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The aim of this work is to assess the crystalline structure modification of an SLM Co-Cr-W dental alloy, veneered with two different ceramics, by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy, coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Ten identical plates were fabricated using SLM and were subsequently subjected to ceramic veneering. Following the repeated firing of the ceramic layers, carried out at temperatures exceeding 900 °C, new crystalline phases and variations in the crystallite sizes in the SLM Co-Cr-W dental alloy used for the substructure were detected via XRD. The two veneering ceramics showed significant differences in their behavior, beginning with the first firing, accompanied by structural changes. AFM micrographs and histograms of the surface heights over the whole scanned area of the samples showed that the surface of the Co-Cr-W dental alloy is strongly affected by the repeated firings necessitated by the ceramic firing process, a finding in accordance with the XRD results. The SEM investigation revealed that the different firing parameters had an impact on the alloy, the ceramic microstructure, and the surface quality. The differences in the chemical composition of the ceramics, highlighted by EDS, are reflected in their behavior. The crystalline alloy structure is influenced by the repeated firings of the ceramic layers.

Background Periodontal disease is an inflammatory, dysbiotic condition. Studies have shown that in the elderly, periodontal disease was associated with cognitive dysfunction and Alzheimer’s disease. Objective To investigate whether young healthy subjects with periodontal disease have lower cognition compared to those without periodontal disease. The salivary cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) levels in relation to cognition were also tested. Methods In a monocenter, cross-sectional study, forty subjects [mean age (SD) = 34 (5) and 48% female] from western Romania were classified into periodontal disease conditions using radiographic assessment: 10 subjects had aggressive periodontitis (AGG_P), 20 chronic mild-moderate periodontitis (CR_P), and 10 no periodontitis (NL_P). Neuropsychological assessment performed by standardized neurologists and psychologist included Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Montreal Cognitive Assessment test (MOCA), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Prague tests. Salivary cytokines levels were determined by ELISA. Results RAVLT and MOCA delayed recall scores were lower in AGG_P group compared to NL_P and CR_P. The learning curve was also different with subjects with AGG_P showing reduced learning performance. Contrary to our hypothesis, salivary IL-1β associated with immediate but not delayed cognitive scores. Conclusions These results showed for the first time that subjects with AGG_P had cognitive dysfunction and IL-1β may play a role in this process.

Maintaining the original trajectory of the root canal is a major challenge in endodontic therapy, especially in narrow and curved root canals. The present study aims to assess the shaping capacity of three endodontic systems made of different nickel–titanium alloys on simulated curved root canals. Thirty-six endodontic resin blocks (Ref. V040245, VDW) divided into three groups, each of twelve blocks (n = 12), were shaped, photographed, and analyzed: Group 1-Protaper Gold (PTG) (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) F2 25/08; Group 2-Reciproc Blue (RB), RB 25/08 (VDW, Munich, Germany); Group 3-WaveOne Gold (WOG) (Dentsply Maillefer), WOG 25/07. Each block was standardized and photographed before and after shaping in the same position, with the foramen oriented to the left. Post-shaping images were superimposed onto the initial ones. Thirteen measurement points were used for evaluation, spaced with 1 mm distance from one another, from level 0, apical foramen, to level 12, coronal orifice. The amount of removed resin from inner (X1) and outer (X2) walls, the direction of transportation (X1 − X2), and the centering ability (X1 − X2)/Y were measured, calculated, and comparatively analyzed. Statistical differences (p < 0.05) were observed between the shaping capacity of the considered systems in the middle and coronal thirds. PTG had a better centering ability than WOG and RB in the coronal third, while RB was more centered in the middle third in comparison to both WOG and PTG. In the apical third, the centering capacity of WOG was higher, without being statistically significant. WOG 25/07 and PTG 25/08 tend to cut more on the inner wall of the root canals, and RB 25/08 on the external one.

Introduction. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) caused by incorrect working posture among dentists is a serious issue and one that leads to decreased productivity and quality of life. Aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of MSDs caused by postural errors in dental healthcare professionals on the body’s center of gravity through a new and innovative technique – baropodometry. Methods. In this study we included 3 oral healthcare specialists with over 20 years experience of practicing in orthostatism, with confirmed work-related MSDs, and performed a baropodometric analysis on them. Results. According to the analysis, all 3 test subjects had alterations of the body’s center of gravity, with uneven distribution of pressures on the feet being recorded by the baropodometer. Conclusion. In an effort to maintain a good field of view and workplace in orthostatism, the subject is forced to adopt an non-ergonomic position that leads to uneven weight distribution, shifted center of gravity that eventually cause musculoskeletal disorders.

