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Urothelial carcinomas are malignant tumours originating from the epithelial layer of the urinary bladder. In this instance, a case of papillary and infiltrative urothelial carcinoma in the urinary bladder of a 2-year-old terrier dog was defined clinically, histopathologically and immunohistochemically. The material of the presented case consisted of urinary bladder tissue samples that were surgically extirpated from a two-year-old terrier-breed female dog that applied to the Department of Surgery of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University with the complaint of hematuria. The tumour brought to the pathology laboratory was 11*10*12 cm in size and had finger-shaped extensions. Its outer surface was rough and hemorrhagic. Tissues were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and paraffin blocks were obtained by going through the necessary routine follow-up procedures. Afterward, sections were taken and subjected to Hematoxylin-Eosin, Masson's Trichrome, and immunohistochemical staining. As a result of the pathological and immunohistochemical examinations of the tumoral tissue samples taken from the urinary bladder, the diagnosis of papillary and infiltrative urothelial carcinoma was reached, and the case was discussed with the information provided by the literature. In addition, immunohistochemically, intense Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) staining has been associated with malignancy.

Growing evidence emphasizes the role of inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of Dry Eye Syndrome (DES). Concordantly, the importance of agents targeting the inflammatory cascade and oxidative stress in the treatment is also progressively increasing. Herein, the study has investigated the protective effects and underlying mechanism of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) on the ocular surface in a benzalkonium chloride (BAC)-induced dry eye rat model.A total of twenty-one Wistar albino rats were used to form the following three groups: Control, BAC, BAC + AITC. DES was established by topical application of BAC (four times daily for two weeks) in two groups, of which one group was treated with AITC (10 mg/kg BW daily oral dosage) for four weeks. Rats were monitored by dry eye diagnostic tests during the study period, and eventually, corneal tissues were used to evaluate for histopathologic analyzes and inflammatory and oxidative status.A significant improvement was observed in various histopathologic and ophthalmologic findings, including tear volume, tear film integrity, ocular surface damage, ocular inflammatory signs, corneal thickness, and edema through AITC supplementation. AITC prominently balanced the inflammatory status and oxidative stress by lowering key proinflammatory mediators (NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) and increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH-Px). Also, levels of protective tear proteins, including Muc1, Muc4, and Muc5 were recovered with AITC supplementation.AITC alleviates clinical and histopathologic signs related to DES. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of AITC play a significant role in the mechanism of action.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a combination of inositol-stabilized arginine silicate complex (ASI) and magnesium biotinate (MgB) on hair and nail growth in an animal model. Twenty-eight female Sprague-Dawley rats (8 weeks old) were randomized into one of the following groups: (i) group (control), shaved; (ii) group (ASI), shaved + ASI (4.14 mg/rat/day); (iii) group (ASI + MgB I), shaved + ASI (4.14 mg/rat/day) + MgB (48.7 μg/rat/day); and (iv) group (ASI + MgB II), shaved + ASI (4.14 mg/rat/day) + MgB (325 μg/rat/day). On day 42, compared with the control group, while hair density (p 0.05, p 0.01, and p 0.0001, respectively) and anagen ratio (p 0.01, p 0.01, and p 0.001) increased in the ASI, ASI + MgB I, and ASI + MgB II groups, telogen ratio decreased (p 0.01, p 0.01, and p 0.001, respectively). In the molecular analysis, VEGF, HGF, and KGF-2 increased in the ASI (p 0.01, p 0.01, and p 0.05, respectively), ASI + MgB I (p 0.0001 for all), and ASI + MgB II (p 0.0001 for all) groups when compared to the control group. FGF-2 (p 0.01) and IGF-1 (p 0.001) were found to be increased in the ASI + MgB I and ASI + MgB II groups. SIRT-1 and β-catenin increased in the ASI (p 0.05 and p 0.01), ASI + MgB I (p 0.001 for both), and ASI + MgB II (p 0.0001 for both) groups. Wnt-1 increased in the ASI + MgB I (p 0.001) and ASI + MgB II (p 0.0001) groups. In conclusion, the combination of ASI and MgB could promote hair growth by regulating IGF-1, FGF, KGF, HGF, VEGF, SIRT-1, Wnt, and β-catenin signal pathways. It was also established that ASI did not affect nail growth, whereas the MgB combination was effective using a higher dose of biotin.

