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1. Human neocortical expansion involves glutamatergic neuron diversification

Author

Tim S. Heistek, Thomas Braun, Natalia A. Goriounova, Michael Tieu, Lindsay Ng, Michael Hawrylycz, Kris Bickley, Anton Arkhipov, Colin Farrell, Trangthanh Pham, Alexandra Glandon, Daniel Park, Gábor Molnár, Herman Tung, Allan R. Jones, Lisa Keene, Gáspár Oláh, Thomas Chartrand, Amy Torkelson, Jae Geun Yoon, Rachel A. Dalley, Aaron Szafer, Nick Dee, Brian E. Kalmbach, Eliza Barkan, Allison Beller, Krissy Brouner, Andrew L. Ko, Alex M. Henry, Viktor Szemenyei, Julie Nyhus, Staci A. Sorensen, Samuel Dingman Lee, Norbert Mihut, Amy Bernard, Lisa Kim, Anatoly Buchin, Melissa Gorham, Lucas T. Graybuck, Lydia Potekhina, Katelyn Ward, Caitlin S. Latimer, Aaron Oldre, Gabe J. Murphy, Boaz P. Levi, Trygve E. Bakken, René Wilbers, Jonathan T. Ting, Kimberly A. Smith, Amanda Gary, Songlin Ding, Alice Mukora, Matthew Kroll, Anoop P. Patel, Wayne Wakeman, Hongkui Zeng, Nadezhda Dotson, Rusty Mann, Victoria Omstead, Leona Mezei, Desiree A. Marshall, Shea Ransford, Lydia Ng, Sara Kebede, Gábor Tamás, Jeffrey G. Ojemann, Stephanie Mok, Nathan Hansen, Christina A. Pom, Brian Lee, Jim Berg, Ramkumar Rajanbabu, John W. Phillips, Philip R. Nicovich, Matthew Mallory, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Rachel Enstrom, Luke Esposito, Tim Jarsky, Di Jon Hill, Idan Segev, Darren Bertagnolli, Agata Budzillo, Sander Idema, Daniel L. Silbergeld, Costas A. Anastassiou, Chris Hill, Michelle Maxwell, Mean Hwan Kim, Charles Cobbs, Delissa McMillen, Bosiljka Tasic, Olivia Fong, Medea McGraw, Hong Gu, Kirsten Crichton, David Reid, Kristen Hadley, Lauren Alfiler, Manuel Ferreira, Elliot R. Thomsen, Kiet Ngo, Josef Sulc, Augustin Ruiz, Katherine Baker, Zizhen Yao, Erica J. Melief, Femke Waleboer, Hanchuan Peng, Grace Williams, Rebecca D. Hodge, Kyla Berry, Katherine E. Link, David Sandman, Tsega Desta, Christine Rimorin, Jeff Goldy, Ryder P. Gwinn, Djai B. Heyer, Changkyu Lee, Jeremy A. Miller, Nathan W. Gouwens, Pál Barzó, Attila Ozsvár, Huibert D. Mansvelder, Sergey L. Gratiy, Rafael Yuste, David Feng, Jessica Trinh, Clare Gamlin, Tamara Casper, C. Dirk Keene, Susan M. Sunkin, Tom Egdorf, Philip C. De Witt Hamer, Rebecca de Frates, Peter Chong, Szabina Furdan, Patrick R. Hof, Jasmine Bomben, Christiaan P. J. de Kock, Eline J. Mertens, Ed S. Lein, Anna A. Galakhova, Florence D’Orazi, Christof Koch, Madie Hupp, Neurosurgery, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Systems & Network Neuroscience, Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, and Amsterdam Neuroscience - Compulsivity, Impulsivity & Attention

Subjects
Cell type, Multidisciplinary, Neocortex, Neurofilament, Molecular neuroscience, Biology, Article, Cellular neuroscience, chemistry.chemical_compound, Glutamatergic, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, Biocytin, medicine, Neuron, Neuroscience
Abstract

The neocortex is disproportionately expanded in human compared with mouse1,2, both in its total volume relative to subcortical structures and in the proportion occupied by supragranular layers composed of neurons that selectively make connections within the neocortex and with other telencephalic structures. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses of human and mouse neocortex show an increased diversity of glutamatergic neuron types in supragranular layers in human neocortex and pronounced gradients as a function of cortical depth3. Here, to probe the functional and anatomical correlates of this transcriptomic diversity, we developed a robust platform combining patch clamp recording, biocytin staining and single-cell RNA-sequencing (Patch-seq) to examine neurosurgically resected human tissues. We demonstrate a strong correspondence between morphological, physiological and transcriptomic phenotypes of five human glutamatergic supragranular neuron types. These were enriched in but not restricted to layers, with one type varying continuously in all phenotypes across layers 2 and 3. The deep portion of layer 3 contained highly distinctive cell types, two of which express a neurofilament protein that labels long-range projection neurons in primates that are selectively depleted in Alzheimer’s disease4,5. Together, these results demonstrate the explanatory power of transcriptomic cell-type classification, provide a structural underpinning for increased complexity of cortical function in humans, and implicate discrete transcriptomic neuron types as selectively vulnerable in disease., Combined patch clamp recording, biocytin staining and single-cell RNA-sequencing of human neurocortical neurons shows an expansion of glutamatergic neuron types relative to mouse that characterizes the greater complexity of the human neocortex.

Published
2021

2. Signature morpho-electric properties of diverse GABAergic interneurons in the human neocortex

Author

Brian Lee, Rachel Dalley, Jeremy A Miller, Thomas Chartrand, Jennie Close, Rusty Mann, Alice Mukora, Lindsay Ng, Lauren Alfiler, Katherine Baker, Darren Bertagnolli, Krissy Brouner, Tamara Casper, Eva Csajbok, Nick Dee, Nicholas Donadio, Stan L.W. Driessens, Tom Egdorf, Rachel Enstrom, Anna A Galakhova, Amanda Gary, Emily Gelfand, Jeff Goldy, Kristen Hadley, Tim S. Heistek, Dijon Hill, Nelson Johansen, Nik Jorstad, Lisa Kim, Agnes Katalin Kocsis, Lauren Kruse, Michael Kunst, Gabriela Leon, Brian Long, Matthew Mallory, Michelle Maxwell, Medea McGraw, Delissa McMillen, Erica J Melief, Gabor Molnar, Marty T Mortrud, Dakota Newman, Julie Nyhus, Ximena Opitz-Araya, Trangthanh Pham, Alice Pom, Lydia Potekhina, Ram Rajanbabu, Augustin Ruiz, Susan M Sunkin, Ildiko Szots, Naz Taskin, Bargavi Thyagarajan, Michael Tieu, Jessica Trinh, Sara Vargas, David Vumbaco, Femke Waleboer, Natalie Weed, Grace Williams, Julia Wilson, Shenqin Yao, Thomas Zhou, Pal Barzo, Trygve Bakken, Charles Cobbs, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Luke Esposito, Manuel Ferreira, Nathan W Gouwens, Benjamin Grannan, Ryder P. Gwinn, Jason S. Hauptman, Rebecca Hodge, Tim Jarsky, C.Dirk Keene, Andrew L. Ko, Boaz Levi, Jeffrey G. Ojemann, Anoop Patel, Jacob Ruzevick, Daniel L. Silbergeld, Kim Smith, Jack Waters, Hongkui Zeng, Jim Berg, Natalia A. Goriounova, Brian Kalmbach, Christiaan P.J. de Kock, Huib D Mansvelder, Staci A Sorensen, Gabor Tamas, Ed S. Lein, and Jonathan T Ting

