Search

Background: Since December 2019, there has been various outbreaks of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease. Whole world is combating this virus, but its reported clinical characteristics as well as outcomes vary greatly amongst studies. This study was conducted to study the clinical features, laboratory findings, comorbidities and severity of the disease among the patients admitted in tertiary care centre in Rajasthan. Methods: It was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted from 1st January 2021 to 30th June 2022 in a tertiary care hospital in Udaipur, Rajasthan. All the patients diagnosed with the help of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) for COVID-19, during the study period were included in the study. After taking consent, pre designed questionnaire was used to collect the personal, demographic and clinical information. Radiological, laboratory and mortality data were collected from hospital record. Results: A total of 400 patients were included in the study. Mean age of the patients was 46.83±17.09 years. Fever (88%) and cough (80%) were the most common symptoms followed by breathlessness (65.8%). About 31.8% (127) patients were found to have severe covid. Severity was found to be significantly associated with increasing age, urban area, breathlessness, co morbidities and D dimer, CRP and IL-6 levels (p value

The public health sector of any country deals on the forefront and utilizes the multidisciplinary approach. In India the Masters of Public Health graduates are trained in unstandardized manner and lack a regulatory body. The gap created in serving the unserved can easily be fulfilled by utilization of this workforce in systematic manner, The emerging competition in the field, undervalued sector in terms of monitory benefits, poor demand and limited training institutions for MPH graduates along with the contribution of MPH during COVID 19 pandemic has been emphasized in the article. The perception of those working in the field has been highlighted with the way ahead of MPH program in India.

This case report is about a 58 years old male diabetic patient presented multiple times at outdoor (OPD) for routine follow up of diabetes always in asymptomatic, fully conscious, and oriented condition, and on multiple occasion of his OPD visit, he was found to have ventricle tachycardia (VT) on ECG with concurrent hypoglycemia (blood sugar 60 mg/dl). No antiarrhythmic treatment was needed because ventricle tachycardia subsided immediately after correction of hypoglycemia on each and every time he is having it, thus favoring hypoglycemic etiology of VT. Every time patient was having documented hypoglycemia, his heart always showed concurrent VT but the brain never showed altered consciousness or disorientation. It seems like his heart was more hungry than his brain. After an extensive search, no similar case report was found having only isolated VT at each and every episode of documented hypoglycemia. Glucose is the main fuel for the human brain. Higher mental functions were well tolerant to hypoglycemia but his heart used to respond quickly in form of VT.

Objectives: Time management skills (TMSs) in medical undergraduates determine their success and development of clinical competence in the later part of their career. This study was designed for early sensitization of students to TMSs using “Modified Action Priority Matrix.” Materials and Methods: First-year medical undergraduates (n = 228) were enrolled in the study, after need assessment for time management, they were engaged in session for TMS development. They were sensitized about the use of a modified action priority matrix (MAPM) for time management. Results: On analyzing the results of pre and post-test sessions, significant improvement in students’ performance (P < 0.05) was noted. Reflection of students regarding the MAPM also depicted that this method helped them to manage their time effectively by ordering their activities as low, medium, and high priority ones. Conclusion: Skills of time management imparted using MAPM is an effective method and importance of early exposure of TMSs is undoubtedly high.

Introduction Lumbar disc herniation also known as prolapsed intervertebral disc is one of the well-known causes of low back pain. Among various modalities of treatment, surgery is often kept as the last resort when conservative treatment fails. Conventional surgical methods have been replaced by minimally invasive surgeries like microscopic, endoscopic and percutaneous lumbar discectomy in the hopes of decreasing post-operative pain. However, it is not uncommon for patient to have residual pain even after discectomy. Patients also complains of reduced quality of life (QOL). SF-36 is a standardized questionnaire for measuring QOL. Few studies have used this questionnaire to look into QOL of these patients but no such study is available in Nepalese perspective. Materials and Methods A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted among all patients undergoing single level unilateral microscopic lumbar discectomy in Upendra Devkota Memorial National Institute of Neurological Sciences from February 1st 2017 to January 31 2018. After taking informed consent, subjects were asked to respond to the preformed questionnaire and SF-36 survey. Interviews were individually conducted by the same investigator at two different time points: i) before lumbar discectomy. ii) 3 months after lumbar discectomy. QOL scores before and after were compared. Results Total of 50 patients meeting the inclusion criteria were studied. The mean age of the study group was 38.7 ± 9.9 years with male preponderance of 76%. The median duration of exacerbation of symptoms was 4 weeks. Along with pain, 64% had sensory deficit whereas 52% had motor deficit. Surgery led to significant improvement in pain score as well as marked improvement of SF 36 quality of life score at 3 months of surgery. However, age, gender, duration of symptoms or presence of sensory or motor deficit before surgery did not predict improvement in overall QOL. Conclusion Patients undergoing microscopic lumbar discectomy for prolapsed intervertebral disc have significant improvement in pain score and QOL after 3 months of surgery.

