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In this study, conductive polymer composites and conductive functional fabrics are combined to serve as electromagnetic shielding planks. Polypropylene (PP), carbon black (CB), and short carbon fibers (SCF) are blended at different ratios to form conductive polymer composites (i.e. PCS series). The mechanical property, electrical property, morphology, and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of the PCS series are evaluated. The test results show that with 20 wt% of conductive fillers (i.e. CB and SCF), PCS20 exhibits the optimal tensile strength, flexural strength, and electrical property that is 7 order of magnitude higher than that of pure PP plates. Moreover, the EMI SE of this group also reaches −30 dB, which meets level one of civil EMI SE standard. Therefore, PCS20 is used to combine with four conductive sandwiches. The resulting multilayered functional PCS-sandwich planks are tested in terms of mechanical property, morphology, and EMI SE. The test results show that the planks composed of a pure conductive woven sandwich have the maximum tensile property and significantly improved impact resistance. All of the multilayered functional planks have EMI SE that is higher than −50dB and are qualified for the protection level of standard EMI SE electronic devices.

This study uses a rotary twisting machine to fabricate UV-cut twist yarns with 6, 10, 14, 18, or 22 twists/inch, after which their tensile strength is evaluated and thereby determines 10 twists/inc...

Two types of edible fruit coating and an active packaging were tested for their effect during 15 days of storage at atmosphere condition (24-25oC) with 60-70 % RH. One coating was alginate-based, while the other hand had palm oil-based as the main ingredient. These two coatings exhibit weight loss reduction and appearance change compared to uncoated, but only the palm-based coating delay ripening can extend 10 days of shelf life during storage. On the other side, Active packaging can effectively delay ripening during 15 days of storage. Moreover, these results show that active packaging might be a viable alternative to extend mango's shelf life because it can maintain weight loss below 3% during storage at atmospheric conditions.

The aim of this study is to combine conductive polymer composite with conductive fabrics for the acquisition of electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) materials. HS-PET filam...

Electrospinning is an efficient method of producing nanofibers out of polymers that shows a great potential for the filtration territory. Featuring water-soluble chitosan (WS-CS), a low-pollution process and a self-made needleless machine, PVA/WS-CS nanofibrous membranes were prepared and evaluated for nanofiber diameter, bacteriostatic property, filtration efficiency, pressure drop, and quality factor. Test results indicate that the minimal fiber diameter was 216.58 ± 58.15 nm. Regardless of the WS-CS concentration, all of the PVA/WS-CS nanofibrous membranes attained a high porosity and a high water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), with a pore size of 12.06–22.48 nm. Moreover, the membranes also exhibit bacteriostatic efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus, an optimal quality factor of 0.0825 Pa−1, and a filtration efficiency as high as 97.0%, that is 72.5% higher than that of common masks.

In this study, a low-melting-point polyester nonwoven fabric (L), a nylon spacer fabric (N), and a carbon fiber woven fabric (C) are laminated in different orders and then needle-bonded at a depth of 15.0 cm to form NLC, NLN, CLC, and CLN composites with a sandwich construction. Regardless of the lamination order, four composite types exhibit high tensile strengths and tearing strengths. Based on the ASTM D4935-18 test standard, the electromagnetic wave shielding measurement is conducted in a frequency range of 1~3 GHz. The two groups—NLC and CLN—demonstrate different electromagnetic wave shields, which are −45~−65 dB for the former, and −60 dB for the latter. According to FTTS-FA-003, in the specified requirements of the test method for electromagnetic shielding textiles, the proposed composites achieve level III, which is the highest standard, and are thus qualified for use in the aviation, construction, and commerce fields.

In recent years, air filtration has been gaining much attention, and now people are much more concerned about antibacterial filters due to the spreading of COVID-19. The electret polypropylene (PP) nonwoven fabrics possess excellent filtration efficiency but a limited antibacterial effect against S. aureus and E. coli, and therefore triclosan is used in this study. Serving as an antibacterial agent, triclosan with a low molecular weight is an effective additive for the test results, indicating that the presence of triclosan strengthens the antibacterial effects of the filters. In addition, triclosan also strengthens the PP’s crystallinity, which in turn betters the filtration efficiency of the filters concurrently. Demonstrating powerful filtration and antibacterial performances, the antibacterial electret PP filters are highly qualified for filter applications.