Abstract

Human cortical interneurons have been challenging to study due to high diversity and lack of mature brain tissue platforms and genetic targeting tools. We employed rapid GABAergic neuron viral labeling plus unbiased Patch-seq sampling in brain slices to define the signature morpho-electric properties of GABAergic neurons in the human neocortex. Viral targeting greatly facilitated sampling of the SST subclass, including primate specialized double bouquet cells which mapped to two SST transcriptomic types. Multimodal analysis uncovered an SST neuron type with properties inconsistent with original subclass assignment; we instead propose reclassification into PVALB subclass. Our findings provide novel insights about functional properties of human cortical GABAergic neuron subclasses and types and highlight the essential role of multimodal annotation for refinement of emerging transcriptomic cell type taxonomies.One Sentence SummaryViral genetic labeling of GABAergic neurons in humanex vivobrain slices paired with Patch-seq recording yields an in-depth functional annotation of human cortical interneuron subclasses and types and highlights the essential role of multimodal functional annotation for refinement of emerging transcriptomic cell type taxonomies.

Published
2022

3. Morpho-electric and transcriptomic divergence of the layer 1 interneuron repertoire in human versus mouse neocortex

Author

Thomas Chartrand, Rachel Dalley, Jennie Close, Natalia A. Goriounova, Brian R. Lee, Rusty Mann, Jeremy A. Miller, Gabor Molnar, Alice Mukora, Lauren Alfiler, Katherine Baker, Trygve E. Bakken, Jim Berg, Darren Bertagnolli, Thomas Braun, Krissy Brouner, Tamara Casper, Eva Adrienn Csajbok, Nick Dee, Tom Egdorf, Rachel Enstrom, Anna A. Galakhova, Amanda Gary, Emily Gelfand, Jeff Goldy, Kristen Hadley, Tim S. Heistek, DiJon Hill, Nik Jorstad, Lisa Kim, Agnes Katalin Kocsis, Lauren Kruse, Michael Kunst, Gabriela Leon, Brian Long, Matthew Mallory, Medea McGraw, Delissa McMillen, Erica J. Melief, Norbert Mihut, Lindsay Ng, Julie Nyhus, Victoria Omstead, Zoltan Peterfi, Alice Pom, Lydia Potekhina, Ramkumar Rajanbabu, Marton Rozsa, Augustin Ruiz, Joanna Sandle, Susan M. Sunkin, Ildiko Szots, Michael Tieu, Martin Toth, Jessica Trinh, Sara Vargas, David Vumbaco, Grace Williams, Julia Wilson, Zizhen Yao, Pal Barzo, Charles Cobbs, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Luke Esposito, Manuel Ferreira, Nathan W. Gouwens, Benjamin Grannan, Ryder P. Gwinn, Jason S. Hauptman, Tim Jarsky, C.Dirk Keene, Andrew L. Ko, Christof Koch, Jeffrey G. Ojemann, Anoop Patel, Jacob Ruzevick, Daniel L. Silberberg, Kimberly Smith, Staci A. Sorensen, Bosiljka Tasic, Jonathan T. Ting, Jack Waters, Christiaan P.J. de Kock, Huib D. Mansvelder, Gabor Tamas, Hongkui Zeng, Brian Kalmbach, and Ed S. Lein

Abstract

Neocortical layer 1 (L1) is a site of convergence between pyramidal neuron dendrites and feedback axons where local inhibitory signaling can profoundly shape cortical processing. Evolutionary expansion of human neocortex is marked by distinctive pyramidal neuron types with extensive branching in L1, but whether L1 interneurons are similarly diverse is underexplored. Using patch-seq recordings from human neurosurgically resected tissues, we identified four transcriptomically defined subclasses, unique subtypes within those subclasses and additional types with no mouse L1 homologue. Compared with mouse, human subclasses were more strongly distinct from each other across all modalities. Accompanied by higher neuron density and more variable cell sizes compared with mouse, these findings suggest L1 is an evolutionary hotspot, reflecting the increasing demands of regulating the expanding human neocortical circuit.One Sentence SummaryUsing transcriptomics and morpho-electric analyses, we describe innovations in human neocortical layer 1 interneurons.

Published
2022

4. Verbal and General IQ Associate with Supragranular Layer Thickness and Cell Properties of the Left Temporal Cortex

Author

Huibert D. Mansvelder, C.P.J. de Kock, Eline J. Mertens, Natalia A. Goriounova, Anna A. Galakhova, Braak S, Ed S. Lein, Martin Klein, René Wilbers, P. C. de Witt Hamer, Djai B. Heyer, M L Muijtjens, Medea McGraw, Matthijs B. Verhoog, Hunt S, E Hartsema, Johannes C. Baayen, Sander Idema, Neurosurgery, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Systems & Network Neuroscience, Medical psychology, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Compulsivity, Impulsivity & Attention, CCA - Cancer biology and immunology, and CCA - Imaging and biomarkers

Subjects
Temporal cortex, Neurons, language, Intelligence quotient, Mental ability, dendrites, Cognitive Neuroscience, Pyramidal Cells, Intelligence, Action Potentials, Brodmann area 21, Biology, intelligence, Verbal reasoning, Layer thickness, Temporal Lobe, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, medicine.anatomical_structure, action potential, medicine, Verbal iq, Humans, Neuron, human neurons, Neuroscience
Abstract

The left temporal lobe is an integral part of the language system and its cortical structure and function associate with general intelligence. However, whether cortical laminar architecture and cellular properties of this brain area relate to verbal intelligence is unknown. Here, we addressed this using histological analysis and cellular recordings of neurosurgically resected temporal cortex in combination with presurgical IQ scores. We find that subjects with higher general and verbal IQ scores have thicker left (but not right) temporal cortex (Brodmann area 21, BA21). The increased thickness is due to the selective increase in layers 2 and 3 thickness, accompanied by lower neuron densities, and larger dendrites and cell body size of pyramidal neurons in these layers. Furthermore, these neurons sustain faster action potential kinetics, which improves information processing. Our results indicate that verbal mental ability associates with selective adaptations of supragranular layers and their cellular micro-architecture and function in left, but not right temporal cortex.

