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The Swabian Alb is known for its caves, in which figural ivory carvings and flutes from the Aurignacian period were found. Parietal art, on the other hand, as known from sites in France, Spain, Romania or Russia, has not been discovered in this region so far. In fact, up to now, there are no documented caves with Pleistocene wall paintings in Germany. Nevertheless, the presence of ochre traces on mobile artefacts indicates the purposeful application of pigments by humans during the Pleistocene in the region, for example stone pebbles or possible wall fragments from Magdalenian occupations bear series of dots (Conard, Floss, 1998). The paint is, however, fixed to portable objects and not to the cave walls. Not at least for these reasons, the question arises how the lack of parietal art in this region can be explained. If we assume from the known finds in Hohle Fels and Geienklsterle, which demonstrate that ochre was known and accessible to humans at least during the Aurignacian and the Gravettian (Conard, Malina, 2019), a lack of raw material as an explanation for the absence of caves with wall paintings in this region can be excluded. Moreover, at that time humans were able to reproduce the environment in the form of highly realistic images of the Ice Age fauna (Conard, Kind, 2017). A large number of ivory carvings from this period are, if one considers the degree of realism, comparable with the paintings in Chauvet, Altamira or Kapova Cave. Other aspects must therefore be taken into account when determining the reasons for the absence of parietal art. On the one hand, it is possible that the limestone rocks of the Swabian Jura are not suitable for a permanent preservation of ochrebased colors. Most of them are active caves, which are still strongly influenced by geological processes, but above all by water and karst. In addition, it is possible that the knowledge of the existence of caves which goes with long periods of use by people from all times may have destroyed existing paintings. However, one would expect to find some remains or at least residues of paint, if existing images were demolished by the permanent use of the caves. Ultimately, and although it cannot be ruled out that people during the Upper Palaeolithic in southern Germany have expressed themselves artistically in other forms, we must assume that there is a research gap. So far, a systematic research and analysis of the cave walls has not yet been carried out in the Swabian Jura. Today, the use of new technologies can be utilized to confirm or deny the current state of research. At the moment we aim to systematically examine the cave walls in the archaeological sites of the World Heritage Site Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura. We consider them an excellent test cluster for the Paleolithic of this region. Three-dimensional recordings of the caves have already been produced. In the next steps we will test these recordings of the known caves with different filters and light conditions for parietal art, but at the same time continue to look for new and up to now unknown caves in the region. Conard, N. J., Floss, H. (1999). Ein bemalter Stein vom Hohle Fels bei Schelklingen und die Frage nach palolithischer Hhlenkunst in Mitteleuropa. Archologisches Korrespondenzblatt, 29 (3), 307316. Conard, N. J., Kind, C.-J. (2017). Als der Mensch die Kunst erfand: Eiszeithhlen auf der Schwbischen Alb. Darmstadt: Theiss Verlag. Conard, N. J., Malina, M. (2019). Weiterfhrende Ausgrabungen im Hohle Fels und neue Einblicke in die Nutzung von Ocker im Jungpalolitikum. Archologische Ausgrabungen in Baden-Wrttemberg 2018, 5659.

With the aim to understand prolonged and repeated marine anoxia after the Triassic-Jurassic massextinction event, a continuously cored, 338 metre thick succession of Rhaetian to Toarcian sediments was retrieved close to the village of Schandelah near Braunschweig (Lower Saxony, northern Germany). Here, preliminary biostratigraphical, lithological, sedimentological, geochemical, and geophysical borehole data are presented and discussed. Based on the presence of ammonites, ostracods, benthic foraminifers, calcareous nannofossils, and palynomorphs, all major Late Triassic and Early Jurassic stage boundaries and many of the standard Lower Jurassic ammonite zones could be defined. The deltaic Rhaetian sand- and siltstone succession (Exter Fm) contains evidence for seismic activity probably related to large-scale geodynamic processes. The Hettangian (Lias Alpha) is represented by a thick heterolithic succession composed of shallow marine sandy and silty beds with intercalated organic-rich shale, representing deposition on a shoreface with frequent storm activity. Progressive deepening during the Sinemurian to Toarcian resulted in repeated deposition of laminated organic-rich facies. Periods of relative sea-level fall likely occurred during the Late Hettangian, the Late Sinemurian, and Early Pliensbachian, where a series of hardgrounds occur indicating erosion on the sea floor followed by sea level rise leading to omission, and increased reworking. One of the most conspicuous features of the Lower Jurassic in the Schandelah-1 core is the presence of abundant authigenic carbonates (glendonites, concretions, beef-calcite) within the Upper Pliensbachian with partly very negative C-isotope values (down to -37%o V-PDB) suggesting the anaerobic oxidation of methane. A high-resolution organic carbon isotope record based on 485 analyses shows two major negative carbon isotope excursions (CIEs) within the lowermost Hettangian and Lower Toarcian, respectively. Both excursions coincide with the onset of black shale deposition and are well-known features of these time-intervals in other regions. Despite the fact that black shale deposition also characterizes parts of the Sinemurian and Pliensbachian in similar facies, no large negative CIEs are apparent. The Schandelah-1 core thus provides an unique archive of sedimentary, biotic and geochemical records of long-term Triassic-Jurassic palaeo-environmental change in the European Epicontinental Seaway.