Composite resin materials for posterior restorations are becoming more and more popular. According to the market, Ormocer materials are more expensive than composite resin this paper is comparing the resistance to fracture between nanohybrid composites and Ormocers under vertical forces to evaluate their cost efficiency in the dental cabinets. 20 teeth were prepared and filled with Ormocer and 20 with nanohybrid composite respectively. All the samples were sent for measuring under vertical pressure with the use of a universal testing machine. The average value of fracture for Ormocer was slightly higher (1541 N) than the average value of fracture of the nanohybrid composite (1431 N). Considering the similarity in the average values of the two materials we should look into the other properties (biocompatibility, shrinkage, aesthetics, etc) to take a final decision. Both materials can be used with the same rate of success taking in account always the protocol provided by the manufacturer.

Review question / Objective: What is the diagnostic test accuracy of emerging technologies for non-cavitated dentin caries detection, considering in vivo and in vitro studies that reported results regarding the occlusal and proximal surfaces, over the last 10 years? Information sources: Electronic databases of Medline, Embase, and PubMed were searched for articles published within the last decade (January 2011 to August 2021).in the period mentioned above. Medline and Embase databases were searched concomitantly using the Ovid interface. To find articles potentially missed by the search, Google Scholar was queried for diagnostic validity studies pertaining to technologies for dentin caries diagnosis.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive, non-radioactive optical diagnostic method based on low-coherence interferometry, which achieves images with different orientation. In dentistry, its major advantage is represented by the localization and characterization of the smallest defects in hard dental tissues, dental materials and of the smallest details in dental anatomy (supplementary canals, recesses, isthmuses, or intra-radicular connections). The aim of the present in vitro study was to evaluate using c-scan en-face optical coherence tomography, the optical opacity, and the distribution inside the root canal lumen of several extracted human teeth of silver and gold nanoparticles from special irrigating solutions used in endodontic treatment. Twelve root canals from 5 human teeth were instrumented using the ProTaper Universal system after initial negotiation with hand K-files ISO no. 10 and rotary nickel-titanium PathFile instruments. An initial c-scan OCT analysis was performed for each sample to confirm that the root canal lumen was empty from radiopaque materials (Group 1). Teeth were first irrigated with NanoCare Plus (Group 2) and then with NanoCare Gold (Group 3) and C-scans were repeated after each irrigation method. The OCT investigation started at the tooth apex, at a depth of 1 mm from its tip. Subsequently, 100 slices of 10 microns were obtained from each root canal. Images were captured and then analyzed with ImageJ software to calculate the level of grey inside the root canal lumen. The highest values of grey were obtained in the samples irrigated with NanoCare Gold after NanoCare Plus (Group 3). The present study proved that both nanoparticles inserted in root canal irrigants were evidenced through OCT imagistic analysis due to their optical opacity, which allowed their highlighting in an empty root canal lumen, after the endodontic treatment was performed and the root canal was cleaned and shaped using specific protocols.

The main properties of dental adhesives should be good marginal adaptation, high retention strength and the possibility of not negatively influencing clinical sustainability. Dental adhesives are continuously improving to increase their retention to dental structures by increasing penetration in these structures, as it was shownin the in-vitro tests requiring imaging and qualitative analysis to allow the evaluation of experimental samples as well as the development of new materials. The main objective of this study is the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the layer of modified dental adhesives with ferrous nanoparticles encapsulated in a SiO2 membrane located between the surface of the dental preparation and the surface of the photopolymerizable composite filling. For qualitative and quantitative analysis of the samples, technologies such as SEM, optical microscopy and EDX were used.