Published
2022

5. Local Connectivity and Synaptic Dynamics in Mouse and Human Neocortex

Author

Luke Campagnola, Stephanie C. Seeman, Thomas Chartrand, Lisa Kim, Alex Hoggarth, Clare Gamlin, Shinya Ito, Jessica Trinh, Pasha Davoudian, Cristina Radaelli, Mean-Hwan Kim, Travis Hage, Thomas Braun, Lauren Alfiler, Julia Andrade, Phillip Bohn, Rachel Dalley, Alex Henry, Sara Kebede, Mukora Alice, David Sandman, Grace Williams, Rachael Larsen, Corinne Teeter, Tanya L. Daigle, Kyla Berry, Nadia Dotson, Rachel Enstrom, Melissa Gorham, Madie Hupp, Samuel Dingman Lee, Kiet Ngo, Philip R. Nicovich, Lydia Potekhina, Shea Ransford, Amanda Gary, Jeff Goldy, Delissa McMillen, Trangthanh Pham, Michael Tieu, La’Akea Siverts, Miranda Walker, Colin Farrell, Martin Schroedter, Cliff Slaughterbeck, Charles Cobb, Richard Ellenbogen, Ryder P. Gwinn, C. Dirk Keene, Andrew L. Ko, Jeffrey G. Ojemann, Daniel L. Silbergeld, Daniel Carey, Tamara Casper, Kirsten Crichton, Michael Clark, Nick Dee, Lauren Ellingwood, Jessica Gloe, Matthew Kroll, Josef Sulc, Herman Tung, Katherine Wadhwani, Krissy Brouner, Tom Egdorf, Michelle Maxwell, Medea McGraw, Christina Alice Pom, Augustin Ruiz, Jasmine Bomben, David Feng, Nika Hejazinia, Shu Shi, Aaron Szafer, Wayne Wakeman, John Phillips, Amy Bernard, Luke Esposito, Florence D. D’Orazi, Susan Sunkin, Kimberly Smith, Bosiljka Tasic, Anton Arkhipov, Staci Sorensen, Ed Lein, Christof Koch, Gabe Murphy, Hongkui Zeng, and Tim Jarsky

Subjects
Adult, Male, Neurons, Multidisciplinary, Models, Neurological, Datasets as Topic, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Mice, Transgenic, Neocortex, Synaptic Transmission, Article, Temporal Lobe, Mice, Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials, Neural Pathways, Synapses, Animals, Humans, Female, Visual Cortex
Abstract

We present a unique, extensive, and open synaptic physiology analysis platform and dataset. Through its application, we reveal principles that relate cell type to synaptic properties and intralaminar circuit organization in the mouse and human cortex. The dynamics of excitatory synapses align with the postsynaptic cell subclass, whereas inhibitory synapse dynamics partly align with presynaptic cell subclass but with considerable overlap. Synaptic properties are heterogeneous in most subclass-to-subclass connections. The two main axes of heterogeneity are strength and variability. Cell subclasses divide along the variability axis, whereas the strength axis accounts for substantial heterogeneity within the subclass. In the human cortex, excitatory-to-excitatory synaptic dynamics are distinct from those in the mouse cortex and vary with depth across layers 2 and 3.

Published
2022

6. A whole-brain monosynaptic input connectome to neuron classes in mouse visual cortex

Author

Kat North, Jasmin Bomben, Shenqin Yao, Bosiljka Tasic, Nicole Hancock, Shea Ransford, Thuyanh V. Nguyen, Ali Williford, Karla E. Hirokawa, Wayne Wakeman, Stefan Mihalas, Lydia Ng, Fiona Griffin, Robert Howard, Julie A. Harris, Rachel Enstrom, Tom Egdorf, Nadezhda Dotson, Eric Lee, Kyla Mace, Amanda Gary, Peter A. Groblewski, Michelle Maxwell, Lydia Potekhina, Tanya L. Daigle, Nhan-Kiet Ngo, Medea McGraw, Krissy Brouner, Philip R. Nicovich, Benjamin Ouellette, Jennifer Luviano, Emily Gelfand, Sam Seid, Chelsea Nayan, Maitham Naeemi, Marty Mortrud, Jackie Swapp, Cho A, Ali Cetin, Hong Gu, Hongkui Zeng, M. J. Taormina, Sophie Lambert, Leonard Kuan, Ruweida Ahmed, Thomas Zhou, Melissa Gorham, Augustin Ruiz, Linzy Casal, Shiella Caldejon, and Quanxin Wang

Subjects
General Neuroscience, Rabies virus, Tracing, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Entire visual cortex, Visual cortex, medicine.anatomical_structure, medicine, Connectome, Excitatory postsynaptic potential, Neuron, Neuroscience, Brain function
Abstract

Identification of the structural connections between neurons is a prerequisite to understanding brain function. We developed a pipeline to systematically map brain-wide monosynaptic inputs to specific neuronal populations using Cre-driver mouse lines and the recombinant rabies tracing system. We first improved the rabies virus tracing strategy to accurately identify starter cells and to efficiently quantify presynaptic inputs. We then mapped brain-wide presynaptic inputs to different excitatory and inhibitory neuron subclasses in the primary visual cortex and seven higher visual areas. Our results reveal quantitative target-, layer- and cell-class-specific differences in the retrograde connectomes, despite similar global input patterns to different neuronal populations in the same anatomical area. The retrograde connectivity we define is consistent with the presence of the ventral and dorsal visual information processing streams and reveals further subnetworks within the dorsal stream. The hierarchical organization of the entire visual cortex can be derived from intracortical feedforward and feedback pathways mediated by upper- and lower-layer input neurons, respectively. This study expands our knowledge of the brain-wide inputs regulating visual areas and demonstrates that our improved rabies virus tracing strategy can be used to scale up the effort in dissecting connectivity of genetically defined cell populations in the whole mouse brain.

Published
2021

7. Classification of electrophysiological and morphological neuron types in the mouse visual cortex

Author

David Sandman, Brian Lee, Michael Hawrylycz, Sara Kebede, Tom Egdorf, David Reid, Rob Young, Nivretta Thatra, Stefan Mihalas, David Feng, John W. Phillips, Rebecca de Frates, DiJon Hill, Cliff Slaughterbeck, Samuel R Josephsen, Tamara Casper, Xiaoxiao Liu, Hanchuan Peng, Peter Chong, Colin Farrell, Zhi Zhou, Sheana Parry, Jed Perkins, Brian Long, Susan M. Sunkin, Matthew Kroll, Krissy Brouner, Melissa Gorham, Aaron Szafer, Wayne Wakeman, Hong Gu, Marissa Garwood, Daniel Park, Kristen Hadley, Michael S. Fisher, Lydia Potekhina, Ed Lein, Alice Mukora, Hongkui Zeng, Nick Dee, Aaron Oldre, Lindsay Ng, Thomas Braun, Grace Williams, Tracy Lemon, Julie A. Harris, Medea McGraw, Nadezhda Dotson, Philip R. Nicovich, Amanda Gary, Rusty Mann, Alex M. Henry, Caroline Habel, Samuel Dingman, Katherine E. Link, Nathalie Gaudreault, Gilberto J. Soler-Llavina, Thuc Nghi Nguyen, Nicole Blesie, Bosiljka Tasic, Lydia Ng, Christine Cuhaciyan, Tim Jarsky, Keith B. Godfrey, Costas A. Anastassiou, Kirsten Crichton, Josef Sulc, Martin Schroedter, Dan Castelli, Miranda Robertson, Amy Bernard, Lisa Kim, Songlin Ding, Alyse Doperalski, Nathan W. Gouwens, Herman Tung, Tsega Desta, Corinne Teeter, James Harrington, Jonathan T. Ting, Kris Bickley, Anton Arkhipov, Kiet Ngo, Changkyu Lee, Jim Berg, Agata Budzillo, Emma Garren, Tanya L. Daigle, Christof Koch, Rachel A. Dalley, Eliza Barkan, Staci A. Sorensen, Gabe J. Murphy, Shiella Caldejon, and Naz Taskin

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Genetically modified mouse, Cell type, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Databases, Factual, Action Potentials, Datasets as Topic, Mice, Transgenic, Biology, Article, Neuron types, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Genes, Reporter, Biocytin, medicine, Animals, Cell shape, Cell Shape, Visual Cortex, Neurons, General Neuroscience, Laboratory mouse, Electrophysiology, 030104 developmental biology, Visual cortex, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, Transcriptome, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Understanding the diversity of cell types in the brain has been an enduring challenge and requires detailed characterization of individual neurons in multiple dimensions. To systematically profile morpho-electric properties of mammalian neurons, we established a single-cell characterization pipeline using standardized patch-clamp recordings in brain slices and biocytin-based neuronal reconstructions. We built a publicly accessible online database, the Allen Cell Types Database, to display these datasets. Intrinsic physiological properties were measured from 1,938 neurons from the adult laboratory mouse visual cortex, morphological properties were measured from 461 reconstructed neurons, and 452 neurons had both measurements available. Quantitative features were used to classify neurons into distinct types using unsupervised methods. We established a taxonomy of morphologically and electrophysiologically defined cell types for this region of the cortex, with 17 electrophysiological types, 38 morphological types and 46 morpho-electric types. There was good correspondence with previously defined transcriptomic cell types and subclasses using the same transgenic mouse lines.