This study aims to develop nanofibrous membranes where Eucalyptus globules oil (EGO) is wrapped in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The EGO-based nanofibrous membranes are then evaluated for the protection against Forcipomyia taiwana (F. taiwana). In the first stage, the PVA solutions are formulated with different concentrations and are measured for viscosity and electrical conductivity. In the next stage, PVA solution and EGO are blended at different ratios and electrospun into PVA/EGO nanofibrous membranes (i.e., EGO-based repellent). In this study, a PVA concentration of 14 wt% has a positive influence on fiber formation. Furthermore, the finest nanofibers of 291 nm are presented when the voltage is 15 kV. The repellent efficacy can reach 80% in a 60-min release when the repellent is composed of a PVA/oil ratio of 90/10. To sum up, the nanofibrous membranes of essential oil exhibit good repellent efficacy against F. taiwana and significant slow-release effect, instead of adversely affecting the cell viability.

To reduce the bleeding time and to shorten the surgery time are vital to patients’ prog-nosis, therefore, in this study, high moisture absorption nonwoven composites are proposed to attain hemostasis in time. Polyacrylate fiber and Tencel® fibers at different blending ratios (10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, and 50:50) are used to form PT composite nonwoven. Next, composed of a 50:50 ratio, PT composite nonwoven exhibits the maximal vertical wicking height of 4.4 cm along the cross direction. Additionally, the UV-Vis absorption spectra analysis shows that at absorption waves of 413–415 nm, the occurring of distinct peaks suggests the presence of nanoparticles. The XRD patterns indicate the presence of silver nanoparticles with corresponding crystal planes of characteristic peaks at (111), (200), and (220). Polyacrylate/Tencel® nonwoven composites exhibit comparable adsorption capacity of blood and water molecules. In particular, 30PT composite nonwoven outperforms the control group, exhibiting 3.8 times and 4.7 times greater the water absorption and blood absorption, respectively. Moreover, a great number of red blood cells with a size of 4–6 μm agglomerate among fibers as observed in SEM images, while 6hr-PT composite dressing demonstrates the optimal antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, proven by the zone of inhibition being 1.9 mm and 0.8 mm separately. When in contact with plasma, hemostasis composites have plasma hemostasis prothrombin time of 97.9%, and activated partial thromboplastin time of 96.7%. As for animal hemostasis model, the arteria over the rats’ thigh bones is cut open perpendicularly, generating mass arteria hemorrhage. To attain hemostasis, it takes 46.5% shorter time when using composite dressings (experimental group) than the control group.

Medical protective clothing is the first line of defense for medical staff, which makes the acquisition of protection and multiple function challenging. When it comes to contagious diseases, the physical properties of protective clothing are deemed the top priority and, subsequently, they have significant meaning for the structural design, production cost evaluation, convenient production, and innovation. In this study, nonwoven technology is employed to produce matrices in which mechanical properties are supported by Tencel fibers and recycled Kevlar fibers. Next, the electrostatic spinning is conducted to generate breathable and waterproof films. The nonwoven fabrics and membranes are combined to have diverse functions, forming lay-up compound matrices for medical protective clothing. Moreover, measurements are conducted to characterize the lay-up compound matrices in terms of the tensile strength, tearing strength, bursting strength, puncture resistance, stiffness, air-permeable property, surface resistance, comfort performance, sub-micron particulate filtration efficiency, and the penetration of synthetic blood. As for the nonwoven fabrics, the mechanical properties are significantly improved after Kevlar fibers are incorporated. The tensile strength is (62.6 ± 2.4) N along the machine direction (MD) and (50.1 ± 3.1) N along the cross machine direction (CD); the tearing strength is (29.5 ± 1.6) N along the MD and (43.0 ± 1.7) N along the CD; the bursting strength is (365.8 ± 5.0) kPa; and the puncture resistance is (22.6 ± 1.0) N. Moreover, the lay-up compound matrices exhibit a stiffness of (14.7 ± 0.2) cm along the MD and (14.6 ± 0.1) cm along the CD, a surface resistance of (2.85 × 109 ± 0.37 × 109) Ω, an air-permeable property of (45.4 ± 2.3) cm3/s/cm2, and sub-micron particulate filtration efficiency of over 98%. In the measurement for penetration of synthetic blood, the K40/PAN/TPU group prevents the synthetic blood from penetration. Hence, the incorporation of recycled Kevlar fibers and lay-up compound technique creates good physical properties, an appropriate comfort attribute, and functions, which suggests that this study provides a greater diversity and new concepts for the production of medical protective clothing.