Recent assessments show an increase in the incidence of tooth decay. In addition to prophylactic treatments using fluoride and diet focused on low sugar consumption, application of sealing materials to the teeth surfaces is the best protection against the appearance of dental caries on both temporary and permanent teeth.Tooth sealing applied using conventional method, plus the application of adhesive systems can lead to noticeable results over time.An increased thickness of the adhesive layer may lead to microinfiltration and implicitly to a failure of the dental caries protection therapy.Loading the dental adhesive with magnetic nanoparticles and applying it to the surface of the teeth with the help of a the magnetic field attempts to reduce and uniformize the thickness of the adhesive layer, which can lead to a reduced decrease in the occurrence of dental caries under the sealing materials for pit and fissures on the occlusal surfaces.

Dental decay is an infectious disease that affects more and more people. Dental Restoration Materials are not infallible, after filling a tooth with composite materials, and secondary caries may appear. One of the possible causes involved in the appearance of secondary caries is generated by the uneven thickness of the layer of adhesive that can be fractured by microinfiltration areas. The purpose of this study is to evaluate a new type of dental adhesive that has been loaded with ferric nanoparticles. The thickness of the adhesive layer used in the restoration of the various types of cavities on the surface of the teeth, which were coated with copolymerizable composite materials, was evaluated, making a comparison between the thickness of the uncoated adhesive layer and the thickness of the adhesive loaded with ferric nanoparticles.In this study, 20 extracted teeth were used which presented various carious lesions. The dental caries were removed resulting class I and II Black cavities. The restoration of the cavities was made using adhesive techniques and photopolymerizable fluid-type composites, the adhesive layer being analyzed by the microCT.

Background The goal of this study was to determine the distribution of periodontal disease in a population seeking oral rehabilitation in a Romanian prosthodontics department and to identify the factors associated with each type of periodontal condition. Methods The study population consisted of patients presenting consecutively to the Prosthodontics Department of the Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara. The diagnosis and classification of periodontal conditions, as well as dental pathologies and conditions, were based on examination of panoramic radiographs. A standardized questionnaire was administered to obtain socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender, ethnicity, education, residency, marital status), medical history, dental/periodontal history (family history of periodontal disease), and behavior (smoking, brushing, flossing and regular cleaning). Results Among subjects presenting to the Prosthodontics department, only 34.2% were periodontal disease-free and 65.8% had periodontal disease, of which 11.4% had aggressive periodontitis. In univariate models, age, education, marital status, smoking, and tooth number were associated with chronic periodontitis. Age, education, family history, smoking, and tooth number were associated with aggressive periodontitis. However, in a multivariable model, only age, tooth number and family history were significant. Conclusions This study found a high prevalence of periodontal disease in patients seeking oral rehabilitation from the Prosthodontics department. Age, tooth number and family history of periodontal disease were associated with the type of periodontal disease. These results suggest the need for periodontal examination prior to prosthetic oral rehabilitation in this population.

The aim of the study was to evaluate and to compare the interface and marginal leakage of dental composite resins using confocal laser scanning biological microscopy (CM). Ten class II cavities were prepared on the proximal surfaces of 10 extracted teeth, previously kept in 10% formalin to preserve the bonding properties of the tooth structures. Cavities were restored with dental composite resin using the �open sandwich� technique and then assessed using CM. Open marginal adaptations at the interfaces inside the composite resins were identified. The results obtained with CM helped to eliminate and reduce the background information collected from a distance from the focal plane and allowed for the acquisition of serial optical sections from thick tooth specimens. In vitro assessments were thus made using CM on the teeth structure, regarding the occurrence of potential micro-leakages at the restoration interface.

In vitro studies have shown that rapid penetration of bacteria in the entire root canal system may occur after endodontic treatment without a coronal seal. A proper restorative technique is necessary to ensure a coronal seal and protection of the residual dental structure. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the coronal sealing ability of the most relevant clinical materials by means of dye penetration (neutral red dye, Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), through a light spectrometric device, and to establish which one of the tested dental materials possesses the best sealing ability. Forty-two extracted teeth were prepared and used for this experiment; they were sealed with 5 different cements. The flow composite had the best absorbance value with 0.00675 ± 0.00096 (mean ± standard deviation) for monoradicular samples and 0.025 ± 0.00129 for pluriradicular samples. Under the constraints of the present study, both flowable and packable composite materials can be recommended as orifice sealing materials to prevent microleakage in an endodontically treated tooth. To assess the clinical superiority of any material, further in vivo studies are required.