Published
2019

8. Local Connectivity and Synaptic Dynamics in Mouse and Human Neocortex

Author

Michael Tieu, Amy Bernard, Lisa Kim, Samuel Dingman Lee, Tim Jarsky, Corinne Teeter, Martin Schroedter, Alex Hoggarth, Kimberly A. Smith, Amanda Gary, Charles Cobb, John W. Phillips, Christina A. Pom, Herman Tung, Hongkui Zeng, Daniel Carey, Phillip Bohn, Colin Farrell, Bosiljka Tasic, Rusty Nicovich, Medea McGraw, Krissy Brouner, Andrew L. Ko, Katherine Wadhwani, Lauren Ellingwood, Tom Egdorf, Anton Arkhipov, Aaron Szafer, Michael Clark, Kirsten Crichton, Kyla Berry, Josef Sulc, Nick Dee, Gabe J. Murphy, Luke Esposito, Trangthanh Pham, Thomas Chartrand, Alex M. Henry, Rachel A. Dalley, Rachel Enstrom, Thomas Braun, Luke Campagnola, Cristina Radaelli, C. Dirk Keene, Tanya L. Daigle, Cliff Slaughterbeck, Sara Kebede, Rachael Larsen, Jeffrey G. Ojemann, Juia Andrade, Michelle Maxwell, Staci A. Sorensen, Jeff Goldy, Jessica Gloe, David Sandman, Shinya Ito, Susan M. Sunkin, Wayne Wakeman, Travis A. Hage, Melissa Gorham, Ryder P. Gwinn, Pasha A. Davoudian, Augustin Ruiz, Grace Williams, Clare Gamlin, Christof Koch, La'Akea Siverts, Stephanie C. Seeman, Jasmine Bomben, Florence D’Orazi, Madie Hupp, Ed S. Lein, Nadia Dotson, Shea Ransford, Nika Hejazinia, Mean Hwan Kim, Delissa McMillen, David Feng, Jessica Trinh, Lydia Potekhina, Alice Mukora, Lauren Alfiler, Tamara Casper, Shu Shi, Matthew Kroll, Kiet Ngo, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Daniel L. Silbergeld, and Miranda Walker

Subjects
Synapse, Cell type, Neocortex, medicine.anatomical_structure, Excitatory synapse, Cortex (anatomy), medicine, Excitatory postsynaptic potential, Biology, Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, Neuroscience, Subclass
Abstract

To elucidate cortical microcircuit structure and synaptic properties we present a unique, extensive, and public synaptic physiology dataset and analysis platform. Through its application, we reveal principles that relate cell type to synapse properties and intralaminar circuit organization in the mouse and human cortex. The dynamics of excitatory synapses align with the postsynaptic cell subclass, whereas inhibitory synapse dynamics partly align with presynaptic cell subclass but with considerable overlap. Despite these associations, synaptic properties are heterogeneous in most subclass to subclass connections. The two main axes of heterogeneity are strength and variability. Cell subclasses divide along the variability axis, while the strength axis accounts for significant heterogeneity within the subclass. In human cortex, excitatory to excitatory synapse dynamics are distinct from those in mouse and short-term plasticity varies with depth across layers 2 and 3. With a novel connectivity analysis that enables fair comparisons between circuit elements, we find that intralaminar connection probability among cell subclasses exhibits a strong layer dependence.These and other findings combined with the analysis platform create new opportunities for the neuroscience community to advance our understanding of cortical microcircuits.

Published
2021

9. Expansion of cortical layers 2 and 3 in human left temporal cortex associates with verbal intelligence

Author

Mansvelder Hd, Ed S. Lein, Martin Klein, Sander Idema, Braak S, Hunt S, Natalia A. Goriounova, René Wilbers, Medea McGraw, Johannes C. Baayen, de Witt Hamer Pc, de Kock Cp, E Hartsema, Djai B. Heyer, Eline J. Mertens, Anna A. Galakhova, Matthijs B. Verhoog, and M L Muijtjens

Subjects
Temporal cortex, medicine.anatomical_structure, Mental ability, medicine, Cognition, Neuron, Psychology, Verbal reasoning, Neuroscience
Abstract

The expansion of supragranular cortical layers is thought to have enabled evolutionary development of human cognition and language. However, whether increased volume of supragranular cortical layers can actually support greater cognitive and language abilities in humans has not been demonstrated. Here, we find that subjects with higher general and verbal intelligence test (VIQ) scores have selectively expanded layers 2 and 3 only in the left temporal cortex, an area associated with language and IQ-test performance. This expansion is accompanied by lower neuron densities and larger cell-body size. Furthermore, individuals with higher VIQ scores had neurons with larger dendritic trees in left temporal cortex, potentially impacting their function. Indeed, neurons of subjects with higher VIQ scores had faster action potential upstroke kinetics, which improves information processing. These data show that expansion of supragranular layer volume, cortical and cellular micro-architecture and function are associated with improved verbal mental ability in human subjects.

Published
2021

10. Signature morpho-electric, transcriptomic, and dendritic properties of extratelencephalic-projecting human layer 5 neocortical pyramidal neurons

Author

Tanya L. Daigle, Cristina Radaelli, Scott F. Owen, Andrew L. Ko, Ryder P. Gwinn, Anna Marie Yanny, Kimberly A. Smith, Christopher Dirk Keene, Rachel A. Dalley, Medea McGraw, Ed S. Lein, Jonathan T. Ting, Brian E. Kalmbach, Hongkui Zeng, Anoop P. Patel, de Frates R, Jeffrey G. Ojemann, Matthew Mallory, Philip R. Nicovich, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Staci A. Sorensen, Daniel L. Silbergeld, Rebecca D. Hodge, Lucas T. Graybuck, Nick Dee, Nikolas L. Jorstad, Christof Koch, Trygve E. Bakken, Charles Cobbs, and Bosiljka Tasic

Subjects
Cell type, Neocortex, Rodent, biology, Functional specialization, Cell, Phenotype, Transcriptome, medicine.anatomical_structure, nervous system, biology.animal, medicine, Neuroscience, Function (biology)
Abstract

In the neocortex, subcerebral axonal projections originate largely from layer 5 (L5) extratelencephalic-projecting (ET) neurons. The highly distinctive morpho-electric properties of these neurons have mainly been described in rodents, where ET neurons can be labeled by retrograde tracers or transgenic lines. Similar labeling strategies are not possible in the human neocortex, rendering the translational relevance of findings in rodents unclear. We leveraged the recent discovery of a transcriptomically-defined L5 ET neuron type to study the properties of human L5 ET neurons in neocortical brain slices derived from neurosurgeries. Patch-seq recordings, where transcriptome, physiology and morphology are assayed from the same cell, revealed many conserved morpho-electric properties of human and rodent L5 ET neurons. Divergent properties were also apparent but were often smaller than differences between cell types within these two species. These data suggest a conserved function of L5 ET neurons in the neocortical hierarchy, but also highlight marked phenotypic divergence possibly related to functional specialization of human neocortex.

