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2. Thermal sensitivity of field metabolic rate predicts differential futures for bluefin tuna juveniles across the Atlantic Ocean

Author

Trueman, Clive N., Artetxe-Arrate, Iraide, Kerr, Lisa A., Meijers, Andrew J. S., Rooker, Jay R., Sivankutty, Rahul, Arrizabalaga, Haritz, Belmonte, Antonio, Deguara, Simeon, Goñi, Nicolas, Rodriguez-Marin, Enrique, Dettman, David L., Santos, Miguel Neves, Karakulak, F. Saadet, Tinti, Fausto, Tsukahara, Yohei, and Fraile, Igaratza

Published
2023
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4. Observing Antarctic Bottom Water in the Southern Ocean

Author

Silvano, Alessandro, primary, Purkey, Sarah, additional, Gordon, Arnold L., additional, Castagno, Pasquale, additional, Stewart, Andrew L., additional, Rintoul, Stephen R., additional, Foppert, Annie, additional, Gunn, Kathryn L., additional, Herraiz-Borreguero, Laura, additional, Aoki, Shigeru, additional, Nakayama, Yoshihiro, additional, Naveira Garabato, Alberto C., additional, Spingys, Carl, additional, Akhoudas, Camille Hayatte, additional, Sallée, Jean-Baptiste, additional, de Lavergne, Casimir, additional, Abrahamsen, E. Povl, additional, Meijers, Andrew J. S., additional, Meredith, Michael P., additional, Zhou, Shenjie, additional, Tamura, Takeshi, additional, Yamazaki, Kaihe, additional, Ohshima, Kay I., additional, Falco, Pierpaolo, additional, Budillon, Giorgio, additional, Hattermann, Tore, additional, Janout, Markus A., additional, Llanillo, Pedro, additional, Bowen, Melissa M., additional, Darelius, Elin, additional, Østerhus, Svein, additional, Nicholls, Keith W., additional, Stevens, Craig, additional, Fernandez, Denise, additional, Cimoli, Laura, additional, Jacobs, Stanley S., additional, Morrison, Adele K., additional, Hogg, Andrew McC., additional, Haumann, F. Alexander, additional, Mashayek, Ali, additional, Wang, Zhaomin, additional, Kerr, Rodrigo, additional, Williams, Guy D., additional, and Lee, Won Sang, additional

Published
2023
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7. Surface Heat Fluxes Drive a Two‐Phase Response in Southern Ocean Mode Water Stratification.

Author

Pimm, Ciara, Williams, Richard G., Jones, Dani, and Meijers, Andrew J. S.

Subjects
HEAT flux, SEAWATER, ANTARCTIC Circumpolar Current, HEAT losses, ZONAL winds
Abstract

Subantarctic mode waters have low stratification and are formed through subduction from thick winter mixed layers in the Southern Ocean. To investigate how surface forcing affects the stratification in mode water formation regions in the Southern Ocean, a set of adjoint sensitivity experiments are conducted. The objective function is the annual‐average stratification over the mode water formation region, which is evaluated from potential temperature and salinity adjoint sensitivity experiments. The analysis of impacts, from the product of sensitivities and forcing variability, identifies the separate effects of the wind stress, heat flux, and freshwater flux, revealing that the dominant control on stratification is from surface heat fluxes, as well as a smaller effect from zonal wind stress. The adjoint sensitivities of stratification to surface heat flux reveal a surprising change in sign over 2 years lead time: surface cooling leads to the expected initial local decrease in stratification, but there is a delayed response leading to an increase in stratification. This delayed response in stratification involves effective atmospheric damping of the surface thermal contribution, so that eventually the oppositely‐signed advective haline contribution dominates. This two‐phase response of stratification is found to hold over mode water formation regions in the South Indian and Southeast Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean, where there are strong advective flows linked to the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Plain Language Summary: The Southern Ocean, surrounding the Antarctic continent, plays an important role in the uptake and transport of heat and carbon. Subantarctic mode waters, which are characterized by their low stratification, play an important role in this uptake of heat and carbon, and therefore the factors impacting their properties need to be properly understood. To understand how surface forcing affects Subantarctic mode waters, sensitivity studies are conducted in an ocean state estimate, which consider the relative importance of surface heat flux, freshwater flux, and wind stresses on the stratification of mode waters. Surface heat flux has the largest impact on mode water formation both on seasonal and longer interannual timescales. Initially, surface heat loss leads to a decrease in stratification in the mode waters. However, there is a delayed response where the surface temperature response is effectively damped by the atmosphere and there is an opposing‐signed salinity response advected into the region, leading to a subsequent increase in stratification in the mode waters. Key Points: The sensitivity of Southern Ocean mode water stratification to surface heat flux changes sign over timeSurface heat loss leads to an initial decrease in stratification in the mode watersSurface heat loss leads to a delayed restratification due to a haline contribution after a thermal contribution is effectively damped [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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9. Finale: impact of the ORCHESTRA/ENCORE programmes on Southern Ocean heat and carbon understanding

Author

Meijers, Andrew J. S., primary, Meredith, Michael P., additional, Shuckburgh, Emily F., additional, Kent, Elizabeth C., additional, Munday, David R., additional, Firing, Yvonne L., additional, King, Brian, additional, Smyth, Tim J., additional, Leng, Melanie J., additional, George Nurser, A. J., additional, Hewitt, Helene T., additional, Povl Abrahamsen, E., additional, Weiss, Alexandra, additional, Yang, Mingxi, additional, Bell, Thomas G., additional, Alexander Brearley, J., additional, Boland, Emma J. D., additional, Jones, Daniel C., additional, Josey, Simon A., additional, Owen, Robyn P., additional, Grist, Jeremy P., additional, Blaker, Adam T., additional, Biri, Stavroula, additional, Yelland, Margaret J., additional, Pimm, Ciara, additional, Zhou, Shenjie, additional, Harle, James, additional, and Cornes, Richard C., additional

Published
2023
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12. Tracing the impacts of recent rapid sea ice changes and the A68 megaberg on the surface freshwater balance of the Weddell and Scotia Seas

Author

Meredith, Michael P., primary, Povl Abrahamsen, E., additional, Alexander Haumann, F., additional, Leng, Melanie J., additional, Arrowsmith, Carol, additional, Barham, Mark, additional, Firing, Yvonne L., additional, King, Brian A., additional, Brown, Peter, additional, Alexander Brearley, J., additional, Meijers, Andrew J. S., additional, Sallée, Jean-Baptiste, additional, Akhoudas, Camille, additional, and Tarling, Geraint A., additional

Published
2023
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13. Observing Antarctic Bottom Water in the Southern Ocean