Background The COVID-19 vaccination was launched in a phased manner by the government of India prioritizing healthcare workers. This study assessed the perception of healthcare workers regarding COVID-19 vaccination. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among healthcare workers vaccinated at a tertiary care center of southern Rajasthan. Logistic regression analysis was used to note the association of perception regarding vaccine safety and other variables. Results Out of 3,102, 56.8% were male, and the majority (73.7%) were in the age range of 20-35 years. Out of the total, 80.7% and 73.2% of subjects perceived the vaccine as safe and effective, respectively. The perception regarding the timing of rolling out of vaccine and readiness for COVID-19 appropriate behavior after vaccination was statistically significant (p0.001). The commonest undesirable effect following vaccination was pain at the injection site. Most of the subjects did not report undesirable effects following vaccination. Logistic regression analysis showed that the involvement in the direct care of COVID-19 patients (OR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.29, 1.94), the experience of COVID-19 infection in the past (OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.50, 0.91), the timing of the rollout of vaccine (OR: 3.60; 95% CI: 3.24, 4.10) showed a significant association with perception of the safety of COVID-19 vaccine. Conclusions The vaccine was perceived safe and effective by healthcare workers and reported minimal undesirable effects. The COVID-19 vaccine safety is also dependent on the past COVID-19 infection, involvement in patient care, and time of rollout of the vaccine.

Vaccine hesitancy is an important feature of every vaccination and COVID-19 vaccination is not an exception. During the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccine hesitancy has exhibited different phases and has shown both temporal and spatial variation in these phases. This has likely arisen due to varied socio-behavioural characteristics of humans and their response towards COVID 19 pandemic and its vaccination strategies. This commentary highlights that there are multiple phases of vaccine hesitancy: Vaccine Eagerness, Vaccine Ignorance, Vaccine Resistance, Vaccine Confidence, Vaccine Complacency and Vaccine Apathy. Though the phases seem to be sequential, they may co-exist at the same time in different regions and at different times in the same region. This may be attributed to several factors influencing the phases of vaccine hesitancy. The complexities of the societal reactions need to be understood in full to be addressed better. There is a dire need of different strategies of communication to deal with the various nuances of all of the phases. To address of vaccine hesitancy, an understanding of the societal reactions leading to various phases of vaccine hesitancy is of utmost importance.

Background: An underlying inflammatory state is an important contributor to carcinogenesis and progression of tumors. Many of the etiological factors in development of lung cancer are linked to persistent inflammation. Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and Platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are markers of systemic inflammatory response that have shown clinical significance in cancer, according to recent research. Objective: To evaluate NLR and PLR in lung cancer and compare these parameters in healthy controls. Materials and Methods: Clinicopathological details and hematological parameters of complete blood counts were recorded for 106 patients of lung cancer and 106 healthy controls retrospectively. NLR and PLR values were evaluated and compared in the two groups. Results: NLR and PLR were significantly elevated in lung cancer patients (NLR 4.44±2.98; PLR 162.72±96.15) as compared to control group (NLR 1.90±0.67, PLR 115.15±29.15) with p value