Published
2020

11. Human cortical expansion involves diversification and specialization of supragranular intratelencephalic-projecting neurons

Author

Sergey L. Gratiy, Sara Kebede, Chris Hill, Clare Gamlin, Jeffrey G. Ojemann, Tom Egdorf, Ed S. Lein, Lydia Potekhina, Alice Mukora, Shea Ransford, Matthew Mallory, Tim S. Heistek, Jonathan T. Ting, Gábor Tamás, Philip C. De Witt Hamer, Rebecca de Frates, Medea McGraw, Gábor Molnár, Jim Berg, Szabina Furdan, Patrick R. Hof, Natalia A. Goriounova, David Feng, David Reid, Elliot R. Thomsen, Michael Tieu, Katelyn Ward, C. Dirk Keene, Florence D’Orazi, Mean Hwan Kim, Daniel Park, Amy Torkelson, Agata Budzillo, Katherine Baker, Michael Hawrylycz, Krissy Brouner, Andrew L. Ko, DiJon Hill, Kyla Berry, Peter Chong, Jessica Trinh, Desiree A. Marshall, Katherine E. Link, Brian Lee, Jasmine Bomben, Aaron Szafer, Gabe J. Murphy, Viktor Szemenyei, Madie Hupp, Lauren Alfiler, Nick Dee, Zizhen Yao, Luke Esposito, Tamara Casper, Erica J. Melief, Susan M. Sunkin, Lindsay Ng, Hongkui Zeng, Pál Barzó, Allison Beller, Lydia Ng, Charles Cobbs, Darren Bertagnolli, Kiet Ngo, Bosiljka Tasic, John W. Phillips, Christine Rimorin, Alex M. Henry, Aaron Oldre, Michelle Maxwell, Wayne Wakeman, Delissa McMillen, Amanda Gary, Tsega Desta, Nathan Hansen, Hong Gu, Julie Nyhus, Staci A. Sorensen, Gáspár Oláh, Thomas Chartrand, Kirsten Crichton, Matthew Kroll, Josef Sulc, Jeremy A. Miller, Amy Bernard, Lisa Kim, Herman Tung, Idan Segev, Kristen Hadley, David Sandman, Anoop P. Patel, Colin Farrell, Allan R. Jones, Lisa Keene, Sander Idema, Changkyu Lee, Stephanie Mok, Augustin Ruiz, Caitlin S. Latimer, Tim Jarsky, Kris Bickley, Anton Arkhipov, Ramkumar Rajanbabu, Thomas Braun, Costas A. Anastassiou, Anatoly Buchin, Nathan W. Gouwens, Philip R. Nicovich, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Olivia Fong, Grace Williams, Rachel Enstrom, Rachel A. Dalley, Daniel L. Silbergeld, Attila Ozsvár, Kimberly A. Smith, Ryder P. Gwinn, Songlin Ding, Rafael Yuste, Manuel Ferreira, Victoria Omstead, Samuel Dingman Lee, Norbert Mihut, Hanchuan Peng, Brian E. Kalmbach, Eliza Barkan, Melissa Gorham, Boaz P. Levi, Trygve E. Bakken, Jeff Goldy, Djai B. Heyer, Nadezhda Dotson, Rusty Mann, Rebecca D. Hodge, Christof Koch, René Wilbers, Leona Mezei, Eline J. Mertens, Jae-Geun Yoon, Anna A. Galakhova, Christina A. Pom, Trangthanh Pham, Alexandra Glandon, Christiaan P. J. de Kock, Lucas T. Graybuck, and Huibert D. Mansvelder

Subjects
0303 health sciences, Cell type, Neocortex, Neurofilament, Biology, Transcriptome, 03 medical and health sciences, Glutamatergic, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cortex (anatomy), Specialization (functional), medicine, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Function (biology), 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

The neocortex is disproportionately expanded in human compared to mouse, both in its total volume relative to subcortical structures and in the proportion occupied by supragranular layers that selectively make connections within the cortex and other telencephalic structures. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses of human and mouse cortex show an increased diversity of glutamatergic neuron types in supragranular cortex in human and pronounced gradients as a function of cortical depth. To probe the functional and anatomical correlates of this transcriptomic diversity, we describe a robust Patch-seq platform using neurosurgically-resected human tissues. We characterize the morphological and physiological properties of five transcriptomically defined human glutamatergic supragranular neuron types. Three of these types have properties that are specialized compared to the more homogeneous properties of transcriptomically defined homologous mouse neuron types. The two remaining supragranular neuron types, located exclusively in deep layer 3, do not have clear mouse homologues in supragranular cortex but are transcriptionally most similar to deep layer mouse intratelencephalic-projecting neuron types. Furthermore, we reveal the transcriptomic types in deep layer 3 that express high levels of non-phosphorylated heavy chain neurofilament protein that label long-range neurons known to be selectively depleted in Alzheimer’s disease. Together, these results demonstrate the power of transcriptomic cell type classification, provide a mechanistic underpinning for increased complexity of cortical function in human cortical evolution, and implicate discrete transcriptomic cell types as selectively vulnerable in disease.

Published
2020
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12. Toward an integrated classification of neuronal cell types: morphoelectric and transcriptomic characterization of individual GABAergic cortical neurons

Author

David Feng, Jessica Trinh, Tamara Casper, Lisa Kim, Rohan Gala, Clare Gamlin, Matthew Kroll, Uygar Sümbül, Lauren Alfiler, Thomas Braun, Jasmine Bomben, Bosiljka Tasic, Colin Farrell, Hongkui Zeng, Lydia Potekhina, Tsega Desta, Kiet Ngo, Lydia Ng, Alice Mukora, Fahimeh Baftizadeh, Aaron Szafer, Rachel A. Dalley, Shea Ransford, Changkyu Lee, Nick Dee, Brian Lee, Kirsten Crichton, Luke Esposito, Miranda Robertson, Josef Sulc, Alex M. Henry, Darren Bertagnolli, Tom Egdorf, Nadezhda Dotson, Zhi Zhou, Jim Berg, Philip R. Nicovich, Rusty Mann, Madie Hupp, Daniel Park, Delissa McMillen, Samuel Dingman Lee, Agata Budzillo, Eliza Barkan, Olivia Fong, Thanh Pham, Jeff Goldy, Ed S. Lein, Rebecca de Frates, Kimberly A. Smith, Amy Torkelson, Tim Jarsky, Michelle Maxwell, Michael Tieu, Susan M. Sunkin, Michael Hawrylycz, Lucas T. Graybuck, Herman Tung, David Reid, DiJon Hill, Alexandra Glandon, Kara Ronellenfitch, Aaron Oldre, Amanda Gary, Nathan W. Gouwens, Christof Koch, Alice Pom, Wayne Wakeman, Sara Kebede, Matthew Mallory, Tae Kyung Kim, Tanya L. Daigle, Kris Bickley, Anton Arkhipov, Osnat Penn, Staci A. Sorensen, Rachel Enstrom, Hanchuan Peng, Ramkumar Rajanbabu, Jonathan T. Ting, Zizhen Yao, Lauren Ellingwood, Medea McGraw, Gabe J. Murphy, Katherine Baker, Krissy Brouner, Hong Gu, David Sandman, Katelyn Ward, Kyla Berry, Katherine E. Link, Lindsay Ng, Christine Rimorin, Kristen Hadley, Augustin Ruiz, Grace Williams, and Melissa Gorham