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Wine Haven, a coastal exposure at Robin Hood's Bay (North Yorkshire, UK), fulfils the criteria indicated in the Guidelines of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) (Remane et al. 1996) for definition as the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Pliensbachian Stage (Early Jurassic): 1) The succession of about 30m comprises pale grey and buff-coloured sandy mudstones which very gradually pass upward into silty dark grey shales. This marine sequence was deposited during an overall transgression and is relatively expanded stratigraphically. 2) There is absence of unconformities in the Sinemurian-Pliensbachian interval and the exposure is continuous. 3) Ammonites are abundant and well preserved, enabling detailed correlations to be made (see Dommergues and Meister 1992). The ammonite fauna below the boundary interval allows recognition of the Leptechioceras gr. meigeini, Paltechioceras aureolum and Paltechioceras tardecrescens horizons of latest Sinemurian age and, above the boundary, the Bifericeras donovani and Apoderoceras gr. aculeatum horizons of earliest Pliensbachian age. A suitable level for the boundary is defined with the association of the Bifericeras donovani DOMMERGUES and MEISTER and Apoderoceras sp. at the base of bed 73b. Other fossils (palynomorphs, foraminiferas, ostracods, etc) give no precise biostratigraphic information or have not been studied. 4) Complementary results are: a) Strontium-isotope stratigraphy, based on analysis of belemnites which yield a calcite 87Sr/86Sr ratio for the suggested boundary level of 0.707425 and supports an interpretation of continuous sedimentation. b) Belemnite oxygen-isotope data indicate a significant temperature drop (-5 °C) across the boundary at this locality. c) A Transgressive Systems Tract (TST) initiated in the Aplanatum Subzone (uppermost Sinemurian) continues into the Lowermost Pliensbachian (Taylori Subzone): it forms part of a transgressive facies cycle sensu Graciansky et al. 5) The section is well exposed in the cliff and on the foreshore and access is straight forward. 6) Structural complexity and metamorphism are negligible. 7) The locality is the part of a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), and thereby under statutory protection.

This paper investigates the potential impact of increased business R&D efforts in Europe on the total factor productivity gap between European and U.S. industry. The paper addresses Europe's ambition, expressed at the 2000 Lisbon Summit to become 'the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world', and the 3% R&D intensity target for Europe formulated at the 2001 Barcelona Summit. Based on existing empirical models from the literature on productivity and R&D expenditures, we provide projections on the expected productivity impacts of increased R&D in manufacturing industries. The results suggest that raising European R&D is not a complete solution to the European productivity backlog relative to the U.S. We also find that the most dramatic impacts may be expected from raising R&D in so-called low-tech sectors.