Background After the launch of COVID-19 vaccine by the government of India in 2021, the current study was conducted to assess the vaccine hesitancy among health care workers regarding COVID-19 vaccination and its safety, efficacy, rolling out strategy and undesirable effects. Methods This cross-sectional study, conducted on health care workers vaccinated at a tertiary care center of southern Rajasthan using a pre-designed and pre-validated questionnaire to collect data through the ‘Exit Interview’ technique after consent and ethical approval. Results Out of 3102, 56.8% were male and 43.2% were female health care workers. Out of total 80.7% and 73.2% of study participants perceived the vaccine as safe and effective respectively. The vaccine hesitancy was contributed due to apprehension for undesirable effects following immunization (19.3%). The commonest undesirable effect was pain at the injection site. The perception regarding the timing of rolling out of vaccine and readiness for COVID appropriate behavior after vaccination was significant (p Conclusions The study concludes that the apprehension of undesirable effects contributed to vaccine hesitancy, but it was perceived safe and effective by health care workers. Key messages The vaccine hesitancy among general population and vaccine acceptance will be affected directly by instance shown by health care workers who presented themselves at the forefront both for battling the pandemic and accepting the vaccine.

Vaccines are indispensable agents of the quintessential healthcare delivery system in the contemporary world and have played an unprecedented role in effectively combating vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) in past few decades. The vehement use and advocacy of some vaccines, such as small pox and

Algorithmic trading uses algorithms that follow a trend and defined set of instructions to perform a trade. The trade can generate revenue at an inhuman and enhanced speed and frequency. The characterized sets of trading guidelines that are passed on to the program are reliant upon timing, value, amount, or any mathematical model. Aside from profitable openings for the trader, algo-trading renders the market more liquid and trading more precise by precluding the effect of human feelings on trading. Our project aims to further this revolution in the markets of tomorrow by providing an effective and efficient solution to overcome the drawbacks faced due to manual trading by building an Algorithmic Trading Bot which will automatically trade user strategies alongside its own algorithms for day-to-day trading based on different market conditions and user approach ,and throughout the course of the day invest and trade with continuous modifications to ensure the best trade turnover for the day while reducing the transaction cost, hence enabling huge profits for concerned users be it Organizations or individuals.

Introduction 'Out-of-pocket expenditure' (OOPE) is the expenditures at the point of receiving health care directly by households which affects the economic stability of the household. When the expenditure on immunization of under-five children results in OOPE, it affects the motivation of parents for vaccination inversely. Aim This study was planned to evaluate the out-of-pocket expenditure and to assess predictors of OOPE on routine immunization practices. Settings and design This was a cross-sectional community-based study conducted from May to August 2019 at one of the immunization sites at primary health centers under a tertiary care institute of southern Rajasthan. Material and methods At the selected health facility, randomly 75% of beneficiaries of routine immunization were enrolled for the study. Data were collected using a pre-designed, pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire about direct and indirect expenses during the process of immunization incurred by the parents of the vaccinee by interview technique. Results In the study, 72.36% were infants, and 56.10% had first birth order. Mother accompanied nearly half of the vaccinee (49.6%) to the vaccination centre and the most used mode of transportation was the personal vehicle (63%). Mean loss of wages among parents/caretakers was 0.58 (±0.66) USD (median = 0.69; interquartile range (IQR) = 0.69; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.42-0.73) while average cost of transportation worn was 0.16 (±0.20) USD (median = 0.07; IQR = 0.21; 95% CI = 0.12-0.19) and mean duration of travelling to reach health facility was 11.87 (±7.53) minutes (median = 10; IQR = 10; 95% CI = 10.53-13.20). Vaccination at the centre was free of cost (zero USD) and no cost was incurred for drugs or registration. Average OPPE was 0.74 (±0.97) USD (median = 0.35; IQR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.56-0.91) and regression analysis predicted significant contributors as age of vaccinee (p = 0.00; OR = 0.11; 95% CI = 0.04-0.34), religion (p = 0.04; OR = 0.34; 95% CI = 0.12-0.97) area of residence (p = 0.00; OR = 6.77; 95% CI = 2.37-19.32), birth order of vaccinee (p = 0.02; OR = 0.3; 95% CI = 0.11-0.85), longer waiting time (p = 0.03; OR = 0.16; 95% CI = 0.03-0.85), travelling time (p = 0.00; OR = 3.47; 95% CI = 1.49-8.09) and long distances (p = 0.00; OR = 10.40; 95% CI = 2.56-42.03) travelled to reach vaccination centre. Conclusion The hidden cost of vaccination in the form of loss of wages and time, travel cost due to stretched distance traveled by family members to accompany vaccinee to immunization facility is experienced as OOPE by the families and could be one of the impediments in vaccination coverage. Amendments in the existing policies are required to reduce this invisible cost of vaccination.