Subjects
Transcriptome, Electrophysiology, Cell type, medicine.anatomical_structure, Visual cortex, Interneuron, nervous system, genetic structures, medicine, GABAergic, Cortical neurons, Biology, Neuroscience
Abstract

Neurons are frequently classified into distinct groups or cell types on the basis of structural, physiological, or genetic attributes. To better constrain the definition of neuronal cell types, we characterized the transcriptomes and intrinsic physiological properties of over 3,700 GABAergic mouse visual cortical neurons and reconstructed the local morphologies of 350 of those neurons. We found that most transcriptomic types (t-types) occupy specific laminar positions within mouse visual cortex, and many of those t-types exhibit consistent electrophysiological and morphological features. We observed that these properties could vary continuously between t-types, which limited the ability to predict specific t-types from other data modalities. Despite that, the data support the presence of at least 20 interneuron met-types that have congruent morphological, electrophysiological, and transcriptomic properties.HighlightsPatch-seq data obtained from >3,700 GABAergic cortical interneuronsComprehensive characterization of morpho-electric features of transcriptomic types20 interneuron met-types that have congruent properties across data modalitiesDifferent Sst met-types preferentially innervate different cortical layers

Published
2020
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13. Toward an Integrated Classification of Cell Types: Morphoelectric and Transcriptomic Characterization of Individual GABAergic Cortical Neurons

Author

Kimberly A. Smith, Matthew Kroll, Sara Kebede, Susan M. Sunkin, David Reid, Nadezhda Dotson, Rusty Mann, DiJon Hill, Kara Ronellenfitch, Shea Ransford, Hongkui Zeng, David Feng, Jasmine Bomben, Bosiljka Tasic, Rachel Enstrom, Jessica Trinh, Matthew Mallory, Aaron Szafer, Rachel A. Dalley, Aaron Oldre, Amanda Gary, Eliza Barkan, Nick Dee, Lydia Ng, Tae Kyung Kim, Ed S. Lein, Colin Farrell, Tamara Casper, Tom Egdorf, Kirsten Crichton, Josef Sulc, Fahimeh Baftizadeh, Katelyn Ward, Kirsten Hadley, Alex M. Henry, Alice Pom, Brian Lee, Uygar Sümbül, Lisa Kim, Tim Jarsky, Madie Happ, Wayne Wakeman, Lauren Ellingwood, Luke Esposito, Daniel Park, Tanya L. Daigle, Darren Bertagnolli, Lucas T. Graybuck, Olivia Fong, Philip R. Nicovich, Gabe J. Murphy, Michelle Maxwell, Lindsay Ng, Rebeeca de Frates, Rohan Gala, Alice Mukora, Delissa McMillen, Miranda Robertson, Thanh Pham, Samuel Dingman Lee, Kris Bickley, Anton Arkhipov, Osnat Penn, Staci A. Sorensen, Alexandra Glandon, Zizhen Yao, Amy Torkelson, Jonathan T. Ting, Lauren Alfiler, Ramkumar Rajanbabu, Kiet Ngo, Kirssy Brouner, David Sandman, Michael Tieu, Michael Hawrylycz, Nathan W. Gouwens, Hanchuan Peng, Zhi Zhou, Jeff Goldy, Hong Gu, Herman Tung, Medea McGraw, Lyida Potekhina, Katherine Baker, Tsega Desta, Christof Koch, Changkyu Lee, Melissa Gorham, Clare Gamlin, Augustin Ruiz, Grace Williams, Jim Berg, Kyla Berry, Katherine E. Link, Agata Budzillo, Christine Rimorin, and Thomas Braun

Subjects
Cell type, genetic structures, Interneuron, Cortical neurons, Biology, Transcriptome, Electrophysiology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Visual cortex, nervous system, medicine, biology.protein, GABAergic, Neuroscience, Parvalbumin
Abstract

Neurons are frequently classified into distinct groups or cell types on the basis of structural, physiological, or genetic attributes. To better constrain the definition of neuronal cell types, we characterized the transcriptomes and intrinsic physiological properties of over 3,700 GABAergic mouse visual cortical neurons and reconstructed the local morphologies of 350 of those neurons. We found that most transcriptomic types (t-types) occupy specific laminar positions within mouse visual cortex, and many of those t-types exhibit consistent electrophysiological and morphological features. We observed that these properties could vary continuously between t- types, which limited the ability to predict specific t-types from other data modalities. Despite that, the data support the presence of at least 20 interneuron met-types that have congruent morphological, electrophysiological, and transcriptomic properties.

Published
2020

14. Signature morpho-electric, transcriptomic, and dendritic properties of human layer 5 neocortical pyramidal neurons

Author

Brian Lee, Rachel A. Dalley, Andrew L. Ko, Nikolas L. Jorstad, Anoop P. Patel, Jeffrey G. Ojemann, Lucas T. Graybuck, Brian E. Kalmbach, Rebecca D. Hodge, Kimberly A. Smith, Tanya L. Daigle, Anna Marie Yanny, Hongkui Zeng, Philip R. Nicovich, Cristina Radaelli, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Daniel L. Silbergeld, Matt Mallory, Nick Dee, Scott F. Owen, Christof Koch, Ed S. Lein, Rebecca de Frates, Staci A. Sorensen, C. Dirk Keene, Medea McGraw, Trygve E. Bakken, Charles Cobbs, Bosiljka Tasic, Jonathan T. Ting, and Ryder P. Gwinn

Subjects
Adult, Male, Cell type, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Action Potentials, Mice, Transgenic, Neocortex, Dendrite, Biology, Article, Transcriptome, Mice, Organ Culture Techniques, Morphogenesis, medicine, Animals, Humans, Dendritic spike, Pyramidal Cells, General Neuroscience, Functional specialization, Dendrites, Middle Aged, Phenotype, Mice, Inbred C57BL, medicine.anatomical_structure, nervous system, Female, Macaca nemestrina, Neuroscience, Function (biology)
Abstract

In the neocortex, subcerebral axonal projections originate largely from layer 5 (L5) extratelencephalic-projecting (ET) neurons. The unique morpho-electric properties of these neurons have been mainly described in rodents, where retrograde tracers or transgenic lines can label them. Similar labeling strategies are infeasible in the human neocortex, rendering the translational relevance of findings in rodents unclear. We leveraged the recent discovery of a transcriptomically defined L5 ET neuron type to study the properties of human L5 ET neurons in neocortical brain slices derived from neurosurgeries. Patch-seq recordings, where transcriptome, physiology, and morphology were assayed from the same cell, revealed many conserved morpho-electric properties of human and rodent L5 ET neurons. Divergent properties were often subtler than differences between L5 cell types within these two species. These data suggest a conserved function of L5 ET neurons in the neocortical hierarchy but also highlight phenotypic divergence possibly related to functional specialization of human neocortex.

