degree of policy effect enhancement is slow, and the positive green low-carbon effect has not been fully utilized. In the middle and late stages of policy implementation (2015-2019), the green low-carbon effect shows an increasing development. The policy effect coefficient peaked in 2016, with a value of 0.371. (3) After the implementation of the “strong provincial capital” strategy, the efficient utilization of infrastructure construction, the reduction of industrial transfer, the positive externalities of industrial agglomeration, and the expansion of the city’s financial autonomy are the mechanism paths that generate positive green and low-carbon effects in the later stages of policy implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Vanadium doping can effectively modify the physical properties of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), broadening their application prospect in electronic, spintronic, and valleytronic devices. However, vanadium dopants always suppress the growth of TMDCs and lower the growth controllability. Here, we report the morphology-controlled growth of vanadium-doped MoS2 (V-MoS2). Both the layer-controlled growth and fractal growth of monolayer V-MoS2 were realized, and the mechanism was analyzed, including contributions from the localized concentration of Mo atoms, the etching effect, and formation energies of different terminations. It will shed light on the morphology-controlled growth of other vanadium-doped TMDCs, promoting the construction of novel devices. Controll vanadium dopants enables layer-controlled and fractal growth of V-MoS2 in this work with contributions from the localized concentration of Mo atoms, the etching effect, and formation energies of different terminations. It will help to realize the morphology-controlled growth of other vanadium-doped TMDCs and thus promotes the construction of novel devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address drawbacks of significant toughness decrease of furfurylated wood and comprehensively improve properties of low-quality wood, this study synthesized hyperbranched poly(ester-amide) (HBP) as toughening agent and used synergies of furfuryl alcohol (FA) and HBP for poplar wood modification. The SEM–EDX and FTIR analysis showed that FA and HBP penetrated into wood and in situ polymerized in cell walls and cell lumina, leading to about 25% mass gain and 7% volumetric changes. After compound modification, wood exhibited enhanced hydrophobicity and dimensional stability, suggested by the maximum decrease of over 30% moisture content and volumetric change. This was mainly because polymers blocked water exchanging paths, reduced water accommodation, covered sorption sites and bulked cell walls. The flexural strength and surface hardness of modified wood were notably improved. The impact toughness increased by about 50% compared with that of furfurylated wood, which was mainly ascribed to (1) HBP with a three-dimensional globular structure had micro-phase separation with FA resin during polymerization. The HBP with high flexibility and mobility, acting as the second phase particles, increased the free volume for macromolecular movement. (2) The flexible group-ester group and tertiary amide group of HBP contributed to more absorption of energy and interruption of crack development under impact. Besides, the cracks would be blunted and dissipate impact energy by producing extensive shear deformation. (3) The HBP interrupted the cross-linking of furfural resin and reduced brittle furfural resin network dense. This study provided new references for improving toughness of resin-modified wood and upgrading low-quality wood products for wide application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous international investment-related literature is less likely to include host country digital economy as an influential factor in the analysis framework. Meanwhile digital economy-related literature mainly focuses on the concept and characteristics of digital economy, and few scholars explore the impact and mechanism of China’s OFDI in the context of digital economy. Based on the theory and mechanism analysis, this article first constructs a comprehensive digital economy indicator system using data from 46 B&R countries from 2004 to 2020 and then constructs extended investment gravity model, technological innovation intermediary impact and trade cost moderating effect to thoroughly investigate the effect and fundamental mechanism of digital economy on China’s OFDI. The conclusions are as follows: First, digital economy indicators’ computation reveals significant disparities among B&R countries. Second, baseline regression finds that B&R countries’ digital economy considerably boosts China’s OFDI. Third, regional heterogeneity reveals that digital economy in ASEAN countries plays a more visible role in boosting China’s OFDI. Fourth, mechanism analysis reveals that B&R countries’ digital economy can encourage China’s OFDI by improving technological innovation and reducing trade costs. First published online 6 December 2024

In this work, Lycium barbarum and Platycodon grandiflorus were combined with highly active Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hansen de Bary yeast to perform mixed-yeast fermentation for 0d, 14d, and 30d During the fermentation process, pH showed a decreasing trend from 6.95 to 2.95, and titratable acid content showed a increasing trend from 2.86 to 4.94.The alcohol content peaked at 7.79 %Vol on the 14th day of fermentation. Then, we used untargeted metabolomics to ascertain the types and metabolic pathways of differential metabolites of L. barbarum and P. grandiflorus wine (LPW) during the fermentation process. They yielded significant differential metabolites of 6930 (LPW 30 vs. LPW 0), 6825 (LPW 14 vs. LPW 0), and 833 (LPW 30 vs. LPW 14), respectively. Phenylcyclic compounds, sulfadiazine, lipids and lipid-like molecules, and organic acids were the principal differential metabolites, such as avenalumic acid, trans-4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamate, phenol, succinic acid. Phenylcyclic compounds were the most significant among these and would have a considerable impact on the wine's flavor. The main hubs of the significant metabolite pathways in the LPW were the flavonoid biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and TCA cycle. This study highlights the internal mechanism of wine flavor creation and offers a theoretical basis for the raw plant processing of LPW.

This study investigates the effects and transmission mechanisms of research and development (R & D) efficiency and the proportion of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) on carbon intensity using data from 30 Chinese provinces. The findings show that improving R & D efficiency can lower carbon intensity by promoting technological progress. However, more SOEs can increase carbon intensity by inhibiting technological progress. Thus, a higher proportion of SOEs can reduce the positive impact of R & D efficiency on decreasing carbon intensity. Additionally, the proportion of SOEs has a moderating effect that extends beyond provincial boundaries, resulting in spatial spillover due to strong interconnections between provinces. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that this moderating effect is particularly pronounced in the central and western regions, as well as in the electricity sector. This variation is due to differences in economic development levels and government priorities. Given the characteristics of China’s carbon intensity, policymakers should shift from a one size fits all carbon reduction policy to prioritizing enhancing R & D efficiency, boosting the innovation capabilities of SOEs, and considering spatial linkages and regional disparities.

With the rapid advancement of pulse technology, given the extraordinarily high repetition frequency of high-repetition pulse interference, with pulse widths typically ranging from a few nanoseconds to several hundred nanoseconds, it possesses ultra-wideband characteristics, research on how to avoid spectral conflict and malicious interference between these pulse signals and navigation receiver systems has emerged as a pressing and popular issue. This paper introduces the mathematical model of high repetition pulse interference signals. Following this, the paper summarizes and analyses the transient response, nonlinear distortion, and linear distortion that accompany signal processing at the Radio Frequency (RF) front end of the receiver. It concludes that the main source of interference in the limiter’s transient response is peak leakage, the primary factor in low noise amplifier’s (LNA) interference is third-order intermodulation distortion, and filter interference is due to the interlaced response from adjacent pulses. Lastly, the current research progress on the mechanism of high repeti-tion pulse interference with navigation receivers is reviewed, providing reference for future study.