Background: Scrub typhus is an acute febrile bacterial zoonoses, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi and is associated with a range of complications, including sepsis, Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pre-renal azotemia and Multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS). The objective of this study was to study the demographic variables and clinical profile of the patients diagnosed with scrub typhus. admitted in a tertiary care hospital in Udaipur, Rajasthan.Methods: It was a longitudinal, observational study, conducted in a tertiary care centre in Udaipur, Rajasthan from January 2020-June 2021. All patients, diagnosed (positive for antibody IgM) with scrub typhus in the hospital during the study period were included in the study. Information about the patients was collected using a pre-tested questionnaire and clinical examination, after taking the informed consent from the study participants.Results: Mean age of the patients was 36.4±19 years. Majority (69.4%) of the patients were from rural area and fever was the most common (83.9%) symptom experienced. Eschar was found in only 1.6% of patients. About 87.1% of the patients had complications, with MODS, being the most common affecting about 34% of the total patients. The patients from rural areas were found to have significantly higher odds (OR=1.61) of having complications as compared to urban area patients (CI=1.09-4.3). Conclusions: This article draws attention to the fact that scrub typhus is quite on rise and most of the cases are associated with complications. There is a need to develop effective strategies and interventions to stop this rampant rise of the cases in India.

Early diagnosis of pulmonary embolism can reduce morbidity and motility. D-dimer is well known parameter having high negative prediction value. This study focused on role of D-dimer in early prediction of presence and severity of pulmonary embolism.Thirty patients with clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism along with high D-dimer value were included in this study. All selected patients underwent computed tomography pulmonary angiography assessment. D- dimer value was correlated with presence and proximity of pulmonary embolism.Out of thirty selected patients 50% had pulmonary embolism on computed tomography pulmonary angiography assessment. D-dimer value correlated well with presence and proximity of pulmonary embolism.D-dimer value more than 4000 ng/ml had high positive prediction value (79%) in suspected clinical cases. Value more than 8000 ng/ml further improve value to nearly 100% in suspected cases.

Background: Indian tribes are culturally distinct communities, with unique traditions and practices. Lack of awareness and “culture of silence” about reproductive health issues among women in rural areas contributes to high burden of reproductive tract infections/sexually tract infections. Rural tribal women also suffer from ignorance, poverty and lack of access to quality health care, which makes them more vulnerable to RTIs/STIs.Methods: It was a community based cross sectional study conducted among 200 tribal women living in rural Udaipur, Rajasthan. The study was conducted from May 2019 to November 2019. A predesigned, pretested and structured questionnaire was used to take the interview of eligible women. Questionnaire included questions about sociodemographic profile, questions to assess the knowledge regarding RTIs and history of occurrence of any RTI symptom in the past six months and; questions to assess the treatment seeking behaviour for RTI symptoms.Results: Most of the participants were 26-35 years old.About 37% gave the history of experiencing RTI symptoms, vaginal discharge being the most common (46%) symptom. Regarding the treatment, most (34%) of the females took treatment from government hospital, followed by 26% of women who bought the medicines direct from pharmacy (over the counter), about 16% consulted a private practitioner. Prevalence was found to be significantly higher in less educated, belonging to lower socioeconomic status and among non-users of contraceptive methods.Conclusions: Health education and active participation of stakeholders in the reproductive health programs is essential to strengthen the ongoing schemes about improving reproductive health of tribal women.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality, leading to a significant burden on the health care systems in developing countries like India. Despite heavy burden, there is no regular system of collection of good quality representative data on NCDs or their risk factors in India. The published review articles show the trends of risk factors, however only for one or few more risk factors, thereby rendering them non comprehensive. This paper examines the updated data and epidemiology of all the NCD risk factors, to provide the summary estimates of their prevalence at national level. A thorough knowledge on current status of risk factors is required to formulate the policies and programmes, so that the rising burden of NCDs can be tackled.

