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4. Crude oil exposure of early life stages of Atlantic haddock suggests threshold levels for developmental toxicity as low as 0.1 μg total polyaromatic hydrocarbon (TPAH)/L

Author

Sørhus, Elin, Sørensen, Lisbet, Grøsvik, Bjørn Einar, Le Goff, Jérémie, Incardona, John P., Linbo, Tiffany L., Baldwin, David H., Karlsen, Ørjan, Nordtug, Trond, Hansen, Bjørn Henrik, Thorsen, Anders, Donald, Carey E., van der Meeren, Terje, Robson, William, Rowland, Steven J., Rasinger, Josef D., Vikebø, Frode B., and Meier, Sonnich

Published
2023
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8. Ecological interactions between farmed Atlantic salmon and wild Atlantic cod populations in Norway: A review of risk sources and knowledge gaps

Author

Bøhn, Thomas, primary, Strøm, John F., additional, Sanchez‐Jerez, Pablo, additional, Keeley, Nigel B., additional, Johansen, Torild, additional, Gjelland, Karl Ø., additional, Sandlund, Nina, additional, Sæther, Bjørn‐S., additional, Sætra, Ingeborg, additional, Olsen, Esben M., additional, Skjæraasen, Jon E., additional, Meier, Sonnich, additional, van der Meeren, Terje, additional, and Bjørn, Pål A., additional

Published
2024
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17. Regional and temporal variation in escape history of Norwegian farmed Atlantic salmon.

Author

Strand, Nina, Glover, Kevin A, Meier, Sonnich, Ayllon, Fernando, Wennevik, Vidar, Madhun, Abdullah, Skaala, Øystein, Hamre, Kristin, Fjelldal, Per Gunnar, Hansen, Tom, Niemelä, Eero, Knutar, Sofie, Fjeldheim, Per Tommy, and Solberg, Monica F

Subjects
FISHERIES, ATLANTIC salmon, LINOLEIC acid, SALMON, FATTY acids, INTROGRESSION (Genetics), OMEGA-6 fatty acids
Abstract

Each year thousands of farmed Atlantic salmon escape from seawater net pens, and introgression has been documented in a range of wild populations. Due to greater experience in the wild, escapees that have been on the run for a longer period, and successfully transitioned to a wild diet (classified: "early escapees"), could potentially have a higher spawning success and contribute more to introgression than those that have been on the run for a shorter period and/or have not transitioned to a wild diet (classified: "recent escapees"). This is the first study to examine how the escape history of farmed Atlantic salmon captured in multiple rivers and coastal fisheries, varies in time and space. During 2011–2021, adult farmed escaped salmon were captured in four rivers and at six coastal sites in Norway. The level of linoleic acid, a terrestrial fatty acid high in commercial salmon feeds but low in the natural diet of wild salmon, was used to classify the farmed salmon as early or recent escapees. We observed temporal declines in the relative proportions of escaped vs. wild salmon in the catches, and the relative proportion of early vs. recent escapees in the most southern river (driven by samples from 2011 to 2015). Overall, 14% of the escaped salmon caught in the period were classified as early escapees. The relative proportion of early escapees was lower in the two southernmost rivers (21.2% and 6.30%), as compared to the coastal fisheries (40.9%) and the northernmost river (77.6%). Both aquaculture–management regulations and production strategies have likely influenced these observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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20. Alkyl-phenanthrenes in early life stage fish:differential toxicity in Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) embryos

Author

Donald, Carey E., Nakken, Charlotte L., Sørhus, Elin, Perrichon, Prescilla, Jørgensen, Kåre B., Bjelland, Hege K., Stølen, Christine, Kancherla, Sindhu, Mayer, Philipp, Meier, Sonnich, Donald, Carey E., Nakken, Charlotte L., Sørhus, Elin, Perrichon, Prescilla, Jørgensen, Kåre B., Bjelland, Hege K., Stølen, Christine, Kancherla, Sindhu, Mayer, Philipp, and Meier, Sonnich

Abstract

Tricyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are believed to be the primary toxic components of crude oil. Such compounds including phenanthrene are known to have direct effects on cardiac tissue, which lead to malformations during organogenesis in early life stage fish. We tested a suite of 13 alkyl-phenanthrenes to compare uptake and developmental toxicity in early life stage haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) embryos during gastrulation/organogenesis beginning at 2 days post fertilization via passive dosing. The alkyl-phenanthrenes were tested at their solubility limits, and three of them also at lower concentrations. Measured body burdens were linearly related to measured water concentrations. All compounds elicited one or more significant morphological defects or functional impairment, such as decreased length, smaller eye area, shorter jaw length, and increased incidence of body axis deformities and eye deformities. The profile of developmental toxicities appeared unrelated to the position of alkyl substitution, and gene expression of cytochrome 1 a (cyp1a) was low regardless of alkylation. Mortality and sublethal effects were observed below the expected range for baseline toxicity, thus indicating excess toxicity. Additionally, PAH concentrations that resulted in toxic effects here were far greater than when measured in whole crude oil exposures that cause toxicity. This work demonstrates that, while these phenanthrenes are toxic to early life stage fish, they cannot individually account for most of the developmental toxicity of crude oil, and that other compounds and/or mixture effects should be given more consideration.