Dental adhesives are used in a wide range of applications, including to place direct composite restorations in frontal or posterior teeth. One of the most frequent causes for the failure of composite resin restorations is microleakages. The first aim of this work is to introduce a new type of self-etched dental adhesive doped with magnetic nanoparticles (MPs) synthetized in the laboratory. The scope is to produce adhesives with a minimized width/thickness to decrease the risk of microleakages. The second aim is to assess the width/thickness of the adhesive layer in all the characteristic areas of the teeth using both the less precise but most common optical microscopy and the more accurate and volumetric micro-Computed Tomography (CT) investigations. Twenty extracted teeth have been divided into four groups: Group 1 includes &lsquo, blank&rsquo, samples with adhesives that are not doped with MPs, Group 2 includes samples with adhesives doped with MPs, Groups 3 and 4 include samples with adhesives doped with MPs that are subjected to an active magnetic field for 5 and 10 min, respectively. Microscopy investigations followed by micro-CT and EDAX are performed on the adhesive. While a rather good agreement is obtained between the microscopy and micro-CT results, the capability of the latter to offer a full volumetric reconstruction of the layer is exploited to analyze the adhesion of the four considered dental materials. Thus, from micro-CT results the graphs of the surface areas as functions of the adhesive layer width are modeled mathematically, as well as the volume of sealants, for each of the four groups. To our knowledge, it is the first time that such a methodology is used. Characteristic parameters are extracted and the ascertainment of the optimal parameter that should be utilized for such assessments is discussed. The study demonstrates the adhesion improvement produced for Groups 3 and 4, where MPs are used. It also concludes that the magnetic field should be applied to the adhesive material for the longest possible exposure time (with a trade-off with the clinical duration of the treatment).

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at assessing the diagnostic accuracy of emerging technologies, such as laser fluorescence (LF), transillumination, light-emitting diode devices, optical coherence tomography (OCT), alternating current impedance spectroscopy, fluorescence cameras (FC), photo-thermal radiometry, and modulated luminescence technology. In vivo and in vitro results of such non-ionizing, non-invasive, and non-destructive methods’ effectiveness in non-cavitated dentin caries detection are sometimes ambiguous. Following the PRISMA guidelines, 34 relevant research articles published between 2011–2021 were selected. The risk of bias was assessed with a tool tailored for caries diagnostic studies, and subsequent quantitative uni- and bi-variate meta-analysis was carried out in separate sub-groups according to the investigated surface (occlusal/proximal) and study setting (in vivo/in vitro). In spite of the high heterogeneity across the review groups, in vitro studies on LF and FC proved a good diagnostic ability for the occlusal surface, with area under the curve (AUC) of 0.803 (11 studies) and 0.845 (five studies), respectively. OCT studies reported an outstanding performance with an overall AUC = 0.945 (four studies). Promising technologies, such as OCT or FC VistaProof, still need well-designed and well-powered studies to accrue experimental and clinical data for conclusive medical evidence, especially for the proximal surface. Registration: INPLASY202210097.

Materials used in orthodontics are constantly changing and improving, but biocompatibility remains one of their most important characteristics.The purpose of this study is to evaluate the in vitro cellular behavior of dental MSC cells when put in contact with metal and 3D printed resin orthodontic attachments.Cell monolayers were seeded in wells and left to adhere. Polymer and metal orthodontic attachments were placed into the wells. The cells were analyzed on an inverted light microscope. The cellular viability was determined using Alamar Blue assay. Results showed that the morphology and the density of cells are not affected by the presence of either orthodontic material compared to the controls.The metabolic activity of the cells was not altered. Similar cellular reactions,were observed in contact with both materials used in our short term in vitro study.

The purpose of the research was to see the time-trends (2005/2006-2015/2016) of types and patterns of drug usage between the young adults from medical school in TimisCounty. The study is a comparison of two cross-sectional cohorts of student from Timis County, Romania (2005/2006: 365 females and 248 males; 2005/2016: 336 females and 123 males). In both investigations the same questionnairewas used. Through the investigation we measured the types and patterns of drugs used in relation with gender and cohort effect frequency. For the 2005/2006 evaluation 15% of boys and 4.9% of girls have tried at least one kind of drug. In the reevaluation study 2015/2016 the consumption of at least one kind of drug has risen 34.4% boys and 14.4% girls, which means meaning that the number of consumers has risen by 3 times in between investigations. The intervention to minimize the usage of any sort of drugs in a specific university environment or in the general population has to be done in very careful way in concordance with the specific patterns of usage and types of drugs.