Author

Silvano, Alessandro, Purkey, Sarah, Gordon, Arnold L., Castagno, Pasquale, Stewart, Andrew L., Rintoul, Stephen R., Foppert, Annie, Gunn, Kathryn L., Herraiz-Borreguero, Laura, Aoki, Shigeru, Nakayama, Yoshihiro, Naveira Garabato, Alberto C., Spingys, Carl, Akhoudas, Camille Hayatte, Sallee, Jean-Baptiste, de Lavergne, Casimir, Abrahamsen, E. Povl, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Meredith, Michael P., Zhou, Shenjie, Tamura, Takeshi, Yamazaki, Kaihe, Ohshima, Kay I., Falco, Pierpaolo, Budillon, Giorgio, Hattermann, Tore, Janout, Markus A., Llanillo, Pedro, Bowen, Melissa M., Darelius, Elin, Osterhus, Svein, Nicholls, Keith W., Stevens, Craig, Fernandez, Denise, Cimoli, Laura, Jacobs, Stanley S., Morrison, Adele K., Hogg, Andrew McC., Haumann, F. Alexander, Mashayek, Ali, Wang, Zhaomin, Kerr, Rodrigo, Williams, Guy D., Lee, Won Sang, Silvano, Alessandro, Purkey, Sarah, Gordon, Arnold L., Castagno, Pasquale, Stewart, Andrew L., Rintoul, Stephen R., Foppert, Annie, Gunn, Kathryn L., Herraiz-Borreguero, Laura, Aoki, Shigeru, Nakayama, Yoshihiro, Naveira Garabato, Alberto C., Spingys, Carl, Akhoudas, Camille Hayatte, Sallee, Jean-Baptiste, de Lavergne, Casimir, Abrahamsen, E. Povl, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Meredith, Michael P., Zhou, Shenjie, Tamura, Takeshi, Yamazaki, Kaihe, Ohshima, Kay I., Falco, Pierpaolo, Budillon, Giorgio, Hattermann, Tore, Janout, Markus A., Llanillo, Pedro, Bowen, Melissa M., Darelius, Elin, Osterhus, Svein, Nicholls, Keith W., Stevens, Craig, Fernandez, Denise, Cimoli, Laura, Jacobs, Stanley S., Morrison, Adele K., Hogg, Andrew McC., Haumann, F. Alexander, Mashayek, Ali, Wang, Zhaomin, Kerr, Rodrigo, Williams, Guy D., and Lee, Won Sang

Abstract

Dense, cold waters formed on Antarctic continental shelves descend along the Antarctic continental margin, where they mix with other Southern Ocean waters to form Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). AABW then spreads into the deepest parts of all major ocean basins, isolating heat and carbon from the atmosphere for centuries. Despite AABW's key role in regulating Earth's climate on long time scales and in recording Southern Ocean conditions, AABW remains poorly observed. This lack of observational data is mostly due to two factors. First, AABW originates on the Antarctic continental shelf and slope where in situ measurements are limited and ocean observations by satellites are hampered by persistent sea ice cover and long periods of darkness in winter. Second, north of the Antarctic continental slope, AABW is found below approximately 2 km depth, where in situ observations are also scarce and satellites cannot provide direct measurements. Here, we review progress made during the past decades in observing AABW. We describe 1) long-term monitoring obtained by moorings, by ship-based surveys, and beneath ice shelves through bore holes; 2) the recent development of autonomous observing tools in coastal Antarctic and deep ocean systems; and 3) alternative approaches including data assimilation models and satellite-derived proxies. The variety of approaches is beginning to transform our understanding of AABW, including its formation processes, temporal variability, and contribution to the lower limb of the global ocean meridional overturning circulation. In particular, these observations highlight the key role played by winds, sea ice, and the Antarctic Ice Sheet in AABW-related processes. We conclude by discussing future avenues for observing and understanding AABW, impressing the need for a sustained and coordinated observing system.

Published
2023
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14. Thermal sensitivity of field metabolic rate predicts differential futures for bluefin tuna juveniles across the Atlantic Ocean

Author

International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Eusko Jaurlaritza, Trueman, Clive N, Artetxe-Arrate, Iraide, Kerr, Lisa A, Meijers, Andrew J S, Rooker, Jay R, Sivankutty, Rahul, Arrizabalaga, Haritz, Belmonte, Antonio, Deguara, Simeon, Goñi, Nicolas, Rodriguez-Marin, Enrique, Dettman, David L, Santos, Miguel Neves, Karakulak, F Saadet, Tinti, Fausto, Tsukahara, Yohei, Fraile, Igaratza, International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Eusko Jaurlaritza, Trueman, Clive N, Artetxe-Arrate, Iraide, Kerr, Lisa A, Meijers, Andrew J S, Rooker, Jay R, Sivankutty, Rahul, Arrizabalaga, Haritz, Belmonte, Antonio, Deguara, Simeon, Goñi, Nicolas, Rodriguez-Marin, Enrique, Dettman, David L, Santos, Miguel Neves, Karakulak, F Saadet, Tinti, Fausto, Tsukahara, Yohei, and Fraile, Igaratza

Abstract

Changing environmental temperatures impact the physiological performance of fishes, and consequently their distributions. A mechanistic understanding of the linkages between experienced temperature and the physiological response expressed within complex natural environments is often lacking, hampering efforts to project impacts especially when future conditions exceed previous experience. In this study, we use natural chemical tracers to determine the individual experienced temperatures and expressed field metabolic rates of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) during their first year of life. Our findings reveal that the tuna exhibit a preference for temperatures 2-4 °C lower than those that maximise field metabolic rates, thereby avoiding temperatures warm enough to limit metabolic performance. Based on current IPCC projections, our results indicate that historically-important spawning and nursery grounds for bluefin tuna will become thermally limiting due to warming within the next 50 years. However, limiting global warming to below 2 °C would preserve habitat conditions in the Mediterranean Sea for this species. Our approach, which is based on field observations, provides predictions of animal performance and behaviour that are not constrained by laboratory conditions, and can be extended to any marine teleost species for which otoliths are available.

Published
2023

16. Supplementary table and figures from The role of the Southern Ocean in the global climate response to carbon emissions

Author

Williams, Richard G., Ceppi, Paulo, Roussenov, Vassil, Katavouta, Anna, and Meijers, Andrew J. S.

Abstract

The effect of the Southern Ocean on global climate change is assessed using Earth system model projections following an idealized 1% annual rise in atmospheric CO2. For this scenario, the Southern Ocean plays a significant role in sequestering heat and anthropogenic carbon, accounting for 40% ± 5% of heat uptake and 44% ± 2% of anthropogenic carbon uptake over the global ocean (with the Southern Ocean defined as south of 36°S). This Southern Ocean fraction of global heat uptake is less though than in historical scenarios with marked hemispheric contrasts in radiative forcing. For this idealized scenario, inter-model differences in global and Southern Ocean heat uptake are strongly affected by physical feedbacks, especially cloud feedbacks over the globe and surface albedo feedbacks from sea-ice loss in high latitudes, through the top-of-the-atmosphere energy balance. The ocean carbon response is similar in most models with carbon storage increasing from rising atmospheric CO2, but weakly decreasing from climate change with competing ventilation and biological contributions over the Southern Ocean. The Southern Ocean affects a global climate metric, the transient climate response to emissions, accounting for 28% of its thermal contribution through its physical climate feedbacks and heat uptake, and so affects inter-model differences in meeting warming targets.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities'.