Published
2021

15. Conserved cell types with divergent features in human versus mouse cortex

Author

Elliot R. Thomsen, Ahmed Mahfouz, Saroja Somasundaram, Aaron Oldre, Bosiljka Tasic, Songlin Ding, Richard H. Scheuermann, Daniel Hirschstein, Thomas Höllt, Christine Rimorin, Thuc Nghi Nguyen, Jennie L. Close, John W. Phillips, Lydia Ng, Jeff Goldy, Darren Bertagnolli, Amy Bernard, Zizhen Yao, Boaz P. Levi, Trygve E. Bakken, Soraya I. Shehata, Susan M. Sunkin, Osnat Penn, Michael Tieu, Allison Beller, Boudewijn P. F. Lelieveldt, Jeffrey G. Ojemann, Shannon Reynolds, Michael Hawrylycz, Jeroen Eggermont, Medea McGraw, Ryder P. Gwinn, Sheana Parry, Kimberly A. Smith, Brian Long, Olivia Fong, Zoe Maltzer, Rafael Yuste, David Feng, Julie Nyhus, Rebecca D. Hodge, Ed Lein, Jeremy A. Miller, Brian D. Aevermann, Gerald Quon, Emma Garren, Christof Koch, Aaron Szafer, Nick Dee, Nadiya V. Shapovalova, Rachel A. Dalley, Tamara Casper, Mohamed Keshk, Nelson Johansen, Krissy Brouner, Andrew L. Ko, Allan R. Jones, Eliza Barkan, Hongkui Zeng, Richard G. Ellenbogen, C. Dirk Keene, Kanan Lathia, Lucas T. Graybuck, and Charles Cobbs

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Adult, Male, Cell type, Adolescent, General Science & Technology, Middle temporal gyrus, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Single-cell analysis, Species Specificity, Underpinning research, Cortex (anatomy), medicine, Genetics, Animals, Humans, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, RNA-Seq, Aetiology, Aged, Cerebral Cortex, Neurons, Principal Component Analysis, Multidisciplinary, Cellular architecture, Neurosciences, Neural Inhibition, Human brain, Middle Aged, Biological Evolution, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cerebral cortex, Astrocytes, Neurological, Excitatory postsynaptic potential, Female, Single-Cell Analysis, Transcriptome, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Elucidating the cellular architecture of the human cerebral cortex is central to understanding our cognitive abilities and susceptibility to disease. Here we used single-nucleus RNA-sequencing analysis to perform a comprehensive study of cell types in the middle temporal gyrus of human cortex. We identified a highly diverse set of excitatory and inhibitory neuron types that are mostly sparse, with excitatory types being less layer-restricted than expected. Comparison to similar mouse cortex single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets revealed a surprisingly well-conserved cellular architecture that enables matching of homologous types and predictions of properties of human cell types. Despite this general conservation, we also found extensive differences between homologous human and mouse cell types, including marked alterations in proportions, laminar distributions, gene expression and morphology. These species-specific features emphasize the importance of directly studying human brain.

Published
2019

16. Integrated Morphoelectric and Transcriptomic Classification of Cortical GABAergic Cells

Author

Kris Bickley, Anton Arkhipov, Osnat Penn, Hanchuan Peng, Shea Ransford, Sara Kebede, Kara Ronellenfitch, Matthew Mallory, Krissy Brouner, Madie Hupp, Lydia Ng, Daniel Park, Staci A. Sorensen, Alice Pom, Susan M. Sunkin, Tanya L. Daigle, Fahimeh Baftizadeh, Wayne Wakeman, Aaron Oldre, Amanda Gary, Herman Tung, Brian Lee, Ed S. Lein, Medea McGraw, Rachel A. Dalley, Bosiljka Tasic, Hong Gu, Miranda Robertson, Katherine Baker, Lindsay Ng, David Sandman, Jasmine Bomben, Uygar Sümbül, Tae Kyung Kim, David Reid, Eliza Barkan, Luke Esposito, Kirsten Crichton, DiJon Hill, Zoran Popović, Josef Sulc, Nathan W. Gouwens, Ramkumar Rajanbabu, Lydia Potekhina, Thomas Braun, Alexandra Glandon, Tim Jarsky, Darren Bertagnolli, Tom Egdorf, Olivia Fong, Alice Mukora, Rebecca de Frates, Lauren Ellingwood, Jonathan T. Ting, Gabe J. Murphy, Katelyn Ward, Delissa McMillen, Samuel Dingman Lee, Melissa Gorham, Michelle Maxwell, Clare Gamlin, Zhi Zhou, Jeff Goldy, Rachel Enstrom, Kyla Berry, Colin Farrell, Katherine E. Link, Christine Rimorin, Zizhen Yao, Hongkui Zeng, Kristen Hadley, Augustin Ruiz, Grace Williams, Amy Torkelson, Kimberly A. Smith, Lisa Kim, Aaron Szafer, Nick Dee, Alex M. Henry, Rohan Gala, David Feng, Jessica Trinh, Tamara Casper, Matthew Kroll, Christof Koch, Michael Tieu, Michael Hawrylycz, Lauren Alfiler, Kiet Ngo, Philip R. Nicovich, Thanh Pham, Nadezhda Dotson, Rusty Mann, Tsega Desta, Lucas T. Graybuck, Changkyu Lee, Jim Berg, and Agata Budzillo

Subjects
0303 health sciences, Cell type, biology, Interneuron, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Transcriptome, 03 medical and health sciences, Electrophysiology, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine.anatomical_structure, Visual cortex, medicine, biology.protein, GABAergic, Axon, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Parvalbumin, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

Neurons are frequently classified into distinct types on the basis of structural, physiological, or genetic attributes. To better constrain the definition of neuronal cell types, we characterized the transcriptomes and intrinsic physiological properties of over 4,200 mouse visual cortical GABAergic interneurons and reconstructed the local morphologies of 517 of those neurons. We find that most transcriptomic types (t-types) occupy specific laminar positions within visual cortex, and, for most types, the cells mapping to a t-type exhibit consistent electrophysiological and morphological properties. These properties display both discrete and continuous variation among t-types. Through multimodal integrated analysis, we define 28 met-types that have congruent morphological, electrophysiological, and transcriptomic properties and robust mutual predictability. We identify layer-specific axon innervation pattern as a defining feature distinguishing different met-types. These met-types represent a unified definition of cortical GABAergic interneuron types, providing a systematic framework to capture existing knowledge and bridge future analyses across different modalities.