Implants and biomaterials used in hard and soft oral tissue augmentation are very complex, but predictable to use nowadays, as the technological advances haven�t skipped this field of medicine. Cases that were impossible to treat with implant retained fixed prosthesis some years ago, have become the daily practice of oral surgeons and dentists around the world. The new user-friendly products, together with simplified protocols, increased the practitioners� predictability and success rate, thus the biomaterial industry took a huge leap forward. As the biomaterial industry keeps developing continuously, making better and safer products, the surgical and prosthetic protocols evolve and change as well. On this matter, the implant placement has become safer, using digital surgical guides. Guided implant placement doesn�t just allow the practitioner place the implant in the patient�s bone, but, moreover, it helps him place it in the correct, 3D, prosthetic position. And, thus, guiding the future bone augmentation and regeneration as well, accordingly. So, the implant placement has shifted from bone-orientated to prosthetic-orientated, offering at the same time a better primary stability for the implants, due to the prior planning. The present clinical study aims to analyze the outcome of the digital guided protocol. Unlike the free-handed surgery, the digital guided surgery allows dentists and oral surgeons to place implants according to the future prosthetic position of the crowns, even in conditions of alveolar ridges with bone resorption. Moreover, it makes possible the �one day implant� concept, the dental technician being able to create the provisional crown/s in advance, knowing precisely the future position of the implant placement. So, at the time of the surgery, the provisional crown is also put in place, guiding the soft and hard tissue healing and also giving the patient a greater satisfaction.

Flash-Free Orthodontic Adhesive System represents the latest technology in the field of orthodontics. In the present study the bonding technique is applied on CAD/CAM produced resin crowns. Ten resin blocks were shaped after an upper premolar crown design from the 3Shape Library, and they were divided ino two groups: on Group 1, control, Clarity Advanced braces (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) were bonded using XT Adhesive Paste (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA), while on Groups 2 same aesthetic brackets were applied, using the APC Flash-Free Adhesive Coated Appliance System (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA). Bracket positioning time was recorded for each sample. Zwick Zoel Z005 testing machine was used to measure the shear bond strength (SBS) at which debonding takes place. Adhesive remnant index (ARI) was registered, as well as presence or absence of adhesive flash and accuracy of flash cleaning before curing. Group 1 showed a mean bonding time of 46.4 s, while Group 2 needed about 20.6 s for each bracket bonding. Mean SBS values for both groups are considered clinically acceptable (6.27 MPa for Group 1 and 7.77 MPa for Group 2). ARI scores were zero for all samples and after debonding, on group 1 can be observed the adhesive flash. In conclusion, APC Flash-Free Coated Appliance System showed reduced time for bracket positioning compared to the conventional technique. APC Flash-Free System showed acceptable SBS values, higher than the uncoated brackets. No composite was left on the resin crown after debonding, the adhesive flash resulted in the conventional technique remaining on the edges of the debonded brackets.

Implants are one of the most innovative and less invasive prosthetic procedures available. Almost all types of edentations can, nowadays, be treated with an implant-retained prosthetic piece, either fixed or removable. But regardless of the development in the industry over the last decades and the high success rate - estimated at over 95% - there are still some problems concerning single or multi-unit restorations[1-3]. One of the main concerns about implant therapy today is the microleakage phenomenon. The microleakage appears between the implant and the abutment and, due to masticatory forces, it creates a pump effect which can carry the oral bacteria inside the implant, where it�s almost impossible to reach, thus, creating a local inflammation, called peri-implantitis[4-6] . Many authors have tried to identify and quantify the phenomenon by diverse means, but a consensus hasn�t been reached on how or when exactly it appears. In the present study, Neutral Red dye was used to determine the sealing of the implant-abutment interface in dynamic conditions, with the help of the spectrophotometry.