Published
2023
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17. Supplementary materials to Finale: Impact of the ORCHESTRA/ENCORE programmes on Southern Ocean heat and carbon understanding

Author

Meijers, Andrew J. S., Meredith, Michael P., Shuckburgh, Emily F., Kent, Elizabeth C., Munday, David R., Firing, Yvonne L., King, Brian, Smyth, Tim J., Leng, Melanie J., George Nurser, A. J., Hewitt, Helene T., Povl Abrahamsen, E., Weiss, Alexandra, Yang, Mingxi, Bell, Thomas G., Alexander Brearley, J., Boland, Emma J. D., Jones, Daniel C., Josey, Simon A., Owen, Robyn P., Grist, Jeremy P., Blaker, Adam T., Biri, Stavroula, Yelland, Margaret J., Pimm, Ciara, Zhou, Shenjie, Harle, James, and Cornes, Richard C.

Abstract

Four supplementary figures and one table providing maps of flight paths and aircraft vs ship data comparisons, as well as cruise information

Published
2023
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18. Publisher Correction: Critical Southern Ocean climate model biases traced to atmospheric model cloud errors

Author

Hyder, Patrick, Edwards, John M., Allan, Richard P., Hewitt, Helene T., Bracegirdle, Thomas J., Gregory, Jonathan M., Wood, Richard A., Meijers, Andrew J. S., Mulcahy, Jane, Field, Paul, Furtado, Kalli, Bodas-Salcedo, Alejandro, Williams, Keith D., Copsey, Dan, Josey, Simon A., Liu, Chunlei, Roberts, Chris D., Sanchez, Claudio, Ridley, Jeff, Thorpe, Livia, Hardiman, Steven C., Mayer, Michael, Berry, David I., and Belcher, Stephen E.

Published
2018
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19. Critical Southern Ocean climate model biases traced to atmospheric model cloud errors

Author

Hyder, Patrick, Edwards, John M., Allan, Richard P., Hewitt, Helene T., Bracegirdle, Thomas J., Gregory, Jonathan M., Wood, Richard A., Meijers, Andrew J. S., Mulcahy, Jane, Field, Paul, Furtado, Kalli, Bodas-Salcedo, Alejandro, Williams, Keith D., Copsey, Dan, Josey, Simon A., Liu, Chunlei, Roberts, Chris D., Sanchez, Claudio, Ridley, Jeff, Thorpe, Livia, Hardiman, Steven C., Mayer, Michael, Berry, David I., and Belcher, Stephen E.

Published
2018
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20. Unsupervised classification identifies coherent thermohaline structures in the Weddell Gyre region.

Author

Jones, Dani C., Sonnewald, Maike, Zhou, Shenjie, Hausmann, Ute, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Rosso, Isabella, Boehme, Lars, Meredith, Michael P., and Naveira Garabato, Alberto C.

Subjects
OCEAN temperature, SEA ice, PLANETARY systems, CLASSIFICATION
Abstract

The Weddell Gyre is a major feature of the Southern Ocean and an important component of the planetary climate system; it regulates air–sea exchanges, controls the formation of deep and bottom waters, and hosts upwelling of relatively warm subsurface waters. It is characterised by low sea surface temperatures, ubiquitous sea ice formation, and widespread salt stratification that stabilises the water column. Observing the Weddell Gyre is challenging, as it is extremely remote and largely covered with sea ice. At present, it is one of the most poorly sampled regions of the global ocean, highlighting the need to extract as much value as possible from existing observations. Here, we apply a profile classification model (PCM), which is an unsupervised classification technique, to a Weddell Gyre profile dataset to identify coherent regimes in temperature and salinity. We find that, despite not being given any positional information, the PCM identifies four spatially coherent thermohaline domains that can be described as follows: (1) a circumpolar class, (2) a transition region between the circumpolar waters and the Weddell Gyre, (3) a gyre edge class with northern and southern branches, and (4) a gyre core class. PCM highlights, in an objective and interpretable way, both expected and underappreciated structures in the Weddell Gyre dataset. For instance, PCM identifies the inflow of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) across the eastern boundary, the presence of the Weddell–Scotia Confluence waters, and structured spatial variability in mixing between Winter Water and CDW. PCM offers a useful complement to existing expertise-driven approaches for characterising the physical configuration and variability of oceanographic regions, helping to identify coherent thermohaline structures and the boundaries between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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21. Unsupervised classification identifies coherent thermohaline structures in theWeddell Gyre region.

Author

Jones, Dan(i), Sonnewald, Maike, Shenjie Zhou, Hausmann, Ute, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Rosso, Isabella, Boehme, Lars, Meredith, Michael P., and Naveira Garabato, Alberto C.

Subjects
OCEAN temperature, SEA ice, PLANETARY systems, CLASSIFICATION
Abstract

The Weddell Gyre is a major feature of the Southern Ocean and an important component of the planetary climate system; it regulates air-sea exchanges, controls the formation of deep and bottom waters, and hosts upwelling of relatively warm subsurface waters. It is characterized by extremely low sea surface temperatures, ubiquitous sea ice formation, and widespread salt stratification that stabilises the water column. Observing the Weddell Gyre is challenging, as it is extremely remote and largely covered with sea ice. At present, it is one of the most poorly-sampled regions of the global ocean, high-lighting the need to extract as much value as possible from existing observations. Here, we apply a profile classification model (PCM), which is an unsupervised classification technique, to a Weddell Gyre profile dataset to identify coherent regimes in temperature and salinity. We find that, despite not being given any positional information, the PCM identifies four spatially coherent thermohaline domains that can be described as follows: (1) a circumpolar class, (2) a transition region between the circumpolar waters and theWeddell Gyre, (3) a gyre edge class with northern and southern branches, and (4) a gyre core class. PCM highlights, in an objective and interpretable way, both expected and under-appreciated structures in the Weddell Gyre dataset. For instance, PCM identifies the inflow of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) across the eastern boundary, the presence of the Weddell-Scotia Confluence waters, and structured spatial variability in mixing between Winter Water and CDW. PCM offers a useful complement to existing expertise-driven approaches for characterising the physical configuration and variability of the Weddell Gyre and surrounding regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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22. Unsupervised classification identifies coherent thermohaline structures in the Weddell Gyre region.

Author

Jones, Dan(i), Sonnewald, Maike, Zhou, Shenjie, Hausmann, Ute, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Rosso, Isabella, Boehme, Lars, Meredith, Michael P., and Garabato, Alberto C. Naveira

Subjects
MERIDIONAL overturning circulation, SURFACE temperature, SEA ice, INFORMATION retrieval
Abstract

The Weddell Gyre is a major feature of the Southern Ocean and an important component of the planetary climate system; it regulates air-sea exchanges, controls the formation of deep and bottom waters, and hosts upwelling of relatively warm subsurface waters. It is characterized by extremely low sea surface temperatures, ubiquitous sea ice formation, and widespread salt stratification that stabilises the water column. Observing the Weddell Gyre is challenging, as it is extremely remote and largely covered with sea ice. At present, it is one of the most poorly-sampled regions of the global ocean, highlighting the need to extract as much value as possible from existing observations. Here, we apply a profile classification model (PCM), which is an unsupervised classification technique, to a Weddell Gyre profile dataset to identify coherent regimes in temperature and salinity. We find that, despite not being given any positional information, the PCM identifies four spatially coherent thermohaline domains that can be described as follows: (1) a circumpolar class, (2) a transition region between the circumpolar waters and the Weddell Gyre, (3) a gyre edge class with northern and southern branches, and (4) a gyre core class. PCM highlights, in an objective and interpretable way, both expected and under-appreciated structures in the Weddell Gyre dataset. For instance, PCM identifies the inflow of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) across the eastern boundary, the presence of the Weddell-Scotia Confluence waters, and structured spatial variability in mixing between Winter Water and CDW. PCM offers a useful complement to existing expertise-driven approaches for characterising the physical configuration and variability of the Weddell Gyre and surrounding regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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26. Delivering sustained, coordinated, and integrated observations of the Southern Ocean for global impact