Supplementary Table 1

Supplementary Table 1. Composition of the basal diet given to the study hens. Supplementary Table 2. Incidence of serous and mucinous adenocarcinoma in the study animals. Supplementary Table 3. RAS gene family mutation analysis. Supplementary Figure 1. Detection of curcumin in serum of the animals fed with curcumin by HPLC.

Genistein, the major isoflavone in soybean, has been reported to exert anticancer effects on various types of cancer including ovarian cancer; however, its chemopreventive effects and mechanisms of action in ovarian cancer have not been fully elucidated in spontaneously developing ovarian cancer models. In this study, we demonstrated the preventive effects and mechanisms of genistein in the laying hen model that develops spontaneous ovarian cancer at high incidence rates. Laying hens were randomized to three groups: control (3.01 mg/hen, n = 100), low (52.48 mg/hen n = 100), and high genistein supplementation (106.26 mg/hen/day; per group). At the end of 78 weeks, hens were euthanized and ovarian tumors were collected and analyzed. We observed that genistein supplementation significantly reduced the ovarian tumor incidence (P = 0.002), as well as the number and size of the tumors (P = 0.0001). Molecular analysis of the ovarian tumors revealed that genistein downregulated serum malondialdehyde, a marker for oxidative stress and the expression of NFκB and Bcl-2, whereas it upregulated Nrf2, HO-1, and Bax expression at protein level in ovarian tissues. Moreover, genistein intake decreased the activity of mTOR pathway as evidenced by reduced phosphorylation of mTOR, p70S6K1, and 4E-BP1. Taken together, our findings strongly support the potential of genistein in the chemoprevention of ovarian cancer and highlight the effects of the genistein on the molecular pathways involved in ovarian tumorigenesis.

We investigated the effect of daily dietary curcumin intake on the development and progression of spontaneous ovarian cancer in a galline (hen) model, as the chicken is the only nonhuman animal in which ovarian cancer spontaneously develops with a high prevalence. At the end of 12 months, ovarian cancer had spontaneously developed in 39% (35/90) of control hens not fed curcumin (n = 90). In comparison, it spontaneously developed in 27% (24/90) and 17% (15/90) of hens given curcumin at 25.8 (n = 90) and 53.0 mg/day (n = 90), respectively (P = 0.004). This represented significant dose-dependent reductions in overall ovarian cancer incidence in the 25.8 and 53.0 mg/day curcumin-fed groups (31% and 57%, respectively). Daily curcumin intake also reduced ovarian tumor sizes (P = 0.04) and number of tumors (P = 0.006). Evaluation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the chemopreventive and antitumor effects of curcumin revealed that NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways were significantly inhibited but that the nuclear factor erythroid 2/heme oxygenase 1 antioxidant pathway was induced by curcumin intake in a dose-dependent manner in ovarian tissues (P < 0.05). Sequencing of the Ras family genes (KRAS, NRAS, and HRAS) revealed less frequent KRAS and HRAS mutations in ovarian tumors in the curcumin-fed animals. In conclusion, our results demonstrated for the first time that daily curcumin intake leads to a significant and dose-dependent reduction in spontaneous ovarian cancer incidence and tumor growth, indicating a tremendous role for curcumin as a chemopreventive strategy for ovarian cancer. Cancer Prev Res; 11(1); 59–67. ©2017 AACR.

This study aimed to diagnose Sarcina ventriculi in lambs with haemorrhagic abomasitis using histopathological and real-time PCR methods. The material used in this study consisted of 43 abomasum tissues recovered from lambs presenting bleeding, ulcer, gas or a combination of these in the abomasum, that were brought for necropsy to the Department of Pathology of the Veterinary Faculty, Selcuk University. The recovered samples were stored in a 10% formaldehyde solution for histopathological examinations and in Eppendorf tubes at −20 °C for PCR examinations. All the samples were analyzed by histopathological and PCR methods. While S. ventriculi pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) amplicon was determined by real-time PCR in 17 cases, the packaged form of Sarcina-like bacteria was found microscopically in 3 cases only. In this study, the diagnosis of S. ventriculi in cases of lambs presenting bleeding, ulcers and gas in the abomasum or haemorrhagic abomasitis simultaneously at the necropsy was performed using histopathological and real-time PCR methods; in parallel, the real-time PCR method for the diagnosis of S. ventriculi-derived haemorrhagic abomasitis in lambs was also optimized.

