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Marcelo Valencia,1 Rafael Medina,2 Eduardo Calixto,3 Noemí Rodríguez2 1Department of Innovation and Global Health, Epidemiologic and Psychosocial Research Direction; National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente, Mexico City, Mexico; 2Institute Jaliscience of Mental Health, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; 3Neurobiology Department, Neurosciences Direction, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente, Mexico City, MexicoCorrespondence: Marcelo Valencia, Department of Innovation and Global Health, Epidemiologic and Psychosocial Research Direction, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Alcaldía Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14370, Mexico, Tel +52 1 55 4160 5164, Email valenc@imp.edu.mxAbstract: The human brain is the most cognitively capable of mammalian brains, endowed as it is with an overdeveloped cerebral cortex that, in parallel, renders it vulnerable to mental disorders. Schizophrenia is the expression of the dysregulation of the neuronal activity of cortical and subcortical regions due to modifications in the levels of the various neurotransmitters, especially of dopamine, with a reciprocal, intimate relationship among genes with environmental and psychosocial factors. If the dopaminergic system increases the function prefrontal cortex will be reduced: this is the main reason of social, occupational and familiar disruption. The present article describes the function of the brain in schizophrenia and its relation with anatomical, physiological, and genetic changes, in addition to identifying, psychosocial and family factors that can be determinant in the functionality of the patient. A review of national and international bibliography was conducted bearing in mind the following variables: functioning at the cerebral level; psychosocial functioning, familial functioning, disability, and functionality in persons with schizophrenia. Due to the variety of the issues included in this review, it can be concluded that schizophrenia is the product of a complex array of symptoms, deficits and disabilities. It was identified that there is a reciprocal confluence of diverse genetic, psychosocial, familial, environmental, educative, and social factors which affect the functionality of persons with this disorder. The latter makes it necessary to study the patient taking into consideration all of these components in an integral manner.Keywords: cerebral functioning, psychosocial and family functioning, disability and functionality, schizophrenia

David L Wirta,1 Michael S Korenfeld,2 Shane Foster,3 Robert Smyth-Medina,4 Jason Bacharach,5 Shane R Kannarr,6 Mark J Jaros,7 Charles B Slonim8 1Aesthetic Eye Care Institute & Eye Research Foundation, Newport Beach, CA, USA; 2Comprehensive Eye Care, Ltd., Washington, MO, USA; 3Athens Eye Care, Athens, OH, USA; 4North Valley Eye Medical Group, Mission Hills, CA, USA; 5North Bay Eye Associates, Petaluma, CA, USA; 6Kannarr Eye Care, Pittsburg, KS, USA; 7Summit Analytical, Denver, CO, USA; 8Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USACorrespondence: David L WirtaAesthetic Eye Care Institute & Eye Research Foundation, 520 Superior Avenue, #235, Newport Beach, CA, 92663, USATel +1 949-650-1863Email david.wirta@drwirta.comPurpose: An oxymetazoline 0.1% ophthalmic solution was recently approved for treatment of acquired blepharoptosis in adults. This study’s objective was to evaluate the safety profile of oxymetazoline 0.1% when administered once daily for 14– 84 days.Patients and Methods: Pooled analysis examined safety outcomes from four randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trials conducted at 6, 16, 27, and 35 sites, respectively, in the United States. In total, 568 participants with acquired blepharoptosis were evaluated. Median age was 66 years and 74.8% of participants were female. Overall, 375 participants self-administered oxymetazoline 0.1% to both eyes once/day and 193 self-administered placebo (vehicle) daily. Treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) rates, severity, and causality were evaluated in the overall population and within participant subgroups defined based on age, race, and ethnicity. Vital signs and ophthalmic findings were evaluated at predefined study visits. Patient-reported treatment tolerability was recorded at study end.Results: TEAE incidence was similar among participants using oxymetazoline 0.1% (31.2%) or vehicle (30.6%). Nearly all TEAEs were mild-to-moderate, and most were not suspected of being treatment related. Serious TEAEs occurred in four participants receiving oxymetazoline 0.1% and one participant receiving vehicle. Nine and two participants in the oxymetazoline 0.1% and vehicle groups, respectively, discontinued due to a TEAE. Ocular TEAEs occurring in ≥ 2% of participants receiving oxymetazoline 0.1% were punctate keratitis, conjunctival hyperemia, dry eye, blurred vision, instillation site pain, and corneal vital dye staining, with none occurring in > 3.5% of participants. TEAE rates were similar across subgroups based on age, race, and ethnicity. No clinically significant mean changes in vital signs or ophthalmologic findings occurred, and > 98% of participants rated oxymetazoline 0.1% as causing no/mild discomfort.Conclusion: Once-daily oxymetazoline 0.1% was safe and well tolerated in participants with acquired blepharoptosis when used for 14– 84 days. Safety did not appear to differ based on age, race, or ethnicity.Keywords: adrenergic agonist, adverse event, eye drop, intraocular pressure, Müller’s muscle, pupil, topical