Author

Newman, Louise, Heil, Petra, Trebilco, Rowan, Katsumata, Katsuro, Constable, Andrew, van Wijk, Esmee, Assmann, Karen, Beja, Joana, Bricher, Phillippa, Coleman, Richard, Costa, Daniel P., Diggs, Stephen, Farneti, Riccardo, Fawcett, Sarah E., Gille, Sarah T., Hendry, Katharine R., Henley, Sian, Hofmann, Eileen E., Maksym, Ted, Mazloff, Matthew R., Meijers, Andrew J. S., Meredith, Michael M., Moreau, Sebastien, Ozsoy, Burcu, Robertson, Robin, Schloss, Irene, Schofield, Oscar M. E., Shi, Jiuxin, Sikes, Elisabeth L., Smith, Inga J., Swart, Sebastiaan, Wahlin, Anna, Williams, Guy, Williams, Michael J. M., Herraiz-Borreguero, Laura, Kern, Stefan, Lieser, Jan, Massom, Robert A., Melbourne-Thomas, Jessica, Miloslavich, Patricia, Spreen, Gunnar, Newman, Louise, Heil, Petra, Trebilco, Rowan, Katsumata, Katsuro, Constable, Andrew, van Wijk, Esmee, Assmann, Karen, Beja, Joana, Bricher, Phillippa, Coleman, Richard, Costa, Daniel P., Diggs, Stephen, Farneti, Riccardo, Fawcett, Sarah E., Gille, Sarah T., Hendry, Katharine R., Henley, Sian, Hofmann, Eileen E., Maksym, Ted, Mazloff, Matthew R., Meijers, Andrew J. S., Meredith, Michael M., Moreau, Sebastien, Ozsoy, Burcu, Robertson, Robin, Schloss, Irene, Schofield, Oscar M. E., Shi, Jiuxin, Sikes, Elisabeth L., Smith, Inga J., Swart, Sebastiaan, Wahlin, Anna, Williams, Guy, Williams, Michael J. M., Herraiz-Borreguero, Laura, Kern, Stefan, Lieser, Jan, Massom, Robert A., Melbourne-Thomas, Jessica, Miloslavich, Patricia, and Spreen, Gunnar

Abstract

© The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Newman, L., Heil, P., Trebilco, R., Katsumata, K., Constable, A., van Wijk, E., Assmann, K., Beja, J., Bricher, P., Colemans, R., Costa, D., Diggs, S., Farneti, R., Fawcett, S., Gille, S. T., Hendry, K. R., Henley, S., Hofmann, E., Maksym, T., MazIoff, M., Meijers, A., Meredith, M. M., Moreau, S., Ozsor, B., Robertson, R., Schloss, I., Schofield, O., Shi, J., Sikes, E., Smith, I. J., Swart, S., Wahlin, A., Williams, G., Williams, M. J. M., Herraiz-Borreguero, L., Kern, S., Liesers, J., Massom, R. A., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Miloslavich, P., & Spreen, G. Delivering sustained, coordinated, and integrated observations of the Southern Ocean for global impact. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, (2019): 433, doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00433., The Southern Ocean is disproportionately important in its effect on the Earth system, impacting climatic, biogeochemical, and ecological systems, which makes recent observed changes to this system cause for global concern. The enhanced understanding and improvements in predictive skill needed for understanding and projecting future states of the Southern Ocean require sustained observations. Over the last decade, the Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS) has established networks for enhancing regional coordination and research community groups to advance development of observing system capabilities. These networks support delivery of the SOOS 20-year vision, which is to develop a circumpolar system that ensures time series of key variables, and delivers the greatest impact from data to all key end-users. Although the Southern Ocean remains one of the least-observed ocean regions, enhanced international coordination and advances in autonomous platforms have resulted in progress toward sustained observations of this region. Since 2009, the Southern Ocean community has deployed over 5700 observational platforms south of 40°S. Large-scale, multi-year or sustained, multidisciplinary efforts have been supported and are now delivering observations of essential variables at space and time scales that enable assessment of changes being observed in Southern Ocean systems. The improved observational coverage, however, is predominantly for the open ocean, encompasses the summer, consists of primarily physical oceanographic variables, and covers surface to 2000 m. Significant gaps remain in observations of the ice-impacted ocean, the sea ice, depths >2000 m, the air-ocean-ice interface, biogeochemical and biological variables, and for seasons other than summer. Addressing these data gaps in a sustained way requires parallel advances in coordination networks, cyberinfrastructure and data management tools, observational platform and sensor technology, two-way platform interrogati, PH was supported by the Australian Government’s Cooperative Research Centers Program through the Antarctica Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, and the International Space Science Institute’s team grant #406. This work contributes to the Australian Antarctica Science projects 4301 and 4390.

Published
2019

27. Strong Quasi-Stationary Wintertime Atmospheric Surface Pressure Anomalies Drive a Dipole Pattern in the Subantarctic Mode Water Formation.

Author

CEROVEČKI, IVANA and MEIJERS, ANDREW J. S.

Subjects
*ATMOSPHERIC pressure, *SURFACE pressure, *WINTER, *SEA level, *MERIDIONAL winds, *SOUTHERN oscillation
Abstract

The deepest wintertime (July–September) mixed layers associated with Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) formation develop in the Indian and Pacific sectors of the Southern Ocean. In these two sectors the dominant interannual variability of both deep wintertime mixed layers and SAMW volume is an east–west dipole pattern in each basin. The variability of these dipoles is strongly correlated with the interannual variability of overlying winter quasi-stationary mean sea level pressure (MSLP) anomalies. Anomalously strong positive MSLP anomalies are found to result in the deepening of the wintertime mixed layers and an increase in the SAMW formation in the eastern parts of the dipoles in the Pacific and Indian sectors. These effects are due to enhanced cold southerly meridional winds, strengthened zonal winds, and increased surface ocean heat loss. The opposite occurs in the western parts of the dipoles in these sectors. Conversely, strong negative MSLP anomalies result in shoaling (deepening) of the wintertime mixed layers and a decrease (increase) in SAMW formation in the eastern (western) regions. The MSLP variabilities of the Pacific and Indian basin anomalies are not always in phase, especially in years with a strong El Niño, resulting in different patterns of SAMW formation in the western versus eastern parts of the Indian and Pacific sectors. Strong isopycnal depth and thickness anomalies develop in the SAMW density range in years with strong MSLP anomalies. When advected eastward, they act to precondition downstream SAMW formation in the subsequent winter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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29. State of the Climate in 2017