The world is having COVID 19 pandemic currently. Early diagnosis is a challenge as the COVID 19 illness has variety of presentations. In this regard knowledge about spectrum of clinical presentation may be very helpful. This case report was about presentation of COVID 19 illness as isolated left eye conjunctivitis in a 58 years old male patient. By early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the patient was recovered completely as well as his positive contacts were also isolated immediately. The study also highlighted the need of awareness among clinicians about isolated left eye conjunctivitis presentation of COVID 19.

Background: Malnutrition continues to be a major problem in India and is rightfully described as “the silent emergency.” Sociocultural factors and rural urban disparity in health services in our country further impact the health outcomes. The effects of malnutrition are long-term and trap generations in the vicious circle of poverty. Improving nutrition is therefore essential to accelerate economic growth and development of the country.Methods: It was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted among 200 under five children residing in rural Udaipur, Rajasthan. Random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. A structured validated questionnaire was used to collect socio demographic data, birth history, Anganwadi beneficiary status etc. Mid upper arm circumference (MUAC), weight and heights were recorded and classified as underweight, wasted and stunted, using standard World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines.Results: This study revealed that 58% of the study population was stunted, 45% was wasted, 54% was underweight and 5% was overweight of the study population was overweight. Regarding the association of malnutrition parameters with other factors, it was found that malnutrition was high among female children, lower socioeconomic class, children of low educated mothers and children who were not exclusively breast fed.Conclusions: To combat malnutrition in India, there is need of multifaceted approach, taking into account the sociocultural determinants, demographic variables, especially in rural areas. In addition to providing supplementary nutrition, innovations regarding specific interventions targeted towards vulnerable population is necessary.

Menstruation being a normal physiological process is still considered a subject of shame. Discussion around “periods” is always kept private and not considered a normal health issue. There are many organizations (both government and non-government), who have been working towards providing menstrual hygiene management in India. However, even in 2020, “period” word is still associated with stigma in society. Cultural stereotypes have a huge impact in the efforts to alleviate the issues related to menstruation in India. Lack of awareness and accessibility make the behaviour change even more difficult. The ever-present stigma and taboos that adolescent girls and women face impact considerably how they understand and experience menstruation. Women are always expected to be the main source of information about menstruation. In India, especially rural areas, parents are often unprepared, uncomfortable and under-resourced to have a conversation about menstruation with their daughters. Hence it is difficult to allay the negative beliefs and attitudes that surround menstruation. The impact of shame and stigma around menstruation is an interwoven issue in Indian society felt by most of menstruating girls and women. Given the taboo around menstruation, discussions and sharing of knowledge on menstrual hygiene management practices are very limited.

Background: A baby’s weight at birth is associated with mortality risk during the first year, developmental problems in childhood and also with the risk of various diseases in adulthood.Methods: It was a hospital-based case control study conducted from 1st January 2019 to 30th June 2020 in a tertiary care hospital in Udaipur, Rajasthan. Mothers who delivered low birth weight baby (LBW) at the hospital, during the study period were taken as cases and controls were selected after matching. Total 86 cases and 172 controls were included in the study. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect information given by mothers.Results: Mean age was 28±4.51 years. Low birth weight was found to be significantly associated with sociodemographic variables such as rural area, caste and lower socio-economic status. Birth weight was also associated with weight gain during pregnancy, iron folic acid and calcium supplements and protein powder intake.Conclusions: Sociodemographic variables and maternal nutrition are the key determinants that need to be addressed to reduce the prevalence of LBW in India. Implementation of health promotion strategies are needed to address these factors effectively.

It has been almost fifteen years since emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) have been made available over the counter in India. There have been concerns about the overuse/misuse of ECPs and probability to replace regular contraceptive methods. This article presents various facets of the use of emergency contraceptive pills in India and highlights the importance of potential research to prevent its misuse.