The Early Jurassic epoch was a time of extreme environmental change: there are well-documented examples of rapid transitions from cold, or even glacial, climates to super greenhouse events, the latter characterized worldwide by hugely enhanced organic carbon burial, multiple large isotopic anomalies, global sea-level change, and mass extinction (Price, 1999; Hesselbo et al., 2000; Jenkyns, 2010; Korte and Hesselbo, 2011). These icehouse–greenhouse events not only reflect changes in the global climate system but are also thought to have had significant influence on the evolution of Jurassic marine biota (e.g. van de Schootbrugge et al., 2005; Fraguas et al., 2012). Furthermore, the events may serve as analogues for present-day and future environmental transitions. Although our knowledge of specific global change events within the Early Jurassic is rapidly improving, such as the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event (or T-OAE), we still do not have a comprehensive understanding of the timing, pacing, or triggers for these environmental perturbations, principally because of the temporally fragmentary nature of the existing data sets. The major goal for this proposed ICDP project is therefore to produce a new global standard for these key 25 million years of earth history by re-drilling and doublecoring a 45 yr old borehole at Mochras Farm on the edge of Cardigan Bay, Wales, and developing an integrated stratigraphy for the cored material. The new data sets will be applied to understand fundamental questions about the longand short-term evolution of the earth system. Cycles that occur regionally and that provisionally appear in the Mochras logs will allow evaluation of the extent to which major environmental change events are astronomically forced, resulting from internal system dynamics, or are triggered by deepearth processes. Fil: Hesselbo, S. P.. University Of Exeter; Reino Unido Fil: Bjerrum, C. J.. Universidad de Copenhagen; Dinamarca Fil: Hinnov, L. A.. University Johns Hopkins; Estados Unidos Fil: Mac Niocaill, C.. University of Oxford; Reino Unido Fil: Miller, K. G.. State University of New Jersey; Estados Unidos Fil: Riding, J. B.. British Geological Survey; Reino Unido Fil: Van de Schootbrugge, B.. University of Utrecht; Países Bajos Fil: Abels, H.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Belcher, C.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Blau, J.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Browning, J.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Cartwright, J.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Condon, D.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Daines, S.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Damborenea, S.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Dickson, A.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Fraguas, A.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Hilgen, F.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Hooker, J.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Huang, C.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Huesing, S.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Jenkyns, H.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Korte, C.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Krijgsman, W.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Lenton, T.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Little, C.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Manceñido, Miguel Oscar. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Mattioli, E.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Meister, C.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Morgan, R.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Newton, R.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Pálfy, J.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Pienkowski, G.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Poulton, S.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Riccardi, A.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Robinson, A.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Ruhl, M.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Suan, G.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Smith, N.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Thibault, N.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Ullmann, C.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Wignall, P.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Williford, K.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Wonik, T.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido Fil: Xu, W.. The Mochras Revisited Science Team; Reino Unido

The New Testament is full of claims that Christ died for our sins, claims which imply very clearly that Christ’s act made it possible for the guilt of our sins to be removed and for us to be forgiven by some objective process and not merely by being an example to us of how to behave. I shall call a theory of how this process worked a theory of the Atonement. But while the early Ecumenical Councils spelled out the doctrines of the Incarnation and the Trinity in precise ways, no Ecumenical Council (or Pope) has pronounced on how Christ’s death secured that Atonement.

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Palaeodiversity 3: 59–87; Stuttgart 30 December 2010 This work synthesizes all of the observations since the late nineteenth century of the highly endemic Late Sinemurian (Obtusum Chronozone) ammonite faunas of the Lusitanian Basin. It is based mainly on recent abundant collections from the Penedo da Saudade section near São Pedro de Muel (Leiria, Portugal). This rich material (some eight species and four genera), collected bed by bed, allow us to propose an initial biostratigraphic, palaebiogeographic, evolutionary and taxonomic synthesis of these mostly endemic faunas. The genus Epophioceroides (Subgen. indet. A) asteroceroides n. sp. Ptycharietites (Ptycharietites) heterogenus n. sp. So far they have been found at São Pedro de Muel only. The only non-endemic ammonite, Asteroceras sp. indet., collected from the base of the fossiliferous sequence, suggests an age in the Obtusum Chronozone for the subsequent taxa. Most probably faunas belong to the Stellare Subchronozone but taxa from the highest fossiliferous levels may also belong to the Denotatus Subchronozone. The newly collected material requires the morphological range of the genus Ptycharietites to be extended to include late forms that become either clearly evolute (subserpenticone) such as Ptycharietites (Pompeckioceras) cf. onchocephalus or clearly involute (suboxycone) such as Ptycharietites (?Subgen. indet. B) sp. indet. A. In terms of ontogeny, paedomorphosis - a rare "size-based" heterochronic process among the Asteroceratinae subfamily - is shown to be of major importance throughout the evolution of the genus Ptycharietites. In palaeobiogeographic terms all endemic Late Sinemurian (Obtusum Chronozone) ammonite faunas (Ptycharietites and Epophioceroides n gen.) of the Lusitanian Basin remain poorly understood. While they suggest marked isolation of the Lusitanian Basin and perhaps also constraining environmental conditions during the Obtusum Chronozone, there is nothing to indicate whether other bains of the "Iberai-Newfoundland" conjugate margins experienced the same endemic trend. Nor is it clear whether the Late Sinemurian endemic faunas are closely related to NW European or to W Tethyan (mediterranean) faunas. However, the earliest ammonite collected from the São Pedro de Muel section (i. e., Asteroceras sp. indet., bed 500b) suggests a possible NW European affinity.