Published
2020

17. Conserved cell types with divergent features between human and mouse cortex

Author

Jeff Goldy, Sheana Parry, Jeremy A. Miller, Brian Long, Susan M. Sunkin, Saroja Somasundaram, Rebecca D. Hodge, Hongkui Zeng, Aaron Oldre, Kimberly A. Smith, Zoe Maltzer, Brian D. Aevermann, Mohamed Keshk, Jeroen Eggermont, Ed Lein, Daniel Hirschstein, Darren Bertagnolli, Jennie L. Close, Osnat Penn, John W. Phillips, Rachel A. Dalley, Allan R. Jones, Ahmed Mahfouz, Olivia Fong, Allison Beller, Soraya I. Shehata, Thuc Nghi Nguyen, Jeffrey G. Ojemann, Shannon Reynolds, Eliza Barkan, Michael Tieu, Christof Koch, Michael Hawrylycz, Songlin Ding, Richard H. Scheuermann, Ryder P. Gwinn, Elliot R. Thomsen, Medea McGraw, Emma Garren, Christine Rimorin, Lydia Ng, Boudewijn P. F. Lelieveldt, C. Dirk Keene, Amy Bernard, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Rafael Yuste, David Feng, Boaz P. Levi, Trygve E. Bakken, Tamara Casper, Bosiljka Tasic, Aaron Szafer, Nick Dee, Nadiya V. Shapovalova, Kanan Lathia, Lucas T. Graybuck, Charles Cobbs, Julie Nyhus, Thomas Höllt, Zizhen Yao, Krissy Brouner, and Andrew L. Ko

Subjects
0303 health sciences, Cell type, Neocortex, Cellular architecture, Middle temporal gyrus, Cell, Human brain, Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cerebral cortex, medicine, Neuroscience, Nucleus, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

Elucidating the cellular architecture of the human neocortex is central to understanding our cognitive abilities and susceptibility to disease. Here we applied single nucleus RNA-sequencing to perform a comprehensive analysis of cell types in the middle temporal gyrus of human cerebral cortex. We identify a highly diverse set of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal types that are mostly sparse, with excitatory types being less layer-restricted than expected. Comparison to a similar mouse cortex single cell RNA-sequencing dataset revealed a surprisingly well-conserved cellular architecture that enables matching of homologous types and predictions of human cell type properties. Despite this general conservation, we also find extensive differences between homologous human and mouse cell types, including dramatic alterations in proportions, laminar distributions, gene expression, and morphology. These species-specific features emphasize the importance of directly studying human brain.

Published
2018

18. Classification of electrophysiological and morphological types in mouse visual cortex

Author

Tom Egdorf, Rebecca de Frates, Emma Garren, Sara Kebede, Peter Chong, John W. Phillips, Nivretta Thatra, Samuel R Josephsen, Philip R. Nicovich, Tim Jarsky, Xiaoxiao Liu, Susan M. Sunkin, Brian Lee, Keith B. Godfrey, Matthew Kroll, Nicole Blesie, Bosiljka Tasic, Amy Bernard, Lisa Kim, Costas A. Anastassiou, Kristen Hadley, Staci A. Sorensen, Thuc Nghi Nguyen, Martin Schroedter, Corinne Teeter, Kirsten Crichton, Josef Sulc, Rachel A. Dalley, David Feng, Tracy Lemon, Michael Hawrylycz, Miranda Robertson, Christine Cuhaciyan, Eliza Barkan, Shiella Caldejon, Tsega Desta, Kris Bickley, Dan Castelli, Wayne Wakeman, Herman Tung, Hongkui Zeng, Grace Williams, Nadezhda Dotson, Rusty Mann, Tamara Casper, Anton Arkhipov, Daniel Park, Sheana Parry, Jed Perkins, Alyse Doperalski, Brian Long, Thomas Braun, Christof Koch, Gabe J. Murphy, Aaron Oldre, Changkyu Lee, Colin Farrell, Medea McGraw, Amanda Gary, Kiet Ngo, Melissa Gorham, Naz Taskin, Jim Berg, Samuel Dingman, Tanya L. Daigle, Agata Budzillo, Marissa Garwood, Gilberto J. Soler-Llavina, Aaron Szafer, Nick Dee, Jonathan T. Ting, Lydia Ng, Alex M. Henry, James Harrington, Julie A. Harris, Michael S. Fisher, Lindsay Ng, Caroline Habel, Nathalie Gaudreault, Krissy Brouner, David Reid, Lydia Potekhina, Rob Young, DiJon Hill, Cliff Slaughterbeck, Ed Lein, Alice Mukora, David Sandman, Stefan Mihalas, Nathan W. Gouwens, Zhi Zhou, Hanchuan Peng, and Hong Gu

Subjects
Genetically modified mouse, Cell type, Cell, Laboratory mouse, Biology, Electrophysiology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Visual cortex, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, Biocytin, medicine, Patch clamp, Neuroscience
Abstract

Understanding the diversity of cell types in the brain has been an enduring challenge and requires detailed characterization of individual neurons in multiple dimensions. To profile morpho-electric properties of mammalian neurons systematically, we established a single cell characterization pipeline using standardized patch clamp recordings in brain slices and biocytin-based neuronal reconstructions. We built a publicly-accessible online database, the Allen Cell Types Database, to display these data sets. Intrinsic physiological and morphological properties were measured from over 1,800 neurons from the adult laboratory mouse visual cortex. Quantitative features were used to classify neurons into distinct types using unsupervised methods. We establish a taxonomy of morphologically- and electrophysiologically-defined cell types for this region of cortex with 17 e-types and 35 m-types, as well as an initial correspondence with previously-defined transcriptomic cell types using the same transgenic mouse lines.

Published
2018
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19. A Suite of Transgenic Driver and Reporter Mouse Lines with Enhanced Brain-Cell-Type Targeting and Functionality

Author

Travis A. Hage, Christopher A. Baker, Linda Madisen, Alice Bosma-Moody, Rylan S. Larsen, Matthew T. Valley, Jonathan T. Ting, Karla E. Hirokawa, Kimberly A. Smith, Olivia Fong, Jérôme Lecoq, Garreck H. Lenz, Julie Pendergraft, Susan M. Sunkin, Julie A. Harris, La'Akea Siverts, Maya Mills, Zizhen Yao, Michael Z. Lin, Thuc Nghi Nguyen, Mariya Chavarha, Philip R. Nicovich, Nuno Maçarico da Costa, Lawrence Huang, Lu Li, Miranda Walker, Marc Takeno, Gabe J. Murphy, Lucas T. Graybuck, Jack Waters, Emma Garren, Edward S. Boyden, Medea McGraw, Rachael Larsen, James Harrington, Douglas R. Ollerenshaw, Ulf Knoblich, Tanya L. Daigle, Hongkui Zeng, Bosiljka Tasic, and Hong Gu

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Genetically modified mouse, Cell type, RNA, Untranslated, Light, Transgene, Cell, Mice, Transgenic, Computational biology, Optogenetics, Biology, Brain Cell, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Cell Line, Gene Knockout Techniques, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, Genes, Reporter, health services administration, medicine, Animals, natural sciences, Transgenes, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Neurons, Brain, Transgenesis, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Calcium, human activities, Function (biology)
Abstract

Modern genetic approaches are powerful in providing access to diverse cell types in the brain and facilitating the study of their function. Here, we report a large set of driver and reporter transgenic mouse lines, including 23 new driver lines targeting a variety of cortical and subcortical cell populations and 26 new reporter lines expressing an array of molecular tools. In particular, we describe the TIGRE2.0 transgenic platform and introduce Cre-dependent reporter lines that enable optical physiology, optogenetics, and sparse labeling of genetically defined cell populations. TIGRE2.0 reporters broke the barrier in transgene expression level of single-copy targeted-insertion transgenesis in a wide range of neuronal types, along with additional advantage of a simplified breeding strategy compared to our first-generation TIGRE lines. These novel transgenic lines greatly expand the repertoire of high-precision genetic tools available to effectively identify, monitor, and manipulate distinct cell types in the mouse brain.

Published
2018

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