Published
2023

30. Suspension-Feeding Benthic Species’ Physiological and Microbiome Response to Salmon Farming and Associated Environmental Changes

Author

Laroche, Olivier, Meier, Sonnich, Mjøs, Svein A., and Keeley, Nigel

Subjects
Global and Planetary Change, Ocean Engineering, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Water Science and Technology
Abstract

Caged salmon farming is increasingly undertaken in water bodies with strong hydrodynamics where hard and mixed substrate habitats are more prevalent. Yet, these structurally complex and heterogeneous habitats support diverse benthic communities including several cnidarians and sponges that remain poorly characterized. This study used a combination of respirometry measurements, gas chromatography and 16S rRNA metabarcoding to define the respiration rate, stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen isotopes (δ15N), fatty acid (FA) and microbial profiles, and assess the impact of salmon farming on four important epibenthic suspension-feeders along the western Norwegian coast: the sponges Craniella and Weberella, the soft coral Duva florida and the anemone Hormathia digitata. Our results showed striking differences in fatty acid profiles and host microbiome communities in terms of identity, functional capabilities and genetic properties across the suspension-feeders. We found evidence of increased mortality rate in specimens located near fish farm activities and of a species-specific effect on respiration rate, with D. florida showing increased activity under the farm. Effects of fish farming on the suspension feeders were also species-specific and particularly evidenced by functional microbial turnover and by alteration of overall FA profiles in the soft coral and sea anemone. In particular, D. florida showed reduced level of FAs close to the farm (0-350 m), with significant difference in composition along a distance gradient. Only H. digitata showed evidence of incorporation of organic material from the fish farm waste via fatty acids trophic markers (FATM) and stable isotope analysis. Overall, our study demonstrates that suspension feeders have taxon-specific sensitivity towards the effect of salmon farming, and identified several potential molecular indicators that could be used as surrogate of impact gradient upon further research and validation. It also provides a wealth of ecological and physiological information on some of the most common sessile epibenthic organisms within Arctic and sub-Arctic regions, enabling us to better understand their response and evaluate their resilience to environmental changes.

Published
2022

33. Photo-enhanced toxicity of crude oil on early developmental stages of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

Author

Aranguren-Abadía, Libe, primary, Yadetie, Fekadu, additional, Donald, Carey E., additional, Sørhus, Elin, additional, Myklatun, Lars Eirik, additional, Zhang, Xiaokang, additional, Lie, Kai K., additional, Perrichon, Prescilla, additional, Nakken, Charlotte L., additional, Durif, Caroline, additional, Shema, Steven, additional, Browman, Howard I., additional, Skiftesvik, Anne Berit, additional, Goksøyr, Anders, additional, Meier, Sonnich, additional, and Karlsen, Odd André, additional

Published
2022
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46. Sluttrapport fra ICOD-prosjektet - Arbeidspakke 2: Egg- og yngelundersøkelser på gyte- og oppvekstområder på Smøla og i Aure i forbindelse med etablering av oppdrettsanlegg nær lokale gyteområder for kysttorsk

Author

van der Meeren, Terje, Meier, Sonnich, Myksvoll, Mari Skuggedal, Dahle, Geir, Karlsen, Ørjan, Staby, Arved, Mjanger, Hildegunn, Engevik, Annhild, Dunlop, Katherine Mary, Bannister, Raymond, and Skjæraasen, Jon Egil

Abstract

ICOD-prosjektet ble etablert for å undersøke mulige interaksjoner mellom oppdrettsanlegg og nærliggende gyteområder for kysttorsk. Rapporten presenterer resultater fra ICOD som omfatter egg- og yngelundersøkelser foretatt i forbindelse med etablering av et oppdrettsanlegg for laks på lokaliteten Nørholmen på Smøla. Også resultater fra biokjemiske undersøkelser av fettsyrer i torsk fanget gjennom gytesesongen på utvalgte gyteområder ved Smøla presenteres. I tillegg til gyteområdene på Smøla omfattet egg- og yngelundersøkelsene tre referanseområder i Aure kommune uten umiddelbar nærhet til oppdrettsanlegg.