Noise pollution is the primary environmental issue that is increasingly deteriorated with the progress of modern industry and transportation; hence, the purpose of this study is to create flexible PU foam with mechanical properties and sound absorption. In this study, hollow ceramic microsphere (HCM) is used as the filler of polyurethane (PU) foam for mechanical reinforcement. The sound absorption efficacy of PU pores and the hollow attribute of HCM contribute to a synergistic sound absorption effect. HCM-filled PU foam is evaluated in terms of surface characteristic, mechanical properties, and sound absorption as related to the HCM content, determining the optimal functional flexible PU foam. The test results indicate that the presence of HCM strengthens the stability of the cell structure significantly. In addition, the synergistic effect can be proven by a 2.24 times greater mechanical strength and better sound absorption. Specifically, with more HCM, the flexible PU foam exhibits significantly improved sound absorption in high frequencies, suggesting that this study successfully generates functional PU foam with high mechanical properties and high sound absorption.

Swine wastewater that is collected from animal husbandry has organic high ammonia nitrogen. In this study, swine wastewater is converted into electrical energy using microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Carbon fibers are respectively combined with zinc-coated metallic wires or stainless steel wires in order to form different laminated electrodes, whose influence on the electricity generation of MFCs is then examined. The 3D laminated FN/carbon composites are used as electrodes, the stable electricity voltage is 291 mV and the COD removal efficiency reaches 81％. In contrast, SS/carbon composites only contribute to a stable electricity voltage of 12.3 mV and COD removal efficiency of 33%. Based on the surface contact angle test and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation, the laminated FN/carbon composites have greater hydrophilicity and wettability than the laminated SS/carbon composites, and thus have a positive influence on the electricity generation of MFCs.

This study investigates the influence of using zinc- (FZ) and nickel-coated (FN) 3D anode electrodes on the electricity yield of the two-chambered cubic microbial fuel cells (MFCs) in terms of the electricity production efficacy. Swine wastewater is used as seed inoculums matrix that serves as feedstock in the anode chamber. The FN-electrodes exhibit a high corrosion and anti-oxidation resistance in a 28-day oxidation process based on the EDX observation. In addition, a 3D electrode structure efficiently provides a large surface area that benefits electron transfer. FN-C3 electrodes have a voltage of 638.9 mV, a power density of 138.6 mW/m2, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate of 72.1%.

This research reports a monolithically integrated Humidity/Thermometer/Pressure sensor to realize an environment sensing hub. The environment sensing hub is designed and implemented using the TSMC $0.18 \mu \mathrm{m}$ 1P6M CMOS platform and the follow-up double-side post-CMOS micromachining processes. Features of this study are: (1) Small footprint with less packaging effort: monolithic integration of H/T/P sensors on a single chip, (2) Fast response time of relative-humidity (RH) sensor: removal of backside silicon by double-side post-CMOS process to enhance vapor diffusion of capacitive RH sensor. (3) Double-side post-CMOS process: simultaneously fabricating backside cavities for H/P sensors. Measurement results indicate the performances of the environment sensing hub: humidity sensor with sensitivity of 4.06fF/%RH and response time of 3.1sec (15.7sec for the reference type of conventional design), and pressure sensor with sensitivity of 0.79fF/kPa, thermometer with response of 15.8mV/°C.