Leptospiroz, hayvan yetiştiriciliği açısından önemli zoonoz karakterli, abort, kısırlık ve süt verimi kayıplarına neden olan, bakteriyel bir enfeksiyondur. Leptospiroz akut septisemik veya kronik nefritik formlarda seyreder. Leptospirozlu hayvanlarda makroskobik olarak ikterusa bağlı organlar sarı renge boyanır. Karaciğer anemik, yumuşak ve büyüktür. Serozalarda kanamalar vardır. Böbrekler hafif şişkin ve açık kahve renkte olup kesit yüzlerinde siyahımtırak-kahve renkte küçük odakların bulunduğu gözlenir. Mikroskopik olarak, karaciğer parankiminde dejeneratif ve nekrotik değişiklikler ile portal alanda yangısal hücre infiltrasyonları görülür.Remark hücre dizilerinde bozulmalar ve intrahepatik kolestaz gözlenir. Böbrekte tubul epitelllerinde dejenaratif ve nekrotik değişiklikler, tubul lümenlerinde hiyalin silindirler gözlenir. Ayrıca böbrek intersitisyumunda yoğun yangısel hücre infiltrasyonları görülür. Bu çalışmada Isparta ili Şarkikaraağaç ilçesi belediye mezbahasında 2020 yılında kesilen ve ikterus görülen 35 sığırdan, patolojik ikterus gözlenen 11’i leptospirozis yönünden incelendi. Bu olgulardan alınan karaciğer ve böbrek örnekleri bilinen laboratuvar yöntemleri ile işlenerek immunperoksidaz ve levaditi boyama yöntemleri ile boyandı. Elde edilen sonuçların histopatolojik bulgular ile karşılaştırması yapıldı. Leptospirozisli ineklerde iç organların, seroza ve mukozalar ile karkasın sarı renge boyanmış olduğu görüldü. Karaciğerlerin sarımsı renkli, yumuşak kıvamlı ve büyümüş olduğu belirlendi. Böbreklerin hafif şişkin ve açık kahverenginde olduğu gözlendi. Levaditi boyama metoduyla 7 olguda pozitiflik tespit edilirken, immunhistokimyasal boyama yöntemiyle 11 olguda pozitiflik tespit edildi. Bu çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlar leptospirozun spesifik ve erken tanısında immunhistokimyasal tanı uygulamasının Levaditi metoduna göre etiyolojik açıdan uyumlu ve daha güvenilir sonuçlar verdiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Bakır zehirlenmesi, bakırın vücuda alınımı ve atılımı arasındaki dengesizlikten kaynaklanan patolojik bir durumdur. Akut zehirlenme genellikle antihelmintik ilaçlar, mineral karışımları veya aşırı miktarda çözünür bakır tuzlarının uygulanmasından sonra görülür. Sunulan bu çalışmanın materyalini 900 toklu oluşturmaktadır. Hasta hayvanlarda abdominal sancı, ishal, hemoglobinüri, ikterus ve ölüm bulunmaktaydı. Yapılan nekropsiler sonucu deri altı yağ dokusu, serozalar ve organların etrafındaki yağ dokuda şiddetli sarılık belirlendi. Karaciğerin koyu kahve ya da sarımtırak renkte ve kolay parçalandığı görüldü. Safra keseleri dolgun, safra koyu renkte ve granüler yapıdaydı. Böbreklerin oldukça şişkin ve koyu siyah renkte olduğu görüldü. İdrar keseleri hemoglobinüriye bağlı olarak koyu kırmızı renkte idrar içermekteydi. Histopatolojik muayenede hepatositlerde hidropik dejenerasyon, vakuoler dejenerasyon, yağlanma, multifokal nekrozlar ve dissosiasyon, hepatositlerin sitoplazmasında sarı kahve renkte granüllerin yanı sıra hepatosit sitoplazmaları ve safra kanalcıklarında sarımsı-yeşil renkte safra pigmentlerine rastlandı. Portal alanlarda mononükleer hücre infiltrasyonları ile safra kanalı artışı belirlendi. Karaciğer kesitlerine Rodaninle yapılan boyamalarda hepatositlerin sitoplazmalarında kırmızımsı renkte pozitif boyanmalar tespit edildi, Böbreklerde tubul epitellerinde şişkinlik ve vakuoler dejenerasyon, bilurubin pigmenti dikkati çekti. Sunulan bu çalışmada koyunlarda görülen ve yem katkısından kaynaklandığı belirlenen akut bakır zehirlenmesinin klinik, toksikolojik ve patolojik bulgularının ortaya konulması ve son yıllarda oldukça sık karşılaşılan yem katkısı kaynaklı zehirlenme olaylarına dikkat çekilmesi amaçlanmıştır., Copper poisoning is a pathological condition resulting from an imbalance between the uptake and excretion of copper. Acute poisoning is usually observed after administering anthelmintic drugs, mineral mixtures, or excessively soluble copper salts. The material of the present study consists of 900 yearling sheep. Sick animals had abdominal pain, diarrhea, hemoglobinuria, icterus, and death. As a result of the necropsies, severe icterus was determined in the subcutaneous adipose tissue, serosas, and adipose tissue around the organs. It was observed that the liver was dark brown or yellowish and easily disintegrated. The gallbladders were full, the bile was dark in color and granular. It was observed that the kidneys were quite swollen and dark black. The urinary bladders contained dark red urine due to hemoglobinuria. Histopathological examination revealed hydropic degeneration, vacuolar degeneration, steatosis, multifocal necrosis, and dissociation in hepatocytes, yellowish-brown granules in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, as well as yellowish-green bile pigments in the hepatocyte cytoplasm and bile ducts. Mononuclear cell infiltration and bile duct increase were determined in portal areas. In the staining of liver sections with Rodanin, positive staining in reddish color was detected in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. Swelling and vacuolar degeneration in the tubular epithelium in the kidneys and bilirubin pigment were noted. This study it is aimed to reveal the clinical, toxicological, and pathological findings of acute copper poisoning in sheep, which is determined to be caused by feed additives and to draw attention to feed additive poisoning events that have been encountered quite frequently in recent years.

