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The scoring pattern of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised (MAACL-R) under both "simulate good" and "simulate bad" conditions and under two instructional sets, either "simulate" (Sample 1) or "simulate with caution" (Sample 2), was studied in an experiment in which the MAACL-R state form was administered to two groups of college students, each consisting of 160 participants. Each participant was tested twice with both a baseline "actual" trial and either a "simulate bad" or "simulate good" trial with the "actual" and experimental "simulate" trials counterbalanced. Participants in Sample 2, but not Sample 1, received instructions to be "cautious so as not to be detected." As expected, the scoring pattern of the MAACL-R was susceptible to response manipulation in the predicted directions. However, instructions to "simulate with caution" did not produce significantly different scores than did instructions to "simulate" alone. In the second study, Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) was used to determine the utility of each MAACL-R scale to detect response simulation. For both "simulate bad" and "simulate good," the PA and PASS scales showed the highest correct classification rates. However, detection of simulating bad was more accurate than determination of simulating good.

Purpose: To develop and evaluate a tool for assessing selected aspects of dietary adherence in adolescents with diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Methods: The Situational Obstacles to Dietary Adherence Questionnaire (SODA) is a 30-item inventory that yields a total self-efficacy score and scales that measure cognitive and behavioral coping strategies. Alternative forms of the SODA were administered at the beginning and end of a summer camp for youngsters with IDDM in order to obtain evidence for its reliability and validity, and to evaluate the impact of an educational intervention. The program consisted of two 50-minute small group sessions intended to help adolescents with IDDM improve their ability to cope with challenging dietary situations. Using the method of anchored instruction, the campers first viewed a video about a teenager with diabetes who faces common situations that make diabetes self-management difficult. Group problem-solving sessions led by a registered dietitian were used to help campers learn more effective ways to solve dietary problems. Results and conclusions: Results suggested that the SODA has reasonable reliability and validity. In addition, anchored instruction improved dietary self-efficacy and changed young adolescents' estimates of how often they would use selected cognitive and behavioral strategies to solve dietary problems.

Objective To develop a taxonomy of everyday situations that create obstacles for adherence to dietary management in patients with diabetes. Subjects Twenty-six adults with diabetes (12 with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and 14 with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) were recruited from an outpatient diabetes clinic. Main outcome measures Subjects were interviewed to identify problem situations that create obstacles for dietary adherence. The resulting 69 situations were judged for the presence of absence of 32 environmental features using a reliable coding system. Statistical analysis A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify homogeneous groups of dietary adherence obstacles. Results Twelve types of problem situations were identified: negative emotions, resisting temptation, eating out, feeling deprived, time pressure, tempted to relapse, planning, competing priorities, social events, family support, food refusal, and friends' support. Conclusions The resulting taxonomy provides an outline for the detailed assessment of obstacles to dietary adherence. An individual's ability to cope with this array of obstacles to dietary adherence should be assessed so treatment can be individualized.

Twenty adolescents with insulin -dependent diabetes mellitus were interviewed to obtain samples of problem situations that create obstacles to dietary adherence. The resulting 57 situations were analyzed using a reliable coding system to determine the presence or absence of 28 stimulus features. A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify 10 relatively homogeneous categories of obstacles to dietary adherence: being tempted to stop trying; negative emotional eating; facing forbidden foods; peer interpersonal conflict; competing priorities; eating at school; social events and holidays; food cravings; snacking when home, alone, or bored; and social pressure to eat. Diabetes educators should consider an individual's ability to cope with this array of obstacles to adherence when individualizing treatment. Dietary intervention then can be personalized to address specific situational obstacles.

Data from samples of College Students (n = 433), Adolescents (n = 746), and a community mental health center sample (Outpatients) (n = 202) were rescored using a scoring key that consisted of adjectives from the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised at or below the Grade 4 reading level (MAACL-R4). Factor analyses showed that, unlike the MAACL-R, a three-factor structure (Positive Affect 4, Anxious Depression 4, and Hostility 4) best described the 38 Grade 4 adjectives on the MAACL-R4. Estimates of reliability (internal consistency and test-retest) for each scale were acceptable. Correlations between scores on MAACL-R4 and four Self-rating Mood Scales showed expected convergent and discriminant validities. Also, patterns of means among the three groups could differentiate the nonreferred from referred samples.