We report an innovative four segmented electrode design of a ring based flexural mode Thin Film Piezo-on-Substrate (TPoS) resonator. It has one of the highest loaded Quality factor (Q l ) among its flexural mode counterparts working in the MHz range. The out-of-plane flexural mode is explored using the differential drive/sense configuration. The unique design of the driving and sensing electrodes along with the 10µm thick Single Crystal Silicon (SCS) in the device layer stack enhances the transduction efficiency and the overall quality factor respectively. The resonator is operated in both air and vacuum to study air damping effects. The device has a resonance frequency (f r ) of 5.25 MHz and features a Q l of 628 in air for a driving power of 0 dBm. An enhancement close to 11 times was achieved when operated in vacuum. The resonator has a Q l of 6,696 and Stop Band Rejection (SBR) of 50 dB in vacuum. Closed-loop measurements using a commercial Phase Locked Loop was carried out. In vacuum, the device exhibits a Phase Noise of -108 dBc/Hz at 1 kHz offset for a 10 kHz loop Bandwidth.

This study presents novel capacitive tactile sensor designs with vertically integrated double deformable electrodes array (Fig. 1) based on the standard CMOS platform. The proposed designs have also been implemented by the TSMC 0.18 μm 1P6M standard CMOS process and in-house post-CMOS fabrication. The merits of the presented tactile sensors are as follows, (1) vertically integrating double deformable structures with embedded sensing electrodes (Fig. 1c) by using the multi-stacked thin films of CMOS process; (2) electrically connecting the deformable and fixed electrodes to enhance the initial capacitance C 0 and the capacitance change ΔC under the same footprint; (3) discretizing the sensor into a 5×5 sensing unit array to dramatically reduce the warpage of deformable structures introduced by residual stresses; (4) enhancing sensitivity of tactile sensor using the design of deformable structures. Measurement results show a sensitivity of 0.8%/N for the double-membrane design, and 1.4%/N for the membrane-spring design.

We propose a novel differential drive and sense double-ended tuning fork (DETF) with wing electrodes to reduce the motional resistance ( $\boldsymbol{R_{m}}$ ) while achieving excellent power handling. The devices are fabricated using back end of line (BEOL) materials of $0.18\boldsymbol{\mu}\mathbf{m}$ 1P6M CMOS process. The wing electrodes are added to the high-velocity region to achieve high transduction efficiency. This increases the device mass ( $\boldsymbol{m_{r}}$ ) which requires increased stiffness ( $\boldsymbol{k_{r}}$ ) to maintain the same resonance frequency. The proposed design has resonance at 1 MHz in vacuum under a dc bias ( $\boldsymbol{V_{P}}$ ) of 30V with $\boldsymbol{R_{m}}$ of $250\ \mathbf{k}\boldsymbol{\Omega}$ for a $\boldsymbol{Q}$ of 2,300. The device can sustain the input power of 438 nW delivered to the resonator, corresponding to −5 dBm of the drive power from the network analyzer (NA), which is around 2000X higher as compared to traditional capacitive MEMS resonator design.

Learning from nature, a series of cone-shaped structures resembling trichomes of plants are fabricated by ferrofluid molding to understand the influence of geometry on wettability. Experimentally, ferrofluid microdroplets are generated under an external magnetic field, and their shape can be changed from right cones into oblique cones by tilting the external magnetic field. Followed by hard molds made with UV-curable tri(propylene glycol) diacrylate, polydimethylsiloxane microcones with different inclination angle (θ) are subsequently generated. Nickel thin film is deposited onto the microcones to form micro/nano dual-scale structures. The largest contact angle (CA) is obtained in nickel-deposited right cones (CA = 163.1° ± 2.5°). Anisotropic wettability is exhibited in oblique cones and the retention forces in the pin and release directions differ up to 12 μN (cones θ = 50°). As explained by a model as a function of the inclination angle of the cone structures, the contact and retention forces of droplet move in pin and release directions exhibit considerable differences. Results suggest the inclination of the trichomes assist the balance between repellency and retention of water in a direction-selective manner.

We report a modified two-step method for the synthesis of highly dispersed and conductive Ag–Ni core–shell nanowires. The conductivity of the nanowire networks was improved by thermal treatment under various atmospheres. H2-thermal treatment shows superior enhancement on electrical conductivity and reduces the sheet resistance by nearly seven orders of magnitude relative to that of the pristine networks. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis reveals that the metallic Ni0 fraction on the surface is more important to the electrical conductivity than the amount of Ni on the surface. The transparent conductive films of Ag–Ni nanowires have a sheet resistance of 220 Ω sq−1 at a transmittance of 75%, much better than those made from the pure Ni nanowires. The Ag–Ni nanowires were aligned easily by applying an external magnetic field; the anisotropic conductivity ratio for the corresponding transparent conductive films can be larger than 105. The good performance may be attributed to the fact that the as-prepared nanowires possess moderate saturation magnetization and low coercivity, alleviating the aggregation of nanowires and favoring the nanowire alignment.