Klinik olarak canine distemper virüs (CDV) teşhisi konulan köpeklerde enfeksiyonun hem sürüntü örneklerinde ve hem de postmortem alınan doku örneklerinde hızlı teşhisine yönelik real-time RT-PCR metodu çalışılarak, viral nükleik asit tespitine dayalı real-time RT-PCR metodu ile histopatolojik yöntemin karşılaştırması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın materyalini, ateş, gözyaşı akıntısı ile solunum, sindirim ve sinir sistemi enfeksiyonlarına ait klinik bulgulara sahip, CDV enfeksiyonu klinik tanısı ile tedaviye başlanmış, ancak tedaviye yanıt vermeden ölen köpeklerden histopatolojik bulgulara göre CDV teşhisi konulmuş köpeklere ait beyin, beyincik, karaciğer, akciğer, dalak, böbrek, taban yastığı ve kan ile tonsil, burun ve gözden alınan sürüntü örnekleri oluşturdu. Histopatolojik incelemelerde CDV enfeksiyonu için karakteristik sayılan intrasitoplazmik ve intranükleer inklüzyon cisimciği belirlenen köpeklerden nekropsi sırasında alınmış sürüntü örneklerinde viral nükleik asit varlığı incelendiğinde tonsillerden alınan sürüntülerin tamamında, burun ve konjunktivadan alınan örneklerin iki tanesinde CDV nükleik asit kopyalarının belirlendiği, kan örneklerinde ise viral nükleik asit belirlenemediği görüldü. Köpeklerde görülen klinik bulgular hastalığı düşündürse de kesin teşhis için kullanılan virolojik ve histopatolojik incelemeler uzun zaman almaktadır. Bu durum viral nükleik asitlerin çoğaltılması esasına dayalı PCR yöntemlerini ön plana çıkarmakta, PCR yöntemleri içerisinde de uygulayıcı hatasını minimize eden, hızlı sonuç veren ve virüs sayısının tahmin edilebildiği real-time RT-PCR uygulamalarının önemini artırmaktadır.

Background/aim This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin isomers (L/Zi) on lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, NF-κB/Nrf2 pathways, and synaptic plasticity proteins in trained rats. Materials and methods Wistar rats were distributed into four groups: 1) control, 2) L/Zi: rats received L/Zi at the dose of 100 mg/kg by oral gavage, 3) exercise, 4) exercise+L/Zi: rats exercised and received L/Zi (100 mg/kg) by oral gavage. The duration of the study was eight weeks. Results Exercise combined with L/Zi reduced lipid peroxidation and improved antioxidant enzyme activities of muscle and cerebral cortex in rats (p < 0.001). In the Exercise + L/Zi group, muscle and cerebral cortex Nrf2 and HO-1 levels increased, while NF-κB levels decreased (p

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a novel form of biotin (magnesium biotinate) on serum glucose, lipid profile, and hepatic lipid metabolism-related protein levels in rats. Forty-two rats were divided into six groups and fed a standard diet-based egg white powdered diet supplemented with either d-biotin at 0.01, 1, or 100 mg/kg BW or magnesium biotinate at 0.01, 1, or 100 mg/kg BW for 35 days. Neither form of biotin influenced (p > 0.05) serum glucose or insulin concentrations. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride decreased with biotin from both sources (p < 0.05). Concentrations were lower with magnesium biotinate when comparing the 1 mg/kg dose (p < 0.05). Serum, liver, and brain biotin and liver cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) concentrations were greater when rats were treated with magnesium biotinate versus d-biotin, particularly when comparing the 1 and 100 mg/kg dose groups (p < 0.05). Both biotin forms decreased the liver SREBP-1c and FAS and increased AMPK-alpha 1, ACC-1, ACC-2, PCC, and MCC levels (p < 0.05). The magnitudes of responses were more emphasized with magnesium biotinate. Magnesium biotinate, compared with a commercial d-biotin, is more effective in reducing serum lipid concentrations and regulating protein levels of lipid metabolism-related biomarkers.

This study investigated the effects of marine phytoplankton supplementation on 1) perceived recovery and ground reaction forces in humans following a non-functional overreaching resistance-training program and 2) myogenic molecular markers associated with muscle cell recovery in a rat model. In the human trial, a 5-week resistance-training program with intentional overreaching on weeks 2 and 5 was implemented. Results indicate that marine phytoplankton prompted positive changes in perceived recovery at post-testing and, while both marine phytoplankton and placebo conditions demonstrated decreased peak and mean rate of force development following the overreaching weeks, placebo remained decreased at post-testing while marine phytoplankton returned to baseline levels. In the rat model, rats were divided into four conditions: (i) control, (ii) exercise, (iii) exercise + marine phytoplankton 2.55 mg·d-1, or (iv) exercise+marine phytoplankton 5.1 mg·d-1. Rats in exercising conditions performed treadmill exercise 5 d·wk-1 for 6 weeks. Marine phytoplankton in exercising rats increased positive and decrease negative myogenic factors regulating satellite cell proliferation. Taken together, marine phytoplankton improved perceptual and functional indices of exercise recovery in an overreaching human model and, mechanistically, this could be driven through cell cycle regulation and a potential to improve protein turnover.

Background/aim Mango ginger (MG: curcuma amada) has antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities. The aim was to evaluate the antiarthritic potential efficacy of MG on collagen-induced arthritis. Materials and methods Twenty-one female Wistar-albino rats were divided into three groups. Arthritis was induced by intradermal injections of type II collagen and Freund’s adjuvant. MG extract was orally administered starting from the first collagen injection. TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, obestatin, sclerostin, and DKK-1 serum levels were determined, and perisynovial inflammation and cartilage-bone destruction in the paws were histologically evaluated. Moreover, joint tissue TNF-α, IL-17, NF-κB, and COX-2 levels were analyzed. Results TNF-α, IL-17, IL-6, and DKK-1 serum levels were increased, and obestatin and sclerostin serum levels were decreased in the arthritis group compared to the control group. However, MG supplements decreased TNF-α, IL-17, IL-6, and DKK-1 serum levels and increased obestatin and sclerostin serum levels. Similarly, while collagen injection increased tissue TNF-α, IL-17, NF-κB, and COX-2 levels, MG decreased TNF-α, IL-17, and NF-κB levels. Moreover, MG ameliorated perisynovial inflammation and cartilage-bone destruction in the paws. Conclusion MG ameliorates arthritis via actions on inflammatory ways and wingless (Wnt) signaling pathway. These results suggest that MG may have a considerable potential efficacy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Amaç: Sığır yetiştiriciliğinde Pasteurella multocida ve Mannheimia haemolytica’nın sebep olduğu pnömoniler yol açtıkları ekonomik kayıplar nedeniyle oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmada mikrobiyolojik yöntemler ve real time PCR ile P. multocida ve M. haemolytica'nın neden olduğu belirlenen pnömonili sığır akciğerlerinde ve nasal swaplarda belirlenen sitolojik bulguların ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada sığır pnömonik akciğerlerinde bakteriyolojik kültür, histopatolojik, sitolojik ve real time PCR teknikleri kullanıldı. Real time PCR ile M.haemolytica ve P.multocida belirlenen pnömoni olgularında sitolojik bulgular değerlendirilerek diğer pnömoni tipleri ile karşılaştırıldı. Bulgular: Burun swap ve akciğer örneklerinden hazırlanan smear örneklerinde sitolojik bulgular kaydedildi. Pnömoni belirtisi görülen 233 sığırın 23’ünde (%9.87) P.multocida ve M. haemolytica’ya bağlı pnömoni belirlendi. Fibrinli bronkopnömonili hayvanlar içerisinde yaklaşık % 51,11’inde P.multocida ve M.haemolytica olduğu belirlendi. Bu olguların sitolojik incelemelerinde diğer pnömonilere kıyasla nötrofil lökosit sayısının arttığı tespit edildi. Nötrofillere ilave olarak; P.multocida ve M.haemolytica belirlenemeyen diğer fibrinli bronkopnömoni olgularıyla karşılaştırıldığında bu olgularda lenfosit ve silialı epitel hücrelerin sayısının önemli derecede arttığı belirlendi. Öneri: Çalışmanın sonuçları Pasteurella multocida ve Mannheimia haemolytica’nın sebep olduğu pnömonilerin sığır solunum sistemi enfeksiyonlarının önemli bir bölümünü oluşturduğunu ve fibrinli pnömoniye neden olduğunu göstermiştir. Elde edilen sitoloji sonuçları pnömonilerin tiplendirilmesinde klinik olarak değerlendirilebilir., Aim: In cattle breeding, pneumonia caused by Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica is very important due to the economic losses caused. In this study, it was aimed to reveal cytological findings in pneumonic bovine lungs and nasal swaps due to P. multocida and M. haemolytica determined by microbiological methods and real time PCR. Materials and Methods: In this study, bacteriological culture, histopathological, cytological and real time PCR techniques were used in pneumonic bovine lungs. Cytological findings were evaluated in cases of pneumonia whose etiological agent was identified as M.haemolytica and P.multocida by real time PCR and were compared with other pneumonia types Results: Cytological findings were recorded in smear samples prepared from nasal swaps and lung samples. Pneumonia caused by P. multocida and M. haemolytica was detected in 23 cases (9.87%) out of 233 cattle with signs of pneumonia. P.multocida and M.haemolytica were determined to occur in about 51.11% of the animals with fibrinous pneumonia. During the cytological examination of these cases, neutrophils were seen increased in number compared to the other types of pneumonia. In addition to neutrophils, the number of lymphocytes and ciliated epithelial cells was also significantly increased in these cases compared to the other fibrinous pneumonia cases in which P.multocida ve M.haemolytica was not detected. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that P. multocida and M. haemolytica cause a fibrinous type of pneumonia and constitute an important portion of cattle respiratory diseases. Clinically, cytology results may be evaluated for the typing of pneumonia.

Pnömoniler, sığırlarda görülen mortalite ve morbiditenin temel nedenleri arasında sayılan, önemli bir akciğer hastalığıdır. Klinik olarak iştahsızlık, yüksek ateş, solunum güçlüğü, solunum sayısında artış ve burun akıntısı ile karakterizedir. Sığırların solunum yolu hastalıklarının sınıflandırılmasına yönelik yapılan çalışmalarda, fibrinli bronkopnömoniler, irinli bronkopnömoniler, interstisyel pnömoniler ve tüberkülozis ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada kesim sonrası alınan örnekler, makroskopik bulgulara göre her grupta 25 hayvana ait olmak üzere 4 guruba (fibrinli bronkopnömoni, irinli bronkopnömoni, interstisyel pnömoni ve tüberküloz pnömonisi) ayrıldı. Daha sonra her guruptan mikroskobik muayene ile doğrulanmış 8’er adet kan serumu ve akciğer dokusu alındı. Yapılan bu çalışmada sığırların tüberküloz pnömonilerinde tümör nekroz faktör alfanın (TNFα) ve neopterinin , fibrinli brokopnömonilerinde malondialdehitin (MDA), irinli bronkopnömonilerde prokalsitoninin, interstisyel pnömonilerde ise neopterinin akciğer dokusunda ve kan serumunda istatistiki olarak anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğu belirlendi. Elde edilen sonuçlardan TNFα, MDA, prokalsitonin ve neopterinin veteriner hekimlerin pnömonileri tiplendirmesine yardımcı olabileceği düşünülse de detaylı çalışmalara ihtiyaç olduğu kanaatine varılmıştır., Pneumonia is an important lung disease that considered as one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in cattle. It is clinically characterized by anorexia, high fever, dyspnea, increase the rate of inhaling and exhale of respiratory system and discharge of nose. Fibrinous bronchopneumonias, purulent bronchopneumonias, interstitial pneumonias and tuberculosis have been come to the fore in classification studies of respiratory diseases of cattle. In this study after slaughter samples were separated into 4 groups by based on macroscopic examination (fibrinous bronchopneumonia, purulent bronchopneumonia, interstitial pneumonia and tuberculosis pneumonia) each group consists of 25 cattle. Later, 8 blood serums and lung tissues were taken from each group were confirmed by microscopic examination. In this study, the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and neopterin of tuberculosis pneumonias, malondialdehyde (MDA) of fibrinous bronchopneumonias, procalcitonin of pulmonary bronchopneumonias, and neopterin of interstitial pneumonias were statistically found to be significantly higher in both of lung tissues and sera of cattle. It was though that, although TNFα, MDA, procalcitonin and neopterin can help veterinarians to type pneumonia, comprehensive studies are needed.