Author

Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Hartfield, G., Ackerman, Steven A., Adler, Robert, Alfaro, Eric J., Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Andreassen, L. M., Argueez, Anthony, Arndt, Derek S., Azorin-molina, Cesar, Baez, Julian, Bardin, M. U., Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bedka, Kristopher M., Bell, Gerald D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bhatt, U. S., Bissolli, Peter, Bjerke, J., Blake, Eric S., Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Buehler, S., Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Calderon, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka D., Cappelen, J., Carrea, Laura, Carter, Brendan R., Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Ming-dean, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, E. -s., Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A. S., Coldewey-egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Copland, L., Crouch, Jake, Davis, Sean M., De Eyto, Elvira, De Jeu, Richard A. M., De Laat, Jos, Degasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Di Girolamo, Larry, Diamond, Howard J., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Donat, Markus G., Dong, Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Dunn, Robert J. H., Dutton, Geoff S., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, Jhan C., Famiglietti, James S., Farrell, S., Fausto, R. S., Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Forbes, B. C., Foster, Michael J., Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Gerland, S., Gilson, John, Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Grooss, J. -u., Gruber, Alexander, Guard, Charles, Gupta, S. K., Gutierrez, J. M., Haas, C., Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hanssen-bauer, I, Harris, Ian, Heidinger, Andrew K., Heim, Richard R., Jr., Hendricks, S., Hernandez, Marieta, Hernandez, Rafael, Hidalgo, Hugo G., Ho, Shu-peng, Hobbs, William R., Huang, Boyin, Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J. A., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jimenez, C., Jin Xiangze, John, Viju, Johns, William E., Johnsen, B., Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Jones, Philip D., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, J. W., Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A., Keller, Linda M., Kennedy, John, Kerr, Kenneth, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. -j., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Kohler, J., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Krumpen, T., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, Mark A., Landschuetzer, Peter, Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lazzara, Matthew A., Leuliette, Eric, L'Heureux, Michelle, Lieser, Jan L., Lin, I-i, Liu, Hongxing, Liu, Yinghui, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing-jia, Luojus, K., Lyman, John M., Macias-fauria, M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, G., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, Jose A., Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martinez-gueingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, Mcbride, Charlotte, Mccabe, M. F., Mccarthy, M., Mcvicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Meier, W., Mekonnen, A., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Miralles, Diego G., Mitchum, Gary T., Mitro, Srkani, Monselesan, Didier, Montzka, Stephen A., Mora, Natalie, Morice, Colin, Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Muehle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Mueller, R., Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, Louise, Newman, Paul A., Nieto, Juan Jose, Noetzli, Jeannette, O'Neel, S., Osborn, Tim J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Park, E-hyung, Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-ramirez, Reynaldo, Paterson, Andrew M., Pearce, Petra R., Pelto, Mauri S., Perkins-kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, C., Phillips, David, Phoenix, G., Pinty, Bernard, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Rayner, Darren, Raynolds, M. K., Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Reimer, Christoph, Remy, Samuel, Revadekar, Jayashree V., Richter-menge, J., Rimmer, Alon, Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rusak, James A., Sallee, Jean-bapiste, Sanchez-lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schreck, Carl J., Iii, Schuur, Ted, Selkirk, H. B., Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Sharp, M., Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., Siegel, David A., Signorini, Sergio R., Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Smeed, David A., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, B., Spence, Jaqueline M., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, Jose L., Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Sun-mack, Sunny, Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Tamar, Gerard, Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, L., Thompson, Philip R., Timmermans, M. -l., Tobin, Skie, Trachte, Katja, Trewin, Blair C., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Van Der Schalie, Robin, Van Der Schrier, Gerard, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, Piet, Vincent, Lucie A., Voemel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wagner, Wolfgang, Walker, D. A., Walsh, J., Wang, Bin, Wang, Chunzai, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Sheng-hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Weller, Robert A., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Whitewood, Robert, Wiese, David N., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Willis, Josh K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Wouters, B., Xue, Yan, Yin, Xungang, Yu, Lisan, Zambrano, Eduardo, Zhang, Huai-min, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhao, Lin, Ziemke, Jerry R., Abernethy, R., Albanil, Encarnacion Adelina, Aldeco, Laura S., Aliaga-nestares, Vannia, Anderson, John, Armitage, C., Avalos, Grinia, Behe, Carolina, Bellouin, Nicolas, Bernhard, G. H., Blenkinsop, Stephen, Bolmgren, K., Bouchon, Marilu, Campbell, Ethan C., Castro, Anabel, Costanza, Carol, Covey, Curt, Coy, Lawrence, Cronin, T., Cruzado, Luis, Daniel, Raychelle, Davletshin, S. G., De La Cour, Jacqueline L., Deline, P., Dewitte, Boris, Dhurmea, R., Dickerson, C., Domingues, Ricardo, Durre, Imke, Eakin, C. Mark, Farmer, J., Fauchald, P., Geiger, Erick F., Gomez, Andrea M., Gugliemin, Mario, Hansen, K., Helfrich, S., Hemming, D. L., Heron, Scott F., Heuze, C., Horstkotte, T., Hubert, Daan, Hueuze, Celine, Ibrahim, M. M., Isaac, Victor, Jacobs, Stephanie J., Jeffries, Martin O., Karakoylu, Erdem M., Khan, M. S., Ladd, C., Lavado-casimiro, Waldo, Lee, S. -e, Lee, T. C., Li, Bailing, Li, Tim, Lopez, Luis A., Luthcke, S., Marcellin, Vernie, Marin, Dora, Marsh, Benjamin L., Martin, A, Martinez, Alejandra G., Martinez-sanchez, Odalys, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Miller, Ben, Moat, Ben, Mochizuki, Y., Mosquera-vasquez, Kobi, Mostafa, Awatif E., Nielsen-gammon, John W., Noll, Ben E., Osborne, Emily, Pastor, Saavedra Maria Asuncion, Paulik, Christoph, Peltier, Alexandre, Pinzon, J., Po-chedley, S., Polashenski, C., Purkey, Sarah G., Quispe, Nelson, Rakotoarimalala, C., Richardson, A. D., Ricker, R, Rodriguez, Camino Ernesto, Rosner, Benjamin, Roth, David Mark, Rutishauser, T., Sasgen, L., Sayad, T. A., Scanlon, T., Schenzinger, Verena, Silow, Eugene, Skirving, William J., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, T. H., Spillane, Sandra, Stanitski, Diane M., Stengel, M., Stephenson, Kimberly, Strong, Alan E., Sutton, Adrienne J., Takahashi, Kenneth S., Thackeray, S. J., Thomson, Lthorsteinsson T., Timbal, Bertrand, Timofeyev, Maxim A., Tirak, Kyle, V, Togawa, H., Tommervik, H., Tourpali, Kleareti, Trinanes, Joaquin A., Tucker, C. J., Tye, Mari R., Van Der A, Ronald J., Velden, Christopher S., Vickers, H., Webster, M., Westberry, Toby K., Widlansky, Matthew J., Wood, K., Yoon, Huang, York, A., Zhu, Zhiwei, Ziel, R., Ziese, Markus G., Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Hartfield, G., Ackerman, Steven A., Adler, Robert, Alfaro, Eric J., Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Andreassen, L. M., Argueez, Anthony, Arndt, Derek S., Azorin-molina, Cesar, Baez, Julian, Bardin, M. U., Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bedka, Kristopher M., Bell, Gerald D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bhatt, U. S., Bissolli, Peter, Bjerke, J., Blake, Eric S., Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Buehler, S., Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Calderon, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka D., Cappelen, J., Carrea, Laura, Carter, Brendan R., Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Ming-dean, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, E. -s., Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A. S., Coldewey-egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Copland, L., Crouch, Jake, Davis, Sean M., De Eyto, Elvira, De Jeu, Richard A. M., De Laat, Jos, Degasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Di Girolamo, Larry, Diamond, Howard J., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Donat, Markus G., Dong, Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Dunn, Robert J. H., Dutton, Geoff S., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, Jhan C., Famiglietti, James S., Farrell, S., Fausto, R. S., Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Forbes, B. C., Foster, Michael J., Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Gerland, S., Gilson, John, Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Grooss, J. -u., Gruber, Alexander, Guard, Charles, Gupta, S. K., Gutierrez, J. M., Haas, C., Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hanssen-bauer, I, Harris, Ian, Heidinger, Andrew K., Heim, Richard R., Jr., Hendricks, S., Hernandez, Marieta, Hernandez, Rafael, Hidalgo, Hugo G., Ho, Shu-peng, Hobbs, William R., Huang, Boyin, Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J. A., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jimenez, C., Jin Xiangze, John, Viju, Johns, William E., Johnsen, B., Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Jones, Philip D., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, J. W., Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A., Keller, Linda M., Kennedy, John, Kerr, Kenneth, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. -j., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Kohler, J., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Krumpen, T., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, Mark A., Landschuetzer, Peter, Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lazzara, Matthew A., Leuliette, Eric, L'Heureux, Michelle, Lieser, Jan L., Lin, I-i, Liu, Hongxing, Liu, Yinghui, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing-jia, Luojus, K., Lyman, John M., Macias-fauria, M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, G., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, Jose A., Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martinez-gueingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, Mcbride, Charlotte, Mccabe, M. F., Mccarthy, M., Mcvicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Meier, W., Mekonnen, A., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Miralles, Diego G., Mitchum, Gary T., Mitro, Srkani, Monselesan, Didier, Montzka, Stephen A., Mora, Natalie, Morice, Colin, Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Muehle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Mueller, R., Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, Louise, Newman, Paul A., Nieto, Juan Jose, Noetzli, Jeannette, O'Neel, S., Osborn, Tim J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Park, E-hyung, Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-ramirez, Reynaldo, Paterson, Andrew M., Pearce, Petra R., Pelto, Mauri S., Perkins-kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, C., Phillips, David, Phoenix, G., Pinty, Bernard, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Rayner, Darren, Raynolds, M. K., Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Reimer, Christoph, Remy, Samuel, Revadekar, Jayashree V., Richter-menge, J., Rimmer, Alon, Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rusak, James A., Sallee, Jean-bapiste, Sanchez-lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schreck, Carl J., Iii, Schuur, Ted, Selkirk, H. B., Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Sharp, M., Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., Siegel, David A., Signorini, Sergio R., Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Smeed, David A., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, B., Spence, Jaqueline M., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, Jose L., Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Sun-mack, Sunny, Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Tamar, Gerard, Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, L., Thompson, Philip R., Timmermans, M. -l., Tobin, Skie, Trachte, Katja, Trewin, Blair C., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Van Der Schalie, Robin, Van Der Schrier, Gerard, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, Piet, Vincent, Lucie A., Voemel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wagner, Wolfgang, Walker, D. A., Walsh, J., Wang, Bin, Wang, Chunzai, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Sheng-hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Weller, Robert A., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Whitewood, Robert, Wiese, David N., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Willis, Josh K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Wouters, B., Xue, Yan, Yin, Xungang, Yu, Lisan, Zambrano, Eduardo, Zhang, Huai-min, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhao, Lin, Ziemke, Jerry R., Abernethy, R., Albanil, Encarnacion Adelina, Aldeco, Laura S., Aliaga-nestares, Vannia, Anderson, John, Armitage, C., Avalos, Grinia, Behe, Carolina, Bellouin, Nicolas, Bernhard, G. H., Blenkinsop, Stephen, Bolmgren, K., Bouchon, Marilu, Campbell, Ethan C., Castro, Anabel, Costanza, Carol, Covey, Curt, Coy, Lawrence, Cronin, T., Cruzado, Luis, Daniel, Raychelle, Davletshin, S. G., De La Cour, Jacqueline L., Deline, P., Dewitte, Boris, Dhurmea, R., Dickerson, C., Domingues, Ricardo, Durre, Imke, Eakin, C. Mark, Farmer, J., Fauchald, P., Geiger, Erick F., Gomez, Andrea M., Gugliemin, Mario, Hansen, K., Helfrich, S., Hemming, D. L., Heron, Scott F., Heuze, C., Horstkotte, T., Hubert, Daan, Hueuze, Celine, Ibrahim, M. M., Isaac, Victor, Jacobs, Stephanie J., Jeffries, Martin O., Karakoylu, Erdem M., Khan, M. S., Ladd, C., Lavado-casimiro, Waldo, Lee, S. -e, Lee, T. C., Li, Bailing, Li, Tim, Lopez, Luis A., Luthcke, S., Marcellin, Vernie, Marin, Dora, Marsh, Benjamin L., Martin, A, Martinez, Alejandra G., Martinez-sanchez, Odalys, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Miller, Ben, Moat, Ben, Mochizuki, Y., Mosquera-vasquez, Kobi, Mostafa, Awatif E., Nielsen-gammon, John W., Noll, Ben E., Osborne, Emily, Pastor, Saavedra Maria Asuncion, Paulik, Christoph, Peltier, Alexandre, Pinzon, J., Po-chedley, S., Polashenski, C., Purkey, Sarah G., Quispe, Nelson, Rakotoarimalala, C., Richardson, A. D., Ricker, R, Rodriguez, Camino Ernesto, Rosner, Benjamin, Roth, David Mark, Rutishauser, T., Sasgen, L., Sayad, T. A., Scanlon, T., Schenzinger, Verena, Silow, Eugene, Skirving, William J., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, T. H., Spillane, Sandra, Stanitski, Diane M., Stengel, M., Stephenson, Kimberly, Strong, Alan E., Sutton, Adrienne J., Takahashi, Kenneth S., Thackeray, S. J., Thomson, Lthorsteinsson T., Timbal, Bertrand, Timofeyev, Maxim A., Tirak, Kyle, V, Togawa, H., Tommervik, H., Tourpali, Kleareti, Trinanes, Joaquin A., Tucker, C. J., Tye, Mari R., Van Der A, Ronald J., Velden, Christopher S., Vickers, H., Webster, M., Westberry, Toby K., Widlansky, Matthew J., Wood, K., Yoon, Huang, York, A., Zhu, Zhiwei, Ziel, R., and Ziese, Markus G.