A Wheatstone bridge giant magnetoresistance (GMR) biosensor was proposed here for the detection and counting of magnetic cells. The biosensor was made of a top-pinned spin-valve layer structure, and it was integrated with a microchannel possessing the function of hydrodynamic focusing that allowed the cells to flow in series one by one and ensured the accuracy of detection. Through measuring the magnetoresistance variation caused by the stray field of the magnetic cells that flowed through the microchannel above the GMR biosensor, we can not only detect and count the cells but we can also recognize cells with different magnetic moments. In addition, a magnetic field gradient was applied for the separation of different cells into different channels.

The effect of surface roughness on magnetoresistance of permalloy ring structure is investigated. Microstructured permalloy rings with surface roughness varying from 4.2 to 21 nm were fabricated using electron beam lithography and a chemical etching process. It is found experimentally that the first and second nucleation fields decrease obviously with the surface roughness increasing, and the field range for the flux-closure state is not associated with surface roughness. The results indicate that surface roughness in permalloy ring structure is an important factor that influences the magnetic behaviors of the ring. This result can provide important information for future designs of ring-shaped magnetic devices.

This study proposes an actively controllable method for fabrication of polymer microlens arrays. Hexagonal arrays of ferrofluid droplets, which were utilized as the mother-mold masters for microlens molding, were generated by inducing the magnetic hydrodynamic instability under different magnetic fields. To fabricate numerous cavity molds for microlens array molding, we used the field-dependent shapes of the ferrofluid droplets to create different sized molds. For the fabricated microlens arrays, their field-dependent bottom areas, lens height, radii of curvature, and the fill-factor were discussed. Furthermore, performances of the microlenses, including the numerical aperture, focal length, and depth of field, were tested.

In this paper, we study the effect of magnetic films arrays on the self-assembly of ferrofluid droplets. By inducing the magnetic hydrodynamic instability we are able to realize the fission of a large ferrofluid droplet into a highly uniform droplet lattice structure under the influence of the magnetic film array. We have also found that the lattice structure of the droplets alters under different external magnetic fields. When the quantity of the split droplets is a multiple of the magnetic film number, the droplets can form a specific lattice structure depending on the multiple.

In this paper, we report a method to create nickel nanowires with various resistances, as well as its thermoelectric measurement. We found out that the various resistances can directly improve the thermoelectric effect. The resistance can reduce the thermal conductivity and would significantly increase the Seebeck voltage. The thermoelectric voltage of the nanowire with the highest resistance is found to be 4.5 times higher than the nanowire with the smallest resistance. Under a temperature difference of 10.068 K between the hot side and cold side, the generated electrical motive force can reach 0.791 mV. Besides, the nickel nanowire possesses overall better thermoelectric efficiency than the Au nanowire, under same temperature difference of 10.068 K, and the nickel nanowire yields a 4.24 times higher voltage than Au nanowire.

This study proposes a method named as ferrofluid-molding method for polymer microlens array fabrication. In this method, the master of the mother mold for microlens molding is an array of ferrofluid droplets. We generated droplet arrays by inducing the droplet’s magnetic hydrodynamic instability under different magnetic fields, and used the field-dependent droplet dimensions to fabricate numerous mold cavities. By this we could fabricate arrays of microlens with different bottom area, height, radius of curvature, and focal length. From our analysis, all the fabricated microlens arrays possessed good uniformity, and the largest numerical aperture of our microlens array was found as 0.54. In addition, we also designed a light uniformity experiment to demonstrate a potential application of our microlens arrays.

Two planar actuators with magnetic thin films are used for magnetic tweezers. The planar actuators consisting of a pair of a 75 × 0.8 × 0.3 μm 3 silicon oxide beam and a 72 × 13 × 0.3 μm 3 silicon oxide plate deposited with a 65 × 4 × 0.1 μm 3 Ni magnetic thin film are successfully fabricated and successfully gripped to a single NPC-tw01 cell consisting of Fe 3 O 4 magnetic nanoparticles under a vertical magnetic field. The planar actuator bends under an external magnetic field because of the high shape magnetic anisotropy of the Ni magnetic thin film and a highly sensitive microcantilever. NPC-tw01 cells, which are adherent cells, are cultivated in a culture solution. The two planar actuators are placed in water to move and grip a living cell.