Jason Bacharach,1 David L Wirta,2 Robert Smyth-Medina,3 Michael S Korenfeld,4 Shane R Kannarr,5 Shane Foster,6 Mark J Jaros,7 Charles B Slonim8 1North Bay Eye Associates, Petaluma, CA, USA; 2Aesthetic Eye Care Institute & Eye Research Foundation, Newport Beach, CA, USA; 3North Valley Eye Medical Group, Mission Hills, CA, USA; 4Comprehensive Eye Care, Ltd, Washington, MO, USA; 5Kannarr Eye Care, Pittsburg, KS, USA; 6Athens Eye Care, Athens, OH, USA; 7Summit Analytical, Denver, CO, USA; 8Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USACorrespondence: Jason BacharachNorth Bay Eye Associates, 104 Lynch Creek Way, Suite 15, Petaluma, CA, 94954, USATel +1 (707) 762-3573Fax +1 (707) 762-6873Email jbacharach@northbayeye.comPurpose: Oxymetazoline 0.1% is a novel ophthalmic agent for the treatment of acquired blepharoptosis in adults that has been shown to improve upper eyelid elevation and superior visual field deficits. This analysis characterized the rapid onset of upper eyelid elevation with once-daily oxymetazoline 0.1% and durability of this effect over 42 days.Materials and Methods: Pooling data from two prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 studies, change in marginal reflex distance 1 (MRD-1) was evaluated at a range of post-instillation time points on treatment days 1, 14, and 42. Onset of effect was assessed beginning at 5 minutes post-administration (one study) and through 6 hours at the first two visits (both studies). Overall, 203 subjects received oxymetazoline 0.1% and 101 received vehicle.Results: Oxymetazoline 0.1% demonstrated a rapid onset of action on all days evaluated. Mean changes from baseline 5 and 15 minutes post-oxymetazoline 0.1% instillation on day 1 were 0.59 ± 0.72 mm and 0.93 ± 0.81 mm, respectively (vs 0.20 ± 0.57 mm and 0.32 ± 0.64 mm with vehicle; both p< 0.001). On day 14, mean changes from baseline 5 and 15 minutes post-oxymetazoline 0.1% instillation were 0.77 ± 0.85 mm and 1.11 ± 0.92 mm, respectively (vs 0.42 ± 0.78 mm and 0.41 ± 0.83 mm with vehicle; both p< 0.05). This effect was also observed immediately post-instillation on day 42, where mean increases 5 and 15 minutes post-oxymetazoline 0.1% instillation were 0.86 ± 0.85 mm and 1.04 ± 0.91 mm, respectively (vs 0.42 ± 0.80 mm and 0.47 ± 0.93 mm with vehicle; both p< 0.005). Significant improvements vs vehicle (p< 0.001) were also observed at 2– 6 hours on days 1 and 14. At all time points, the proportion of subjects showing a positive response to treatment (> 0% MRD-1 increase) was > 15% greater in the oxymetazoline 0.1% group (range 16.6– 36.1% more responders vs vehicle), with the largest differences observed 2 and 6 hours post-instillation.Conclusion: Oxymetazoline 0.1% provided rapid and sustained upper eyelid elevation. Together with data demonstrating superior visual field improvement and a favorable safety profile, this analysis supports oxymetazoline 0.1% as an effective non-surgical treatment for acquired ptosis.Keywords: alpha adrenergic agonist, eye drop, Müller’s muscle, non-surgical, topical, pharmacologic

Objective: To morphologically characterize the Ya'ax ik chili pepper: wild chili (Capsicum annuum), native variety from the Yucatan Peninsula. Design/methodology: Ya'ax ik chili pepper seeds were sown in 200-cavity polystyrene trays, and then the plants were placed in bags for hydroponics and were morphologically characterized using the Capsicum descriptor of the International Institute of Genetic Resources. Results: The plant showed 118 cm and 34.8 cm of height and ramification width and width of the intermediate plant, hanging white flowers and green fruits in the early stage and red at maturity with 7.42 and 2.32 cm length and width. Additionally, tolerance to the virus caused by whiteflies could be observed. Findings and conclusions: Plant with morphological characteristics susceptible to be genetically improved for its extensive farming, given the market acceptance of the fresh and dried fruit, supported by market prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]