Abstract

In 2017, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide— reached new record highs. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth’s surface for 2017 was 405.0 ± 0.1 ppm, 2.2 ppm greater than for 2016 and the highest in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800 000 years. The global growth rate of CO2 has nearly quadrupled since the early 1960s. With ENSO-neutral conditions present in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean during most of the year and weak La Niña conditions notable at the start and end, the global temperature across land and ocean surfaces ranked as the second or third highest, depending on the dataset, since records began in the mid-to-late 1800s. Notably, it was the warmest non-El Niño year in the instrumental record. Above Earth’s surface, the annual lower tropospheric temperature was also either second or third highest according to all datasets analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was about 0.2°C higher than the record cold temperature of 2016 according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Argentina, Uruguay, Spain, and Bulgaria, reported record high annual temperatures. Mexico broke its annual record for the fourth consecutive year. On 27 January, the temperature reached 43.4°C at Puerto Madryn, Argentina—the highest temperature recorded so far south (43°S) anywhere in the world. On 28 May in Turbat, western Pakistan, the high of 53.5°C tied Pakistan’s all-time highest temperature and became the world-record highest temperature for May. In the Arctic, the 2017 land surface temperature was 1.6°C above the 1981–2010 average, the second highest since the record began in 1900, behind only 2016. The five highest annual Arctic temperatures have all occurred since 2007. Exceptionally high temperatures were observed in the permafrost across the Arctic, with record values r

Published
2018
Full Text
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30. Diapycnal mixing in the Southern Ocean diagnosed using the DIMES tracer and realistic velocity fields

Author

Mackay, Neill, Ledwell, James R., Messias, Marie-Jose, Naveira Garabato, Alberto C., Brearley, J. Alexander, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Jones, Daniel C., Watson, Andrew J., Mackay, Neill, Ledwell, James R., Messias, Marie-Jose, Naveira Garabato, Alberto C., Brearley, J. Alexander, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Jones, Daniel C., and Watson, Andrew J.

Abstract

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2018. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 123 (2018): 2615-2634, doi:10.1002/2017JC013536., In this work, we use realistic isopycnal velocities with a 3-D eddy diffusivity to advect and diffuse a tracer in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, beginning in the Southeast Pacific and progressing through Drake Passage. We prescribe a diapycnal diffusivity which takes one value in the SE Pacific west of 678W and another value in Drake Passage east of that longitude, and optimize the diffusivities using a cost function to give a best fit to experimental data from the DIMES (Diapycnal and Isopycnal Mixing Experiment in the Southern Ocean) tracer, released near the boundary between the Upper and Lower Circumpolar Deep Water. We find that diapycnal diffusivity is enhanced 20-fold in Drake Passage compared with the SE Pacific, consistent with previous estimates obtained using a simpler advection-diffusion model with constant, but different, zonal velocities east and west of 678W. Our result shows that diapycnal mixing in the ACC plays a significant role in transferring buoyancy within the Meridional Overturning Circulation., UK Natural Environment Research Council Grant Numbers: NE/F020252/1 , NE/N018028/1 , NE/J007757/1; US National Science Foundation Grant Numbers: OCE 0622825 , OCE 1232962, 2018-09-26

Published
2018

31. High-latitude ocean ventilation and its role in Earth's climate transitions

Author

Naveira Garabato, Alberto C., MacGilchrist, Graeme A., Brown, Peter J., Evans, D. Gwyn, Meijers, Andrew J. S., and Zika, Jan D.

Subjects
ocean ventilation, Arctic Ocean, Articles, climate transitions, Southern Ocean, Research Article
Abstract

The processes regulating ocean ventilation at high latitudes are re-examined based on a range of observations spanning all scales of ocean circulation, from the centimetre scales of turbulence to the basin scales of gyres. It is argued that high-latitude ocean ventilation is controlled by mechanisms that differ in fundamental ways from those that set the overturning circulation. This is contrary to the assumption of broad equivalence between the two that is commonly adopted in interpreting the role of the high-latitude oceans in Earth's climate transitions. Illustrations of how recognizing this distinction may change our view of the ocean's role in the climate system are offered. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Ocean ventilation and deoxygenation in a warming world’.

Published
2017

36. Assessment of Southern Ocean mixed-layer depths in CMIP5 models: Historical bias and forcing response

Author

Sallée, Jean-Baptiste, Shuckburgh, Emily, Bruneau, Nicolas, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Bracegirdle, Thomas J., Wang, Zhaomin, British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), School of Marine Sciences [Nanjing], and Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2013
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37. Representation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the CMIP5 climate models and future changes under warming scenarios

Author

Meijers, Andrew J. S., Shuckburgh, Emily, Bruneau, Nicolas, Sallée, Jean-Baptiste, Bracegirdle, Thomas J., Wang, Zhaomin, British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), and George Mason University [Fairfax]

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph]
Abstract

International audience; The representation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) in the fifth Coupled Models Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) is generally improved over CMIP3. The range of modeled transports in the historical (1976–2006) scenario is reduced (90–264 Sv) compared with CMIP3 (33–337 Sv) with a mean of 155 ± 51 Sv. The large intermodel range is associated with significant differences in the ACC density structure. The ACC position is accurately represented at most longitudes, with a small (1.27°) standard deviation in mean latitude. The westerly wind jet driving the ACC is biased too strong and too far north on average. Unlike CMIP3 there is no correlation between modeled ACC latitude and the position of the westerly wind jet. Under future climate forcing scenarios (2070–2099 mean) the modeled ACC transport changes by between −26 to +17 Sv and the ACC shifts polewards (equatorwards) in models where the transport increases (decreases). There is no significant correlation between the ACC position change and that of the westerly wind jet, which shifts polewards and strengthens. The subtropical gyres strengthen and expand southwards, while the change in subpolar gyre area varies between models. An increase in subpolar gyre area corresponds with a decreases in ACC transport and an equatorward shift in the ACC position, and vice versa for a contraction of the gyre area. There is a general decrease in density in the upper 1000 m, particularly equatorwards of the ACC core.

Published
2012
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38. Surface oceanography of BROKE-West, along the Antarctic margin of the south-west Indian Ocean ( 30 – 80 ∘ E )

Author

Williams, Guy Darvall, Nicol, Stephen, Aoki, Shigeru, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Bindoff, Nathaniel L., Iijima, Yuji, Marsland, Simon J., Klocker, Andreas, Institute for Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE-CRC), CSIRO-UTAS Quantitative Marine Sciences PhD Program, University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS)-Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Institute of Observational Research for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Department of Geosciences, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2010
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39. Diapycnal Mixing in the Southern Ocean Diagnosed Using the DIMESTracer and Realistic Velocity Fields

Author

Mackay, Neill, Ledwell, James R., Messias, Marie‐José, Naveira Garabato, Alberto C., Brearley, J. Alexander, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Jones, Daniel C., and Watson, Andrew J.