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) had reported COVID-19 disease as a pandemic in March 2020, following which India witnessed more than 29,451 cases on 29th April. Correct knowledge about the disease, the right attitude, and response to infection control recommendations among people is of utmost importance to limit the contagion.Methods: A Cross-Sectional, web-based online study was conducted for five days. The responses (N= 1231) were collected across social networks using snowball sampling. The survey questionnaire assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practical aspects of participants for COVID-19. Knowledge items assessed the causative agent of COVID-19, it’s clinical symptoms, routes of transmission, preventive measures etc. Positive or negative attitudes towards mask usage and restriction compliance were assessed. Socio-demographic data and scores were de-identified and analyzed using appropriate statistical tests.Results: The mean age of participants (N=1231) was 32.3±13.7 years and 60.9% were males. High knowledge years and 60.9% participants were males. High knowledge accuracy rate of 84.5% and a mean score of 10.19±1.6 out of 12 was observed. Mean attitude and practice scores were 2.33±0.66 (3) and 1.97±0.16 (2) respectively. A significantly higher knowledge status was observed among females, medical workers, students, and homemakers. Similarly, better attitudes were noticed in males, adults (30-60 years), graduates, and those in job/service. As for practices, no such difference was noticed as more than 98% of participants were compliant to lockdown restrictions and practiced proper distancing and personal hygiene measures.Conclusions: Satisfactory awareness and response were observed owing to the public awareness campaign. Knowledge gaps, poor attitudes, and prevailing myths need to be addressed through targeted communication strategy.

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers of Indian females. Western Rajasthan differs a lot from rest of India in respect of geographical conditions, environment, culture, population density etc. and it also has relatively lower literacy rate which is one of the risk factor for many diseases. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of cervical cytological pattern in females of western Rajasthan by using conventional Papanicolaou (Pap) smears for the screening of inflammatory, premalignant and malignant lesions of the cervix. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at tertiary care institute of western Rajasthan for 1.5 year duration, on 1768 females who were screened by Pap smear examination. After staining with conventional Papanicolaou technique, all smears were classified as per Bethesda nomenclature. Results: Out of 1768 smears 1039 (58.7%) were abnormal Pap smears, 445 (25.1%) were normal Pap smears while 284 (16.1%) smears had inadequate sample material to be examined. Out of 1039 abnormal smears, 956 (92.01%) smears reported to have inflammatory/reactive changes whereas 26 (2.50%) had atrophic changes in Pap smear and abnormality in epithelial cell was reported in 57(5.49%) smears. Conclusions: Pap smear examination is an effective screening procedure to detect cervical cytological abnormalities. Routine cytological screening by Pap smear should be offered to all women above 19 years or within 3 years of sexual activity. It is recommended to improve the awareness about the disease amongst females and skills of health care personal about proper preparation of Pap smear.

Background: Unmet need of family planning affects the society by uncontrolled population explosion. Tribal population being socioeconomic deprived group requires special attention for contraceptive needs. This study was planned to study the determinants of contraceptive practices and impact of intervention in the form of counselling over the family planning acceptance behaviour.Methods: This community based longitudinal study was conducted for duration of six months in selected areas of Udaipur district, by two stage sampling method. Baseline data was collected followed by counselling of non-users of contraception and later on collection of post intervention data for comparison.Results: Out of total 422 study subjects, 193 (45.7%) were contraceptive users and 229 (54.3%) were non-users. All the participants had knowledge about permanent method (100%) of sterilization followed by barrier methods (62%). Non-users of contraception were counselled and their practices improved significantly (p

Background: Anemia in pregnancy is related to maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality. In developing countries like India it is important to study prevalence and pattern of anemia in pregnancy especially in the region with higher maternal mortality rate like western Rajasthan. The main objective was to study the prevalence and pattern of anemia in second and third trimester pregnant females in western Rajasthan. Methods: In this cross sectional study females with second and third trimester pregnancy were evaluated for presence of anemia with its morphological type and severity. Results: 17,552 second and third trimester pregnant females were evaluated and prevalence of anemia was found 48.4%. The percentages of mild, moderate and severe anemia were 35.1%, 51.3% and 13.4% respectively. Most common morphological type was microcytic hypochromic anemia (51%) followed by normocytic normochromic anemia (32%), dimorphic anemia (13%) and macrocytic anemia (4%). Conclusions: There is high prevalence of anemia in pregnant females. This warrants the need of proper prophylaxis and early diagnosis of anemia in pregnancy to minimize the maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality.