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Objective Kawasaki disease (KD) is a self‐limited vasculitis affecting medium‐sized vessels with a predilection for the coronary arteries. Although treatment reduces the likelihood of developing of coronary artery aneurysms, 5% of patients still develop aneurysms despite treatment, making KD the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in the United States. Consequently, there is a great deal of interest in optimizing treatment regimens, particularly for higher‐risk patients, to decrease morbidity. The aim of this systematic review is to support the development of the American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation for the diagnosis and management of KD, focusing on the more complex scenarios in which rheumatologists may become involved, such as high‐risk and refractory disease. Methods Eighty‐nine articles were considered for full review in this systematic literature review to address 16 Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome questions related to KD. Data were abstracted in hierarchical fashion. Randomized control trials (RCTs) were considered first; if none were identified or if they contained insufficient information, comparative observational studies were then viewed, followed by single‐arm observational studies/single arms from comparative studies. Only observational studies with more than 10 subjects with vasculitis were included. Results Eight RCTs and 28 observational studies that addressed the questions were identified. Two questions were addressed by RCTs, seven questions had at least some comparative observational studies, three questions were only addressed by single‐arm data, and four questions had no relevant studies. Conclusion This systematic review evaluates the benefits and harms of treatments for KD beyond first‐line therapy.

This systematic review compares treatment options for patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA) and evaluates the test accuracy of studies used in diagnosing and monitoring GCA. These studies were used to inform evidence‐based recommendations for the American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/Vasculitis Foundation (VF) vasculitis management guidelines. A systematic review and search of articles in English in Ovid Medline, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was conducted. Articles were screened for suitability, and studies presenting the highest level of evidence were given preference. Three hundred ninety‐nine full‐text articles addressing GCA questions were reviewed to inform 27 Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome questions. No benefit was found with intravenous glucocorticoids (GCs) compared with high‐dose oral GCs in patients with cranial ischemic symptoms (27.4% vs 12.3%; odds ratio [OR] 2.39 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75‐7.62], [very low certainty of evidence]). Weekly tocilizumab with a 26‐week GC taper was superior to a 52‐week GC taper in patients achieving remission (risk ratio 4.00 [95% CI 1.97‐8.12], [low certainty of evidence]). Non‐GC immunosuppressive therapies with GCs compared with GCs alone showed no statistically significant in relapse at 1 year (OR 0.87 [95% CI 0.73‐1.04], [moderate certainty of evidence]) or serious adverse events (OR 0.81 [95% CI 0.54‐1.20]; [moderate certainty of evidence]). Temporal artery biopsy has a sensitivity of 61% (95% CI 38%‐79%) and a specificity of 98% (95% CI 95%‐99%) in patients with a clinical diagnosis of suspected GCA. This comprehensive systematic review synthesizes and evaluates the benefits and harms of different treatment options and the accuracy of commonly used tests for the diagnosis and monitoring of GCA.

Objective The aim of this systemic review is to compare different treatments for patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) to inform evidence‐based recommendations for the American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/Vasculitis Foundation (VF) Vasculitis Management Guidelines. Methods A systemic review was conducted by searching articles in English using OVID Medline, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Articles were screened for suitability in addressing PICO questions, with studies presenting the highest level of evidence given preference. Results A total of 729 full‐text articles addressing GPA and MPA PICO questions were reviewed. For remission induction, rituximab was shown to be noninferior to cyclophosphamide (CYC) (odds ratio [OR]: 1.55, moderate certainty of evidence). The addition of plasma exchange to induction therapy in severe disease did not improve the composite end point of death or end stage renal disease (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.86 [95% confidence interval CI: 0.65, 1.13], moderate certainty of evidence). In nonsevere disease, methotrexate was noninferior to CYC for induction of remission (remission at 6 months of 90% vs. 94%). For maintenance of remission, methotrexate and azathioprine showed no difference in the risk of relapse over a mean follow‐up of 29 months (HR: 0.92, [95% CI: 0.52, 1.65]low certainty of evidence). As maintenance therapy, rituximab was superior to a tapering azathioprine strategy in major relapse‐free survival at 28 months (HR: 6.61, [95% CI: 1.56, 27.96], moderate certainty of evidence). In two randomized trials, longer‐term azathioprine maintenance therapy (>24 months) is associated with fewer relapses without an increase in adverse events. Conclusion This comprehensive systematic review synthesizes and evaluates the benefits and toxicities of different treatment options for GPA and MPA.

Objective Takayasu’s arteritis (TAK) is a granulomatous large‐vessel vasculitis primarily affecting the aorta and its proximal branches. TAK can be a difficult disease to diagnose and manage given the rarity of the disease as well as current limitations in biomarkers, imperfect imaging modalities, and few randomized controlled trials. Methods In developing the American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation guideline for the management of TAK, we performed an extensive systematic literature review to guide our recommendations. We included RCTs first. When RCTs were not available, we included observational studies that reported on patient‐important outcomes for the intervention and comparison. When studies with comparative data were not available, we included case series that present patient‐important outcomes for either the intervention or the comparison. Results Three hundred forty‐seven articles were included for full review to answer 27 population, intervention, comparison, and outcome questions related to TAK. Ten studies were evaluated that addressed the use of glucocorticoids (GCs), non‐GC nonbiologic therapies, as well as biologics in treating TAK. A total of 33 studies, including 8 comparative studies, were included to determine the test accuracy of commonly available diagnostic tests for TAK. Conclusion This comprehensive systematic review synthesizes and evaluates the benefits and harms of different treatment options and the accuracy of commonly used tests for the management of TAK.

Objective Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is part of a group of vasculitides commonly referred to as antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)–associated vasculitis (AAV), in addition to granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and renal‐limited vasculitis. Patients with EGPA characteristically have asthma and marked peripheral eosinophilia with only approximately 30% to 35% of patients being myeloperoxidase (MPO)‐ANCA positive, distinguishing it from other forms of AAV (1,2). The aim of this systematic review is to support the development of the American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation guideline for the management of EGPA. Methods A systematic review was conducted of the literature for seven forms of primary systemic vasculitis (GPA, MPA, EGPA, polyarteritis nodosa, Kawasaki disease, giant cell arteritis, and Takayasu arteritis). The search was done for articles in English using Ovid Medline, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Articles were screened for suitability in addressing population/patients, intervention, comparator, and outcomes (PICO) questions, with studies presenting the highest level of evidence given preference. Two independent reviewers conducted a title/abstract screen and full‐text review for each eligible study. Results The initial search, conducted in August 2019, included 13 800 articles, of which 2596 full‐text articles were reviewed. There were 190 articles (addressing 34 PICO questions) reporting on the diagnosis and management of EGPA. Conclusion This comprehensive systematic review synthesizes and evaluates the accuracy of commonly used tests for EGPA as well as benefits and toxicities of different treatment options.

Objective The object of this study was to analyze the benefits and harms of different treatment options and to analyze test accuracy used in the evaluation of patients with primary systemic polyarteritis nodosa (PAN). Methods A systematic search of published English‐language literature was performed in Ovid Medline, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from the inception of each database through August 2019. Articles were screened for suitability in addressing patient, intervention, comparison, and outcome questions, with studies presenting the highest level of evidence given preference. Results Of 137 articles selected for data abstraction, we analyzed 21 observational studies and seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The results showed indirect evidence that a deep skin biopsy provides good diagnostic accuracy. A combined nerve and muscle biopsy should be obtained for patients with PAN with peripheral neuropathy. Cyclophosphamide with high‐dose glucocorticoids (GCs) is effective as an induction treatment for newly diagnosed active and severe PAN. GC monotherapy is adequate in the majority of patients with nonsevere PAN, although it has a high relapse rate with GC taper. There was insufficient data in determining the optimal duration of non‐GC and GC maintenance therapy. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors are effective treatment for patients with deficiency of adenosine deaminase 2 (DADA2) with stroke and vasculitis manifestations. Conclusion This comprehensive systematic review synthesizes and evaluates the harms and benefits of different treatment options and the accuracy of commonly used tests for the diagnosis of systemic PAN. Data for diagnosis and management of PAN and DADA2 are mostly limited to observational studies. More high‐quality RCTs are needed.

Mast cells play an important role in immunomodulation and in the maintenance of vascular integrity. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is one of the key biomarkers and therapeutic target in systemic vasculitis. The objective of the current study is to describe the role of mast cells in arterial IL-6 homeostasis. Eight- to ten-week-old male C57BL/6 (wild-type) mice were injected with either (a) saline, (b) compound 48/80 (a systemic mast cell degranulating agent), (c) lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or (d) a combination of C48/80 and LPS. Twenty-four hours after the injections, mice were sacrificed and serum samples and aortic tissues were analyzed for determining inflammatory response and cytokine expression profile. The results revealed that induction of mast cell degranulation significantly lowers serum IL-6 levels and aortic expression of IL-6 in LPS-treated mice. Significantly higher aortic expression of toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) and TNF-α was seen in the LPS and LPS+C48/80 groups of mice compared to controls. Aortic expression of TLR-4 was significantly decreased in LPS+C48/80 compared to C48/80 alone. LPS+C48/80-treated mice presented with a 3-fold higher aortic expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS-1) compared to saline-injected groups. The inhibition of LPS-induced increase in serum IL-6 levels by mast cell degranulation was not seen in H1R knockout mice which suggests that mast cell-derived histamine acting through H1R may participate in the regulatory process. To examine whether the mast cell-mediated downregulation of LPS-induced IL-6 production is transient or cumulative in nature, wild-type mice were injected serially over a period of 10 days (5 injections) and serum cytokine levels were quantified. We found no significant differences in serum IL-6 levels between any of the groups. While mice injected with C48/80 or LPS had higher IL-10 compared to vehicle-injected mice, there was no difference between C48/80- and LPS+C48/80-injected mice. In conclusion, in an in vivo setting, mast cells appear to partially and transiently regulate systemic IL-6 homeostasis. This effect may be regulated through increased systemic IL-10 and/or aortic overexpression of SOCS-1.

Mast cells are important cells of the immune system. Although traditionally considered as key players in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions, emerging evidence suggests that mast cells have many complex roles in vascular disease. These include regulation of vasodilation, angiogenesis, activation of matrix metalloproteinases, apoptosis of smooth muscle cells, and activation of the renin angiotensin system. Mast cells are also known to play an immunomodulatory role via modulation of regulatory T-cell (Treg), macrophage and endothelial cell functions. This dual role of the mast cells is evident in myeloperoxidase anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-mouse model of glomerulonephritis in which mast cell deficiency worsens glomerulonephritis, whereas inhibition of mast cell degranulation is effective in abrogating the development of glomerulonephritis. Our previous work demonstrated that mast cell degranulation inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin 6 (IL-6) production in mice. This effect was not seen in histamine-1-receptor knockout (H1R−/−) mice suggesting a role for histamine in IL-6 homeostasis. In addition, mast cell degranulation-mediated decrease in IL-6 production was associated with an upregulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 protein in the aorta. We propose that mast cells regulate large artery inflammation through T-cells, shifting a primarily Th1 and Th17 toward a Th2 response and leading to enhanced IL-10 production, activation Treg cells, and the inhibition of macrophage functions.

Introduction: Covid-19 has had short-term and long-term negative psychological consequences on human societies. The results of numerous studies indicate significant effects on people's health, such as anxiety, stress, depression, insomnia, and PTSD. Aim: The purpose of the present study was the effectiveness of mindfulness therapy on stress and anxiety in patients with covid-19. Method: The research design was a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group, the statistical population of the study included all the people infected with the disease of Covid-19 in Isfahan city, and through convenience sampling, 30 people who recovered from Covid-19 were selected and through simple random method they were assigned in two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). Corona Stress Scale (CSS-18) of Salimi, Abedini Chamgordani, Ghasemi Nafchi, Tabashir (2021) and Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS) of Alipour, Ghadami, Alipour, Abdollahzadeh (2020) were completed by the participants in the two stages of pre-test and post-test in the experimental and control groups.. Univariate covariance analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: The results of univariate covariance analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the mean post-test scores of the control and experimental groups. The mean stress and anxiety scores of the experimental group were significantly reduced compared to the control group, and mindfulness therapy intervention was effective in reducing the stress and anxiety of patients with covid-19 in the post-test phase (P

Objectives: Aging is a sensitive period in life. Due to the increase in the aging population and the possibility of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and depression in the elderly, it is necessary to prevent Alzheimer’s disease in these patients by improving their cognitive status and depression. The present study aims to investigate the effect of cognitive rehabilitation on the cognitive status and depression of older men with MCI. Methods & Materials: This is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest/posttest design using a control group. The study population consists of older men aged ≥60 years with MCI living in a nursing home in Kerman, Iran in 2021. Using a purposeful sampling method, 24 eligible older men were selected and randomly assigned to two groups of control (n=12) and intervention (n=12). Evaluation of cognitive state and depression was performed using the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Geriatric Depression Scale, respectively before and after the intervention. Cognitive rehabilitation program was presented at 12 one-hour sessions in the intervention group. The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance in SPSS software, version 19. Results: The cognitive rehabilitation program had a significant effect on improving cognitive state and reducing depression in the elderly with MCI (P

Background and Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the relationship between coping styles and self-efficacy in women with breast cancer and normal women. Materials and Methods: The present study was a descriptive-analytic study. In 2014, referring to the specialized radiotherapy and rehabilitation clinics of Reza (AS) and the control variables of 50 women with breast cancer and 50 healthy women, through available sampling In this study, demographic characteristics were used along with informed consent form, Lazarus and Falkman coping styles questionnaire, and Sherer and Maddox general self-efficacy questionnaire were used to collect data. Pearson correlation and Independent t-test were used to determine the hypotheses to determine the difference between the two groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software. Results: The results of the analysis showed that there is a significant difference between coping styles and its components and self-efficacy among patients with breast cancer and normal people. In women with breast cancer and normal women in problem-oriented style, with self-efficacy There is a meaningful and direct relationship between emotion-centered styles and self-efficacy (p Conclusion: Overall, the findings show that there is a significant difference between coping styles and self-efficacy in cancer patients and normal people, and higher scores in problem-oriented styles are associated with better self-efficacy and better self-efficacy leads to health promotion behaviors Gets

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as a developmental-neuro disorder, is a disorder that creates impairments in the cognitive performances, such as memory, communication ability and language. One of the determining levels in the individuals’ social life is the ability to produce narrative discourse which entails applying linguistic and cognitive knowledge and skills simultaneously. The purpose of the present study was to provide a comparative study of the reference representation, as a narrative fundamental element, by using referential expressions based on the six cognitive statuses proposed in Gundel, Hedberg, & Zacharski’s (1993) “Givenness Hierarchy” in the narratives produced by Persian-speaking children with high-functioning autism (HFA) and typically developed (TD) children regarding their age. To this end, 24 children with high-functioning autism and 24 typically developed children, with the age 7, 9, 11 years old (each age group consisting of 8 subjects) were participated in this study. The narratives were elicited by the picture story book “Frog, where are you?” (Mayer, 1969). Then, the gathered data were analyzed by SPSS software. The results of the study indicated that there was differences between the two under study groups in representing the reference based on the cognitive statuses of “Givenness Hierarchy” by referential expressions. Furthermore, the age increase had no effect on the reference representation based on the cognitive statuses of “Givenness Hierarchy” in children with high-functioning autism’s narratives, in contrast to typically developed children’s narratives.

Introduction: Developing children’s skills in producing oral narratives can reflect their linguistic and cognitive abilities. However, to evaluate these abilities appropriately, it is necessary to find and apply an efficient narrative assessment tool. This study primarily aimed to assess the reliability and validity of a picture story, as a narrative eliciting tool, based on Persian-speaking children’s narratives. This assessment is going to be done at the microstructure and macrostructure levels. Furthermore, to evaluate the power of the assessment tool, we explored the effect of age and gender variables on using different narrative elements at the microstructure and macrostructure levels. Materials and Methods: We used a picture story, “Frog, where are you?” to elicit oral narratives in 48 subjects, including 7-, 9-, and 11-year-old boys and girls. The reliability and validity of the tool were respectively assessed by test-retest and factor analysis. Results: The findings indicated a significantly high correlation between the evaluated features based on test-retest. Besides, factor analysis revealed four categories: sentence structures, references, conjunctions, measures of story length. They were valid indicators for assessing Persian-speaking children’s narratives. The results also showed a statistically significant difference among different age groups, but an insignificant effect of gender on using discursive features in the tales. Conclusion: The picture story “Frog, where are you?” can be used as a reliable and valid narrative eliciting tool for Persian data at the microstructure and macrostructure levels. Also, the age factor, but not the gender one, affects the stories recited by Persian children.

َAbstract The main aim of the present study was to comparative survey of happiness among high school students of Zahedan. The main aim of the present study was to comparative survey of happiness among high school students of Zahedan.The statistical sample includes 400 (189 males and 211 females) high school students who were selected using a random multiple stage sampling method. A descriptive design has been used for current research and the multidimensional students life satisfaction scale (MSLSS) has been used to measure participants happiness. Some descriptive statistics as well as independent sample t-test, ANOVA, and Tukey test were run to test the research hypothesis. Our Results indicated that a significant difference in mean scores of happiness between boys and girls. Moreover, a statistically significant was shown among different grades on happiness and some different life satisfaction aspects.

The aim of this article is to determine the effectiveness of brief object relations psychotherapy on reduction of interpersonal sensitivity, interpersonal awareness and need for approval of individuals with Avoidant Personality syndrome. This is a Single – Subject A-B design with multiple baseline and one month following up. Statistical society consisted of all individuals 18 to 30 years old who referred to the Psychology Clinic of Faculty of Education and Psychology of Ferdowsi University after seeing the announcements of research design between February 2016 and March 2016. Sampling method was purposeful. 34 individuals referred to the clinic and among them 3 individuals had Avoidant Personality syndrome which selected by Millon Clinical Multitaxial Inventory (MCMI-III) and Structural Clinical Interview for assessing Axis II (SCID-II). The research participants at baseline, fifth, tenth and sixteenth sessions and one month after the intervention, responded to the interpersonal Sensitivity Measure questionnaire (IPSM). The brief psychotherapy accomplished in 16 sessions. Data analysis was done by using visual analysis chart, effect size and percentages of overlapping and non-overlapping data. Results showed that, brief object relations psychotherapy reduced the interpersonal sensitivity, interpersonal awareness and need for approval of research participants significantly at the end of the therapy and in the following up period. It can be said that brief object relations psychotherapy is effective in reducing the symptoms of individuals with avoidant personality syndrome.

Extended Abstract Employee commitment can have positive outcomes for the organization and preventing displacement, absenteeism and leaving the organization. A retirement plan should be drawn up to maintain and increase the organizational commitment of the staff. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate factors affecting organizational commitment. The purpose of this study was to Identification the role of Dimensions of organizational development in the organizational commitment of faculty of physical education in the country. The present research is of correlation and performed in Field method. The study of 215 people, including all members of the faculty of physical education across the country. Introduction The development and qualitative growth of the faculty members is one of the goals of today's universities, For this reason, Developing and implementing programs for the growth of these specialists is necessary, The development of faculty members includes activities that help them grow and Promoting Professional capabilities. Improve the development of faculty could have a positive impact on their organizational behaviors without hesitation. Organizational commitment of members can be one of these. Organizational commitment of employees is the positive and negative attitudes of individuals toward the organization. Organizational commitment has three dimensions that are: - Strong belief in accepting the goals of the organization - A lot of passion for more effort in the organization - The desire to continue membership in the organization. Gall (2015), showed a positive and significant correlation between organizational commitment and employee organizational development in their research at Preston University. Very little research has been done on this subject. It is necessary to do more research in this field . The present research wants to answer these questions: Is there a relationship between organizational development and its dimensions, and the degree of organizational commitment of the faculty members of the country's physical education colleges? Do dimensions of organizational development can predict the organizational commitment of the faculty members of the country's physical education colleges? Case study The purpose of this study was to Identification the role of Dimensions of organizational development in the organizational commitment of faculty of physical education in the country. Materials and methods The present research is of correlation and performed in Field method. The study of 215 people, including all members of the faculty of physical education across the country. The sample size has been calculated against 138 people, using the Cochrane formula and is selected by stratified random sampling. In this research, organizational development questionnaire (Jamshidi, 1388) and questionnaire of organizational commitment (Allen and Meyer, 1997), which validity by experts and reliability through Cronbach's alpha, respectively, 0.78 and 0.86 respectively. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, statistical methods, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression analysis to single-sample t-test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov was used. Discussion and results The results showed that between organizational development and all its aspects, and organizational commitment of faculty members in the P

The objective of this study was to compare identity styles and friendship quality among female and male adolescent students in Khash. To this end, a corpus of 400 female and male students (199 female students and 201 male students) studying in Khash was selected using the cluster random sampling method. The measurement tools applied in the current study were the Berzonsky Identity Styles Questionnaire (1992) and the Hejazi and Zohrevand Friendship Quality Inventory (2000). For data analysis, the t-test was used to compare the means of the two independent groups. The obtained results showed significant differences between the mean scores of the female and male students on all the subscales considered in the Identity Style Questionnaire except for the diffuse-avoidant style. Moreover, there were not any significant differences between the mean scores of the female and male students on the total score of friendship quality and the subscale of satisfaction at the 95% confidence level. However, considering the subscales of proximity, self-disclosure, and trust, significant differences were found between the mean scores of the female and male students.

Introduction: Synonymy occurs when two words have a similar meaning. Language perception is superior to language production. Moreover, considering that, due to some mental problems and low IQ, intellectually disabled children suffer from some difficulties in language comprehension, conducting a research on the perception of synonymy can help these children in their language communication. Thus, the purpose of the present research was to examine and compare the perception of synonymy in educable children with intellectual disability and typically developing children. Materials and Methods: The present study was a casual-comparative research. The data used in this research were gathered using the researcher-made Perception of Synonymy Questionnaire. To this end, 15 educable children with intellectual disability from exceptional schools and 15 typically developing children from ordinary schools of Jiroft, Iran, were asked to complete this questionnaire. The independent t-test was used to investigate and analyze the hypothesis of the present research and MANOVA was used to compare the perception of different kinds of synonymy. Results: The result of independent t-test showed that there was a significant difference between the mean of synonymy perception in educable children with intellectual disability and typically developing children (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Educable children with intellectual disability had difficulty in the perception of synonymy compared to typically developing children. However, the results of the present study showed no difference between educable children with intellectual disability and typically developing children in the understanding of two synonymous words belonging to different dialects and two synonymous words belonging to different languages.

Background and Purpose: Specific learning disabilities are one of the most common childhood problems. There are much evidence showing the role of the cognitive factors in the etiology and treatment of learning disorders. The aim of current study was to predict math learning disability based on cognitive factors of attention, processing speed and working memory in primary school children. Method: The research method was descriptive and based on correlation-prediction models. The statistical population included all primary school children aged 7 to 11 in Zabol in the academic year of 1998-99. The statistical sample consisted of 50 students who were selected by convenience sampling method. Wechsler test for children, attention performance test and Iranian key math test were used to collect data. Findings: The results of the present study showed that there is a significant relationship between processing speed, working memory and attention performance with performance in the key math test (P

Background and Objective: Sleep disorders are one of the problems of substance abusers, which might result in emotional and logical thinking breakdown in those individuals. The main aim of the current research was to compare sleep problems in two groups of substance users and normal subjects. Materials and Methods: This study compared 90 substance users who were referred to the addiction treatment centers with 90 subjects who were relatives as a normal group. Participants were asked to fill out Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and STOP-BANG questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using independent t-test and descriptive indicators at the significant level of P < 0.050. Results: The average of age was 38.21 ± 4.35 years in the addict group and 41.11 ± 5.27 in the normal group (P < 0.050). All the participants were men. Our findings indicated a significant difference between the two study groups in the PSQI (P < 0.001) and ESS (P < 0.010) scores with a higher mean score for the addict group. However, normal group showed a significantly higher mean score on the ISI and STOP-BANG compared to the addict group (P < 0.010). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, sleep problems are common in people who are dependent on drugs, and should be given more attention.

The main purpose of this research was the role of life satisfaction in predicting Anger in the school environment. The research method was descriptive correlation. The statistical population included all the Secondary School students in saravn. The statistical population size was 7054 students. The number of 248 students, using Morgan's table were selected as a research sample. A cluster sampling was used as the sampling method. The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS(1985, and Multidimensional School Anger Inventory (MSAI)1998 were used to obtained the necessary date to test research hyposis. The mentioned data’s content-related reliability was estimated to arrange 0/81, and 0/79by using the Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient. To analyze the data, Pearson correlation coefficient , and linear regression have been used.The results showed that There was a negative and significant relationship between life satisfaction and Anger in the school environment. The Results revealed that life satisfaction predicted Anger in the school environment

Introduction: Antonymy is a key feature of everyday conversation, mental organization of words and discourse. It is also known that the most important characteristic of children with intellectual disabilities is language delay. Therefore, such children may have difficulties in the perception of antonymy. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comparative study of the perception of various types of antonymy between Typically Developing (TD) and educable Persian-speaking children with intellectual disabilities. Specifically, whether the perception of various types of antonymy is similar in these two groups of children. This research may offer clues for the necessity of the investigation of antonymy to help perceive the semantic knowledge by children with intellectual disabilities because the semantic knowledge is in turn vital for language comprehension. Materials and Methods: The study subjects included 15 TD children between 6 to 8 years of age and 15 educable children with intellectual disabilities with mental age of 6 to 8 years. Data were collected via a researcher-made test of perception of antonymy. A total of 30 questions were used to compare the perception of antonymy in terms of simple, gradable, reverse, converse, open and close taxonomy antonyms. Each question included three words. Results: Except for the gradable antonymy subcategory, the perception of various types of antonymy between two groups of children showed a significant difference (P

The aim of the study was to predict psychological well-being based on the positive and negative affection and coping self – efficacy among graduate students in Dehdasht University. The sample consisting of 250 graduate students were selected using multi-stage random sampling and were asked to complete Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), coping self-efficacy scale (CSE), and Psychological Well-being Scale, Ryff. After using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis, the results showed coping self-efficacy, positive and negative affect explain the most common variation (0/82) in psychological well-being respectively.

One of the main aims of using the academic achievement tests is to assess the learner's academic achievement. Like other psychological tests, achievement tests as well as different grading scale behavior are useful tools when they provide an unbiased estimate of the target variable measurement. However, due to the nature of the variables as well as measurement feature tools, there is a chance to presence some errors in the measurement process. Fuzzy logic-based systems with the benefit of modern methods of mathematical calculations are trying to reduce the ambiguity of the variable measurement process. In this study, the mid-term and the final scores of the 22 undergraduate students in the descriptive statistics course was considered as an uncertain and ambiguous data. Using fuzzy logic as an effective tool data was analyzed and the results of the using the proposed fuzzy model compared to the traditional methods (conventional) were discussed

Background and Objective: The main aim of the current research was to compare sleep problems in two groups of patients with addiction treated with preservatives substances (i.e., methadone and buprenorphine). Materials and Methods: Two groups of addicts (30 patients treated with methadone and 30 patients treated with buprenorphine) were voluntarily selected using an available sampling method and were asked to complete Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and STOP-BANG question-naires. Data analysis was performed using independent t-test and descriptive indicators at the significant level of 5%. Results:The average age was 39.16 ± 5.07 in the methadone group and 40.30 ± 6.17 years in the buprenorphine group (P < 0.050). All participants were male. Current findings indicated that significant difference existed between the two studied groups in the PSQI (P < 0.001) and ESS (P < 0.010) with the higher mean score for the methadone group. However, buprenorphine group showed higher mean score than methadone group on the ISI and STOP-BANG and the-se differences were found statistically significant (P < 0.010). Conclusion: Sleep problems may be one of the reasons for the failure in the treatment of addiction among patients with addiction.

Introduction: The representation of the character reference in different statuses in the narrative is a multifaceted and complicated discourse task. Since Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is interrelated with social and communication deficits; particularly, children with ASD face more challenges with this task. The present study aimed to examine the introduction, reintroduction, and maintenance of the characters reference by using different linguistic devices in the narratives produced by Persian-speaking children with High-Functioning Autism (HFA). Materials and Methods: The narratives were elicited based on the picture story book “Frog, where are you?” Two groups of Persian-speaking children, aged 7, 9 and 11 years old, including high-functioning ASD (mean age: 9;5 y; mon) and a control group of Typically Developing (TD) ones (mean age: 9;1 y; mon), each group consisted of 24 subjects participated in this study. Then, the obtained data were analyzed by the Independent sample T Test and Nonparametric Mann-Whitney Test. Results: The results demonstrated the children with ASD represented referential expressions significantly different from their peer group with regard to using some linguistic devices, in the reference introduction, reintroduction and maintenance (P

Background & aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the relationship between body image and quality of life in female patients with breast cancer and healthy women. Methods:In the current descriptive, causal, comparative, cross-sectional study, 50 women with breast cancer, referring to the radiotherapy and oncology clinic of Imam Reza Hospital (Mashhad, Iran) and 50 healthy women, referring to the same clinic, were selected via available sampling. Informed consent forms were obtained from the subjects. A demographic questionnaire, Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (consisting of 46 items), and short-form health survey (SF-36) were used as the study tools. For data analysis, Pearson’s correlation test and t-test were performed to determine the differences between the two groups. Data were analyzed, using SPSS version 16. Results: The results showed a statistically significant difference between female patients with cancer and healthy women in terms of quality of life (t=-4.1, P

هدف از پژوهش حاضر تعیین اعتبار و روایی پرسشنامه مقیاس چند بعدی رضایت از زندگی دانش آموزان (MSLSS) بود. تعداد 765 نفر از دانش آموزان مقطع راهنمایی شهر گرگان(376 دختر و 389 پسر) به روش نمونه گیری خوشه ای چند مرحله ای انتخاب و پرسشنامه مقیاس چند بعدی رضایت از زندگی دانش آموزان(MSLSS) استفاده شد.یافته های روانسنجی مربوط به ضرایب پایایی نشان داد که ضرایب آلفای کرونباخ و تصنیف پرسشنامه مقیاس چند بعدی رضایت از زندگی در تمامی خرده مقیاس ها و نمره کل بالا و رضایت بخش می باشد. در تحلیل عاملی با استفاده از روش تحلیل مؤلفه های اصلی و مقادیر بیشتر از یک، 11 عامل به دست آمد که جمعاً 57.64% واریانس را تبیین می نمایند. در مجموع پژوهش حاضر شواهدی را برای اعتبار و روایی مناسب پرسشنامه مقیاس چند بعدی رضایت از زندگی ارائه می کند.

"n Objective: In order to find how rating the WHOQOL-BREF and DASS scales are combined to produce an overall measure of quality of life and satisfaction with health rating, a QOL-DASS model was designed ; and the strength of this hypothesized model was examined using the structural equation modeling "n "nMethod: Participants included a sample of 103 voluntary males who were divided into two groups of unhealthy (N=55) and healthy (N=48). To assess satisfaction and negative emotions of depression, anxiety and stress among the participants, they were asked to fill out the WHOQOLBREF and The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-42). "nResults: Our findings on running the hypothesized model of QOL-DASS indicated that the proposed model of QOL-DASS fitted the data well for the both healthy and unhealthy groups "nConclusion: Our findings with CFA to evaluate the hypothesized model of QOL-DASS indicated that the different satisfaction domain ratings and the negative emotions of depression, anxiety and stress as the observed variables can represent the underlying constructs of general health and quality of life on both healthy and unhealthy groups.

"nObjective: The main aim of the current survey was to evaluate a hypothesized model on subjective quality of life (SQOL) ,and to survey the role of scale anchoring on satisfaction and dissatisfaction ratings. "n Method: The sample consisted of 456 volunteering students who were randomly assigned in to two different conditions, and rated their current overall life (dis)satisfaction and their (dis)satisfaction on six different domains of life. Each condition used one of the two rating scale formats; the formats differed in anchoring (-5 to +5 and 0 to 10). In order to find how the six different domains of life combine to produce an overall measure of subjective quality of life, a SQOL model was designed; and the strength of this hypothesized model of SQOL was examined using structural equation modeling. "nResults: The results of testing for multiple group invariance of the hypothesized model indicated a cross-validity for the studied model for measuring SQOL. Our results also indicated that comparing the two different response formats, only for scores derived from Horizontal (0 to 10) response format, all the paths in the model were found to be significant. "nConclusion: The results of the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) support the conclusion that the proposed model of SQOL fit the data well, and is able to predict SQOL.

هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر مقایسه ی عناصر آزمون ترسیم درخت در کودکان 9 – 7 ساله ی مبتلا به اختلال نارساخوانی و کودکان عادی بوده است. - طرح پژوهش علی مقایسه ای و جامعه آماری کلیه ی دانش آموزان دختر و پسر عادی و مبتلا به اختلال یادگیری نارساخوانی (9-7 ساله) شهر زاهدان در سال تحصیلی 88-87 بوده است که از این تعداد، 120 نفر با روش نمونه گیری تصادفی چند مرحله ای به عنوان نمونه آماری انتخاب شدند. ابزارهای پژوهش شامل، آزمون هوشی وکسلر کودکان، آزمون اختلال خواندن و آزمون ترسیم درخت می باشد و برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از آزمون همخوانی مجذور کا، جهت مقایسه ی دو گروه از لحاظ فراوانی سطوح عناصر در آزمون ترسیم درخت، استفاده شده است.یافته های پژوهش نشان داد که در 10 شاخص از آزمون ترسیم درخت تفاوت معناداری بین کودکان نارساخوان و کودکان عادی وجود داشته است