The objective of this study was to shed light on the effect of a novel Lepidium peruvianum (Maca) blend on anti-fatigue capacities in exercised rats. Twenty-eight male albino rats were allocated into four groups (n = 7) at random: (i) Control (vehicle), (ii) Maca: (40 mg/kg/BW), (iii) WL-FST: weight-loaded forced swimming test group, and (iv) WL-FST + Maca group. Maca supplementation increased swimming time to exhaustion (p .01), while decreased serum lactate and liver glycogen concentrations. Maca addition resulted in lower levels of serum, liver, and muscle MDA (p .05). Muscle GPx activity increased in both Maca groups (p .001). Moreover, NF-κB levels were less in the WL-FST + Maca compared to the WL-FST group (p .001). Nrf1, Nrf2, PGC-1α, SIRT1, and TFAM levels were augmented in the WL-FST + Maca compared to the WL-FST (p .05). Consequently, our Maca blend increased endurance capacity and prevented exercise-induced oxidative stress and lactic acid buildup. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The brassica species Lepidium peruvianum (maca) has been consumed in Peru for centuries to enhance mood, libido, and energy. Although the positive effects of this plant on energy metabolism are accredited, the underlying molecular mechanisms of these effects have not been sufficiently elucidated. The current study's findings suggest that this innovative, exclusive maca powder blend can boost endurance while preventing oxidative stress and lactic acid buildup during acute exercise. The mechanism of this efficacy is thought to be caused by maca's regulatory properties on energy metabolism signaling receptors and strong antioxidant scavenging effects on the free radicals that are produced by prolonged exhaustive exercise periods.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a musculoskeletal disorder mainly found in elderly individuals. Modern treatment of OA, like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, hyaluronic acid injections, etc., is linked to long-term side effects. We evaluated the anti-osteoarthritic properties of a novel joint health formula (JHF) containing Bisdemethoxycurcumin enriched curcumin, 3-O-Acetyl-11-keto-beta-Boswellic acid-enriched Boswellia, and Ashwagandha in monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced knee OA in rats. Twenty-eight female rats were distributed into four groups: Control, OA, OA + JHF (100 mg/kg), and OA + JHF (200 mg/kg). JHF decreased the right joint diameters but increased the paw area and stride length compared to the OA group with no treatment. JHF significantly reduced the arthritic conditions after four weeks of supplementation (p 0.05). JHF significantly decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, COMP, and CRP in the serum of osteoarthritic rats (p 0.0001). We observed reduced lipid peroxidation but increased SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT activities in response to JHF treatment in OA animals. JHF down-regulated MMP-3, COX-2, and LOX-5 and improved the histological structure of the knee joint of osteoarthritic rats. JHF demonstrated a protective effect against osteoarthritis, possibly due to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity in experimentally induced osteoarthritis in rats, and could be an effective option in the management of OA.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disabling inflammatory disorder. Ginger is used for food and medicine to treat arthralgia, sprains, and muscle aches. Anti-inflammatory effects of ginger have been observed. The aim of our study was to detect the effects of ginger on experimentally induced inflammatory arthritis.Female Wistar albino rats (n = 21) were randomly separated into three groups (control, arthritis, and arthritis + ginger). Arthritis was generated by an appropriate method using type 2 collagen and Freund's adjuvant (collagen-induced arthritis model). The ginger group was treated starting at the first collagen injection with ginger root extract for 32 days by oral gavage (50 mg/kg/daily). Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), sclerostin, dickkopf-related protein-1 (DKK-1), and obestatin serum levels were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Tissue TNF-α, IL-17, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) levels were detected using the Western blot method.Mean arthritis score and serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17 were significantly decreased in ginger group than in the arthritis group. Increased sclerostin serum level and decreased DKK-1 serum levels were detected in ginger group compared with arthritis group. The decreases of IL-17, TNF-α, COX-2, and NF-κB tissue levels were statistically significant in the ginger group compared with arthritis group. Histopathological evaluation of the ginger group showed a decrease in the inflammation score compared to arthritis group.It can be concluded that ginger has protective properties in the development of inflammatory arthritis. The antiarthritic acts of ginger are related to NF-κB activity and Wnt pathway. Thus, it may be suggested that ginger is a candidate to research in human RA treatment.

Demyelination is generally observed in different neurodegenerative disorders, including Multiple sclerosis (MS). It is known that high-dose biotin supplementation stabilizes MS progression. To reduce the effective dose of biotin, here we synthesized a new and superior form of biotin, which is a complex of magnesium ionically bound to biotin (MgB) and compared its dose-dependent effect with biotin alone after lysolecithin (LPC)-induced demyelination in rats. Myelination was studied with luxol fast blue staining and revealed that the most significant remyelination occurred in the MgB groups. We observed dose-dependent improved spatial memory in both biotin and MgB combined animals. Furthermore, we detected decreased inflammatory proteins in both treatment groups, which were more prominent in high-dose MgB treated animals, associated with improved NF-κB, OP, and MMP-9 proteins. We further analyzed biotin-related proteins and observed that both biotin and particularly MgB reverses the LPC-induced reduction of these proteins. Furthermore, we have observed that biotin but particularly MgB improves neuronal transmission proteins, Synapsin-1, PSD-93, and PSD 95. Moreover, increased BDNF, GAP-43, and ICAM were detected in both treatment groups, especially significant in high-dose MgB treated animals. Increased GFAP, which indicates reactive gliosis, was observed in LPC treated animals, which were reversed particularly by high-dose MgB treatment. The present data reveal the dose-dependent beneficial effect of biotin on demyelination processes. However, a combination of biotin with Mg resulted in a more potent effect than biotin alone. The robust impact of MgB encourages proof-of-concept studies with MgB in human MS patients.

Environmental light pollution due to artificial light may increase the rate and severity of retinal diseases, and plant-based nutritional interventions with antioxidant properties have the potential to reverse this phenomenon. We aimed to investigate the potential effects of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) against white light-emitting diode (LED)-induced retinal degeneration (RD) in the rats.Twenty-eight male rats were allocated as: (i) Control, (ii) LED, (iii) LED + AITC (10 mg/kg BW), (iv) LED + AITC (20 mg/kg BW). Rats were administered with AITC for 28 days, followed by two days of intense environmental LED light (750AITC lowered the serum and retina malondialdehyde (MDA) levels while significantly (In conclusion, four weeks of AITC administration to the rats showed specific protective effects against two days of intense LED light-induced retinal damage; through antiinflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and modulating mitochondrial metabolic pathways.

Boron (B) is an element involved in many physiological processes in humans and accelerates wound healing and increases angiogenesis. This study aimed to evaluate the possible effects of sodium pentaborate pentahydrate (NaB) on hair growth and reveal its effects on Wnt-1, β-catenin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling pathways, which are important molecular mechanisms involved in hair growth.Thirty-five Sprague-Dawley/Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into five groups: non-shaved control, shaved control, NaB 1 mg (shaved + NaB 1 mg elemental B/kg CA), NaB 2 mg (shaved + NaB 2 mg elemental B/kg CA), and NaB 4 mg (shaved + NaB 4 mg elemental B/kg CA). Hair density was measured using the trichoscopy method. Dorsal skin samples were examined histopathologically at the end of the 42nd day, and follicle count, follicle diameter, and subcutaneous tissue thickness were recorded. Wnt-1, β-catenin, PDGF, VEGF, TGF-βIn trichoscopy measurements, hair density increased in the NaB 4 mg group (90.9%). In histopathological examination, anagen follicles were observed to increase in the NaB 1 mg and 2 mg groups (p 0.05). Follicle diameter increased in all NaB groups (p 0.05). The Wnt-1, β-catenin, PDGF, VEGF, TGF-βNaB 1 and 2 mg B/kg supplementation induces the anagen phase in rats via Wnt-1, β-catenin, VEGF, PDGF, and TGF-β1 signaling pathways. NaB 4 mg B/kg suppresses these pathways and adversely affects hair growth.