The replacement of classical fillings, especially in the posterior area with different types of inlays has become a common solution used in order to improve all parameters which insure a long lasting treatment. Vrious ceramic materials and systems are available, but so far an ideal ceramic material suited for all clinical situations, has not been found. The range of ceramic materials as: lithium disilicate, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide and hybrid ceramics enhance the possibilities of using ceramic inalys in various clinical situations. Marginal adaptation is one of the most important conditions for long-term success for any type of material. The marginal discrepancy of fixed restorations is one of the main factors which lead to failure of the prosthetic treatment.The purpose of the present study is to compare a 2D and 3D method for evaluating the marginal fit for pressed lithium dislicate inlays (Emax). The two used methods were: SEM- electronic microscopy and micro CT.

The aim of this in vitro study is to compare the load-to-fracture performance of polymethyl methacrylates (PMMA) provisional restorations manufactured with a traditional laboratory technique in comparison to a computer-assisted design and computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD-CAM) technique. Five interim three-unit fixed dental prostheses were fabricated with the conventional indirect technique, on a standard typodont. The same model was scanned with an intraoral scanner and the digital design of identical fixed dental prostheses was made. Then other five interim three-unit fixed dental prostheses were milled from PMMA CAD/CAM blocks with an in office milling machine. All specimens were tested for flexural strength in a universal testing machine, and the maximum load to fracture was measured. For the conventional provisional restorations, the load to fracture was 121.16 � 24.6, in comparison to CAD/CAM interim restorations, for which the load to fracture was 728.88 � 228.7. Within the limitations of this study, one can conclude that CAD/CAM provisional restorations present a higher fracture load than the conventional manufactured interim restorations.

The design and development of ceramic structures based on 3D scaffolding as dental bone substitutes has become a topic of great interest in the regenerative dentistry research area. In this regard, the present study focuses on the development of two scaffold-type structures obtained from different commercial dental ceramics by employing the foam replication method. At the same time, the study underlines the physicochemical features and the biological profiles of the newly developed scaffolds, compared to two traditional Cerabone® materials used for bone augmentation, by employing both the in vitro Alamar blue proliferation test at 24, 48 and 96 h poststimulation and the in ovo chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The data reveal that the newly developed scaffolds express comparable results with the traditional Cerabone® augmentation masses. In terms of network porosity, the scaffolds show higher pore interconnectivity compared to Cerabone® granules, whereas regarding the biosafety profile, all ceramic samples manifest good biocompatibility on primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), however only the Cerabone® samples induced proliferation of HGF cells following exposure to concentrations of 5 and 10 µg/mL. Additionally, none of the test samples induce irritative activity on the vascular developing plexus. Thus, based on the current results, the preliminary biosecurity profile of ceramic scaffolds supports the usefulness for further testing of high relevance for their possible clinical dental applications.

The aim of this study was to achieve a polymeric scaffold, ex-vivo, using 3D printing technology and then subjecting it to various tests to check its optimal property. Initially there was selected a lower jaw with a bone defect that would have prevented any treatment based prosthetic implant. The mandible was first scanned using an optical scanner (MAESTRO DENTAL SCANNER MDS400). The scanning parameters using optical scanning system are: 10 micron accuracy, resolution 0.07 mm, 2 rooms with High-Resolution LED structured light, two axes. The scan time of the mandible was 4-5 min. Later the same mandible was scanned using CBCT�s CRANEX 3DX. The images obtained using CBCT�s were correlated with those obtained by optical scanning. Further on, there was achieved the digital design of the future scaffold with the conventional technique of wax addition directly on the mandibular bone defect. After that, this was again scanned using scanning system MAESTRO DENTAL SCANNER MDS400, and using CBCT�s CRANEX 3DX. The images obtained were correlated with all the scanned images of original mandible bone defects. There were made two polymeric scaffolds using 3D printing system an (D20 Digital Wax System 3D Printer). After printing, scaffold sites were introduced for 30 minutes in an oven curing. Later the pieces obtained were processed to remove small excesses of work. There were obtained 3 blocks of polymers that have a good adaptation to the bone profile. Often, in oral implantology and maxillofacial surgery appear bone defects. They prevent an optimal treatment of bio-functional and aesthetic restoration. Using 3D printing technology one can achieve scaffold sites of different biocompatible materials that have optimal properties to replace bone defect and restore the defective area. These scaffold sites have an intimate adaptation to the defect. 3D printing techniques used to restore bone defects can quickly and efficiently give the possibility to have a successful implantology prosthetics treatment.

Dental indirect veneers have become the most functional and cost-effective method for providing high-aesthetic results whenever smile design enhancement is required. Yet, clinical failures have been reported due to the detachment of the veneers from the dental hard tissues, as well as to chipping and microleakage. Many experimental studies have been conducted in order to identify clinical and technical solutions for enhancing the adhesive and biomechanical properties of the veneers, by promoting the same classical, linear marginal contour of these particular indirect restorations. Thus, the aim of this study is to develop a novel design of the veneers deemed to augment the interfacial adhesive forces and, furthermore, to investigate the bonded interfaces by using optical coherence tomography.

Background: One of the key factors for a successful endodontic therapy is to adequately fill the root canals. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the quality of three different techniques of root canal obturation: tapered singlecone, cold lateral condensation, warm vertical condensation and injection system, using non-invasive Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). \ud \ud Materials and methods: A total of 30 extracted single-rooted teeth, prepared with Reciproc System (VDW, silver Reciproc ) were divided into three groups, based on the filling method: the first group obturated with “single-cone” (n=10) Reciproc guttapercha single-cone tapered according to the diameter, length and conicity of the preparation, the second group obturated with cold lateral condensation (n=10) and the third group, “combined-system” (E&Q META BIOMED) (n=10). OCT technology can generate high-resolution cross-sectional imaging, capable to evaluate the micro-leakages of dental restorations and endodontic fillings. \ud \ud Results: OCT showed that none of the root canal filled teeth were gape-free; the highest percentage of filling material was observed in the combined system group (warm vertical and injection system). \ud \ud Conclusions: OCT represents a valuable method for investigation with high depth resolution which can be used for evaluation of endodontic fillings.

"Table tops"/occlusal veneers are partial crowns that allow for the biomimetic restoration of worn teeth in bruxing patients. The biomimetic approach includes a CAD/CAM composite resin for the manufacturing of the "table tops", for example Tizian, which is a zirconia reinforced composite (Schutz Dental Group). In the present study we prove the value of a fast swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) system in the evaluation of the marginal fit of Tizian "table tops". 12 maxillary first premolars were extracted and minimally invasive prepared for "table tops". The Tizian "table tops" were then adhesively cemented on the natural teeth with Variolink II (Ivoclar Vivadent). A SS-OCT system has been used to evaluate the marginal and internal adaptation of Tizian "table tops". The SS (Axsun Technologies, Billerica, MA) has a central wavelength of 1060 nm, a sweeping range 106 nm (quoted at 10 dB), and a 100 kHz line rate. The depth resolution of the system, measured experimentally in air was 10 ?m. The same samples were analyzed by using a micro-computed tomography (?CT) system, in order cu confirm the data obtained by using OCT. The imaging system used for this study offers good spatial resolutions in both directions, transversal and longitudinal, of around 10 ?m, a high sensitivity, and it is also able to acquire entire 3D volumes as fast as 2.5 s. Once the full dataset has been acquired, rendered high resolutions en-face projections could be produced. With it, the "table top" – cement – abutment tooth interfaces were observed on both C-scans as 2D images and also in the 3D reconstructions; the system was able to detect several open interfaces, which were confirmed on the ?CT i mages. The SS-OCT system allows for an efficient evaluation of biomimetic Tizian "table tops".

Technological improvements and the progress of new adhesive materials have led to the development of minimally invasive restorations, like overlays; these are also indicated in the treatment of pathological tooth wear caused by bruxism. In this study we evaluated the marginal adaptation of Tizian overlays through two non-invasive methods: digital microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. 12 maxillary first premolars were extracted and prepared for overlays. The Tizian overlays were cemented with Variolonk II (Ivoclar Vivadent). The marginal adaptation of each specimen was analyzed, on all four surfaces, with a digital microscope at 40x to 800x magnification ratio; we also used a confocal laser scanning microscope, at 10x magnification, in Z mode, with 10 μm slices and a resolution of 1020 x 1024. The exposure time per pixel was 8 μs and the wavelength of the laser was set at 405 nm, corresponding to a blue light laser. We concluded that confocal laser scanning microscopy, with its a higher horizontal and vertical resolution with regard to digital microscopy, and with its volumetric reconstructions capability of the sample image, is therefore a more appropriate method for this particular dental field, i.e., to investigate the marginal adaptation of Tizian overlays.

Lasers usage in dentistry intend to be a more efficient way to cut and coagulate in comparison with traditional scalpel blades. The aim of this study is to evaluate the time efficiency for different surgical procedures of diode lasers compare with the classical cutting technique. Soft tissue modeling with this type of laser was slower, but in the whole management of these cases the economy of time during the healing process was analyzed. In this study the Epic X (Biolase) diode laser was used for performing three procedures: 1)gingivectomy, 2) a surgical procedure to discover of an impacted canine and 3)a vestibuloplasty. In the gingivectomy procedure, the final impression was possible in the same appointment, so it can be estimate a 14 days economy of time. When the impacted canine was discovered, cutting and coagulating with laser beam create the possibility to attach the bracket much more easy easy to the tooth, due to reduced bleeding and improved visibility. The same advantages were also during the vestibuloplasty procedure, which enable not to damage the mental nerve and the healing process was much quicker. In conclusion, using the laser for different surgical procedures in dentistry offer the advantages of better controlling the bleeding and also reducing the healing time.

The aim of this study was to evaluate a relatively new calcium silicate cement (Biodentine(R)) used as a dentine substitute. The marginal adaptation in Class II restorations have been studied; this is the spot, where gingival margins are situated apical to the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ). 20 Class II cavities have been prepared on mesial and distal surfaces of 10 extracted teeth, with margins extending 1 mm below the cementum-enamel junction. Cavities have been restored with composite resin and Biodentine(R) in an "open sandwich" technique. The assessment of the marginal adaptation was performed using Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy. The considered interfaces have been evaluated and the differences between the different materials have been discussed. In conclusion, contemporary calcium silicate materials, such as Biodentine, can be used as substitute materials for the dentin. However, because Biodentine needs extensive time to set, the operating time is longer than when a Resin-Modified Glass-Ionomer (RMGI) is used.

Orthodontic treatments imply the use of different types of adhesives and brackets. However, concerns have been raised regarding the effect of these treatments on the structure of the involved teeth. The debonding process is especially regarded as a concern: due to the use of different pliers tensile and pulling forces the develop on the surface of the tooth. The finishing bur is also a concern. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), an emerging technology that performs transverse sections of biological systems has been used in order to obtain a more accurate assessment of enamel quality due to its wide applicability and to its non-invasive properties.OCT, analogous to ultrasound imaging(with the difference that it uses light instead of sound), provides cross-sectional images of the tissue structure on the micron scale, in vivo and in real time. Regarding fixed orthodontic treatments, patients are often subjected in the process to a high risk of enamel decalcification and carious processes. Demineralization usually occurs in the area adjacent to the orthodontic bracket location, where bacterial plaque control is difficult. Therefore, in this study we evaluate using OCT the degree of demineralisation produced in the enamel structure, following the removal of the orthodontic bracket. Also, the amount of adhesive remnants after the removal of the adhesive and the finishing of the dental surface with specific instrumentation is evaluated.

One of the most common fabrication techniques for dental ceramics is sintering, a process of heating of the ceramic to ensure densification. This occurs by viscous flow when the firing temperature is reached. Acceptable restorations require the alloy and ceramic to be chemically, thermally, mechanically, and aesthetically compatible. Thermal and mechanical compatibility include a fusing temperature of ceramic that does not cause distortion of the metal substructure. Decalibration of ovens used for firing of the ceramic layers for metal ceramic dental prostheses leads to stress and cracks in the veneering material, and ultimately to the failure of the restoration. 25 metal ceramic prostheses were made for this study. They were divided in five groups, each sintered at a different temperature: a group at the temperature prescribed by the producer, two groups at lower and two groups at higher temperatures set in the ceramic oven. An established noninvasive biomedical imaging method, swept source (SS) optical coherence tomography (OCT) was employed, in order to evaluate the modifications induced when using temperatures different from those prescribed for firing the samples. A quantitative assessment of the probes is performed by en-face OCT images, taken at constant depths inside the samples. The differences in granulation, thus in reflectivity allow for extracting rules-of-thumb to evaluate fast, by using only the prostheses currently produced the current calibration of the ceramic oven. OCT imaging can allow quick identification of the oven decalibration, to avoid producing dental prostheses with defects.