Abstract

In this work, we use realistic isopycnal velocities with a 3‐D eddy diffusivity to advect and diffuse a tracer in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, beginning in the Southeast Pacific and progressing through Drake Passage. We prescribe a diapycnal diffusivity which takes one value in the SE Pacific west of 67°W and another value in Drake Passage east of that longitude, and optimize the diffusivities using a cost function to give a best fit to experimental data from the DIMES (Diapycnal and Isopycnal Mixing Experiment in the Southern Ocean) tracer, released near the boundary between the Upper and Lower Circumpolar Deep Water. We find that diapycnal diffusivity is enhanced 20‐fold in Drake Passage compared with the SE Pacific, consistent with previous estimates obtained using a simpler advection‐diffusion model with constant, but different, zonal velocities east and west of 67°W. Our result shows that diapycnal mixing in the ACC plays a significant role in transferring buoyancy within the Meridional Overturning Circulation. Realistic velocity fields used to advect a model tracer in the Southern Ocean produce lateral tracer distributions similar to an observed tracerDiapycnal diffusivities diagnosed from a best fit of the model tracer distribution to observations are 20 times larger in Drake Passage than in the Southeast PacificResults from models using two different velocity field products are consistent with one another, and with the previous result of Watson et al. (2013)

Published
2018
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42. Cessation in the decline of dense Antarctic water supply to the Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation.

Author

Abrahamsen, E. Povl, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Polzin, Kurt L., Garabato, Alberto C. Naveira, King, Brian A., Firing, Yvonne L., Sallée, Jean-Baptiste, Sheen, Katy L., Gordon, Arnold L., Huber, Bruce A., and Meredith, Michael P.

Subjects
*WATER supply, *OCEAN circulation, *CLIMATE change, *MERIDIONAL overturning circulation, *LEG, *SEA level
Abstract

The lower limb of the Atlantic overturning circulation is resupplied by the sinking of dense Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) that forms via intense air-sea-ice interactions adjacent to Antarctica, especially in the Weddell Sea. In the last three decades, AABW has exhibited a pronounced warming, freshening and decline in volume across the Atlantic Ocean and elsewhere, interpreted to signal an on-going major reorganization of oceanic overturning, and widely hailed as a hallmark signature of global climate change. Here, we use observations of AABW in the Scotia Sea, the most direct pathway from the Weddell Sea to the Atlantic Ocean, to show that there has been a recent cessation in the decline of the AABW supply to the Atlantic overturning circulation. The strongest decline was observed in the volume of the densest layers in the AABW throughflow from the early 1990s to 2014; since then, it has stabilised and partially recovered. We link the changes in AABW within the Scotia Sea to variability in the densest classes of abyssal waters upstream. Our findings indicate that the previously observed decline in the supply of dense water to the Atlantic Ocean abyss may be stabilizing or reversing, and thus call for a reassessment of Antarctic influences on overturning circulation, sea level, planetary-scale heat distribution, and global climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019

44. Tracing the impacts of recent rapid sea ice changes and the A68 megaberg on the surface freshwater balance of the Weddell and Scotia Seas.

Author

Meredith MP, Povl Abrahamsen E, Alexander Haumann F, Leng MJ, Arrowsmith C, Barham M, Firing YL, King BA, Brown P, Alexander Brearley J, Meijers AJS, Sallée JB, Akhoudas C, and Tarling GA

Abstract

The Southern Ocean upper-layer freshwater balance exerts a global climatic influence by modulating density stratification and biological productivity, and hence the exchange of heat and carbon between the atmosphere and the ocean interior. It is thus important to understand and quantify the time-varying freshwater inputs, which is challenging from measurements of salinity alone. Here we use seawater oxygen isotopes from samples collected between 2016 and 2021 along a transect spanning the Scotia and northern Weddell Seas to separate the freshwater contributions from sea ice and meteoric sources. The unprecedented retreat of sea ice in 2016 is evidenced as a strong increase in sea ice melt across the northern Weddell Sea, with surface values increasing approximately two percentage points between 2016 and 2018 and column inventories increasing approximately 1 to 2 m. Surface meteoric water concentrations exceeded 4% in early 2021 close to South Georgia due to meltwater from the A68 megaberg; smaller icebergs may influence meteoric water at other times also. Both these inputs highlight the importance of a changing cryosphere for upper-ocean freshening; potential future sea ice retreats and increases in iceberg calving would enhance the impacts of these freshwater sources on the ocean and climate. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities'.

Published
2023
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45. The role of the Southern Ocean in the global climate response to carbon emissions.

Author

Williams RG, Ceppi P, Roussenov V, Katavouta A, and Meijers AJS

Abstract

The effect of the Southern Ocean on global climate change is assessed using Earth system model projections following an idealized 1% annual rise in atmospheric CO 2 . For this scenario, the Southern Ocean plays a significant role in sequestering heat and anthropogenic carbon, accounting for 40% ± 5% of heat uptake and 44% ± 2% of anthropogenic carbon uptake over the global ocean (with the Southern Ocean defined as south of 36°S). This Southern Ocean fraction of global heat uptake is however less than in historical scenarios with marked hemispheric contrasts in radiative forcing. For this idealized scenario, inter-model differences in global and Southern Ocean heat uptake are strongly affected by physical feedbacks, especially cloud feedbacks over the globe and surface albedo feedbacks from sea-ice loss in high latitudes, through the top-of-the-atmosphere energy balance. The ocean carbon response is similar in most models with carbon storage increasing from rising atmospheric CO 2 , but weakly decreasing from climate change with competing ventilation and biological contributions over the Southern Ocean. The Southern Ocean affects a global climate metric, the transient climate response to emissions, accounting for 28% of its thermal contribution through its physical climate feedbacks and heat uptake, and so affects inter-model differences in meeting warming targets. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities'.

Published
2023
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46. Finale: impact of the ORCHESTRA/ENCORE programmes on Southern Ocean heat and carbon understanding.

Author

Meijers AJS, Meredith MP, Shuckburgh EF, Kent EC, Munday DR, Firing YL, King B, Smyth TJ, Leng MJ, George Nurser AJ, Hewitt HT, Povl Abrahamsen E, Weiss A, Yang M, Bell TG, Alexander Brearley J, Boland EJD, Jones DC, Josey SA, Owen RP, Grist JP, Blaker AT, Biri S, Yelland MJ, Pimm C, Zhou S, Harle J, and Cornes RC

Abstract

The 5-year Ocean Regulation of Climate by Heat and Carbon Sequestration and Transports (ORCHESTRA) programme and its 1-year extension ENCORE (ENCORE is the National Capability ORCHESTRA Extension) was an approximately 11-million-pound programme involving seven UK research centres that finished in March 2022. The project sought to radically improve our ability to measure, understand and predict the exchange, storage and export of heat and carbon by the Southern Ocean. It achieved this through a series of milestone observational campaigns in combination with model development and analysis. Twelve cruises in the Weddell Sea and South Atlantic were undertaken, along with mooring, glider and profiler deployments and aircraft missions, all contributing to measurements of internal ocean and air-sea heat and carbon fluxes. Numerous forward and adjoint numerical experiments were developed and supported by the analysis of coupled climate models. The programme has resulted in over 100 peer-reviewed publications to date as well as significant impacts on climate assessments and policy and science coordination groups. Here, we summarize the research highlights of the programme and assess the progress achieved by ORCHESTRA/ENCORE and the questions it raises for the future. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities'.

Published
2023
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