Published
2021

47. Niches of marine mammals in the European Arctic

Author

MacKenzie, Kirsteen M., Lydersen, Christian, Haug, Tore, Routti, Heli Anna Irmeli, Aars, Jon, Andvik, Clare Margaret, Borgå, Katrine, Fisk, A.T., Meier, Sonnich, Biuw, Martin, Lowther, Andrew, Lindstrøm, Ulf Ove, and Kovacs, Kit M.

Subjects
VDP::Marinbiologi: 497, General Decision Sciences, Marine Biology, Marine mammal community, Trophic sources, Arctic, Niche partitioning, Arktis, 14. Life underwater, Biology, QH540-549.5, Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Ecology, fungi, Life Sciences, Biodiversity, 15. Life on land, Arctic marine ecosystem, VDP::Marine biology: 497, 13. Climate action, Sjøpattedyr, Marine mammals, Ecological niche metrics, Trophic gradient, geographic locations
Abstract

The Arctic is warming rapidly, with concomitant sea ice losses and ecosystem changes. The animals most vulnerable to Arctic food web changes are long-lived and slow-growing such as marine mammals, which may not be able to adapt rapidly enough to respond to changes in their resource bases. To determine the current extent and sources of these resource bases, we examined isotopic and trophic niches for marine mammals in the European Arctic using skin carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ 15N) stable isotope (SI) compositions from 10 species: blue, fin, humpback, minke, sperm and white whales, bearded and ringed seals, walruses and polar bears, and dietary fatty acids (FAs) in polar bears, walruses and most of the whale species listed here. SI values showed clear species separation by trophic behaviour and carbon sources. Bearded seals, walruses and white whales had the smallest isotopic niches; these species are all resident High Arctic species and are likely to be particularly vulnerable to changes in Arctic ecosystems. We found clear separation between FA groupings driven by pelagic, benthic and planktonic/algal sources: pelagic FAs in all whales, benthic FAs in walruses, and copepod/algae/ dinoflagellate FAs in polar bears, with some polar bear compositions approaching those of the whales and walruses. There is strong niche partitioning between study species with minimal functional redundancy, which could impact Arctic ecosystem structure and connectivity if populations of these large nutrient vectors are reduced or lost.

Published
2022

50. Expression and localization of the aryl hydrocarbon receptors and cytochrome P450 1A during early development of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

Author

Aranguren-Abadía, Libe, Donald, Carey E., Eilertsen, Mariann, Gharbi, Naouel, Tronci, Valentina, Sørhus, Elin, Mayer, Philipp, Nilsen, Tom Ole, Meier, Sonnich, Goksøyr, Anders, Karlsen, Odd André, Aranguren-Abadía, Libe, Donald, Carey E., Eilertsen, Mariann, Gharbi, Naouel, Tronci, Valentina, Sørhus, Elin, Mayer, Philipp, Nilsen, Tom Ole, Meier, Sonnich, Goksøyr, Anders, and Karlsen, Odd André

Abstract

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates the toxicity of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) in vertebrates. Two clades of the Ahr family exist in teleosts (Ahr1 and Ahr2), and it has been demonstrated that Ahr2 is the main protein involved in mediating the toxicity of dioxins and DLCs in most teleost species. Recently, we characterized the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) Ahr1a and Ahr2a receptors. To further explore a possible subfunction partitioning of Ahr1a and Ahr2a in Atlantic cod we have mapped the expression and localization of ahr1a and ahr2a in early developmental stages. Atlantic cod embryos were continuously exposed in a passive-dosing exposure system to the Ahr agonist, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), from five days post fertilization (dpf) until three days post hatching (dph). Expression of ahr1a, ahr2a, and the Ahr-target genes, cyp1a and ahrrb, was assessed in embryos (8 dpf and 10 dpf) and larvae (3 dph) with quantitative real-time PCR analyses (qPCR), while in situ hybridization was used to assess the localization of expression of ahr1a, ahr2a and cyp1a. Quantitative measurements showed an increased cyp1a expression in B[a]P-exposed samples at all sampling points, and for ahr2a at 10 dpf, confirming the activation of the Ahr-signalling pathway. Furthermore, B[a]P strongly induced ahr2a and cyp1a expression in the cardiovascular system and skin, respectively, of embryos and larvae. Induced expression of both ahr2a and cyp1a was also revealed in the liver of B[a]P-exposed larvae. Our results suggest that Ahr2a is the major subtype involved in mediating responses to B[a]P in early developmental stages of Atlantic cod, which involves transcriptional regulation of biotransformation genes, such as cyp1a. The focused expression of ahr1a in the eye of embryos and larvae, and the presence of ahr2a transcripts in the jaws and fin nodes, further indicate evolved specialized roles of the two Ahrs in ontogenesis.

Published
2020

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