Magnetoresistance measurements of permalloy rings with different arrangements of notches are performed to find out the conditions for repeatable and controllable magnetization reversal processes. It is observed experimentally that when the included angle between the notches and the field direction is 15°, the magnetization reversals are repeatable in the sweep-up and sweep-down processes, and the magnetization processes are controllable. In contrast, when the included angle between the notches and the field direction is 45° or 30°, the magnetization reversals are unrepeatable and random in the sweep-up and sweep-down processes. By appropriately arranging the positions of the notches, two-step and three-step transitions can be well controlled.

Simulation and experiment are performed to investigate the influence of onion states with different-helicity pair vortices on the magnetization reversal process. It is found that for the onion state that has pair vortices with the same helicity, flux-closure state occurs in the reversal process; for the onion state that has pair vortices with opposite helicity, flux-closure state does not occur in the reversal process, and the onion state transforms directly to the reverse onion state. In addition, notches at the same side and diagonal notches with respect to the field direction are designed on the permalloy rings to induce onion states with same-helicity pair vortices and opposite-helicity pair vortices, respectively, for the control of the three-step and two-step magnetization reversal processes.

An actuator with single-domain magnetic thin films is designed to investigate the actuation in the application of a magnetic field. The single-domain magnetic thin film used in this study has high shape anisotropy, and the single-domain magnetization is observed using magnetic force microscope. The hysteresis in the planar deflection of the cantilever beam is found, and the magnetic switching behavior of the single-domain magnetic thin films is also observed in the actuation.

Magnetic particle separation is very important in biomedical applications. In this study, a magnetic particle microseparator is proposed that uses micro magnets to produce open/closed magnetic flux for switching on/off the separation. When all magnets are magnetized in the same direction, the magnetic force switch for separation is on; almost all magnetic particles are trapped in the channel side walls and the separation rate can reach 95%. When the magnetization directions of adjacent magnets are opposite, the magnetic force switch for separation is off, and most magnetic particles pass through the microchannel without being trapped. For the separation of multi-sized magnetic particles, the proposed microseparator is numerically demonstrated to have high separation rate.

Magnetization reversals in permalloy rings controlled by nucleation sites using triangular fins at the same side and diagonal with respect to the field direction are demonstrated by magnetoresistance measurement and micromagnetic simulation. In the ring with triangular fins at the same side, there exists two-step reversal from onion to flux-closure state (or vortex state) and then from flux-closure (or vortex state) to reverse onion state; in the ring with diagonal triangular fins, one-step reversal occurs directly from onion to reverse onion state. The reversal processes are repeatable and controllable in contrast to an ideal ring without triangular fins where one-step and two-step reversals occur randomly in sweep-up and sweep-down processes.

The swine wastewater has the characteristics of high concentration of organic matter, suspended solids and more high ammonia nitrogen, odor, complex pollution ingredient and large emissions. Microbial fuel cells (MFC) is an electrochemical and biological systems related to chemical energy into electrical energy. A two-chambered cubic microbial fuel cell was used to evaluate the effect of a novel 3D electrode which made of iron and copper on the electricity generation. The swine wastewater containing total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) 3300±300 mg/L was used as the feedstock in anode chamber, and the potassium ferricyanide was used as electron acceptor in cathode chamber. The MFC reactor was incubated with the initial pH 7.0 in a air-shaker with a temperature (ca. 35°C) and 100 rpm in fed-batch mode. A fixed external resistance (R) of 100 Ω was connected between the electrodes and the closed circuit potentials of the MFCs were recorded every 2 min. The results show that using iron 3D electrode has the peak electricity generation of 176 mV at the first two day and maintained the stable electricity voltage of 110 mV during the 5 th to 15 th days. The COD removal efficiency could reach 80%. Using copper 3D electrode only can generate the peak electricity of 33.1 mV and stable electricity of 27 mV with the COD removal efficiency of 70%.