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Breast cancer is a strong risk factor of cancer amongst women. One in eight women suffers from breast cancer. It is a life-threatening illness and is utterly dreadful. The root cause which is the breast cancer agent is still under research. There are, however, certain potentially dangerous factors like age, genetics, obesity, birth control, cigarettes, and tablets. Breast cancer is often a malignant tumor that begins in the breast cells and eventually spreads to the surrounding tissue. If detected early, the illness may be reversible. The probability of preservation diminishes as the number of measurements increases. Numerous imaging techniques are used to identify breast cancer. This research examines different breast cancer detection strategies via the use of imaging techniques, data mining techniques, and various characteristics, as well as a brief comparative analysis of the existing breast cancer detection system. Breast cancer mortality will be significantly reduced if it is identified and treated early. There are technological difficulties linked to scans and people’s inconsistency with breast cancer. In this study, we introduced a form of breast cancer diagnosis. There are different methods involved to collect and analyze details. In the preprocessing stage, the input data picture is filtered by using a window or by cropping. Segmentation can be performed using k -means algorithm. This study is aimed at identifying the calcifications found in bosom cancer in the last phase. The suggested approach is already implemented in MATLAB, and it produces reliable performance.

Purpose Gaya, the holy city of Hindus, Buddhists and Jains, is facing an acute shortage of potable water. Although the city is blessed with some static and dynamic water bodies all around the region, they do not fulfill the requirement of millions of public either inhabitants of the area or tourists or pilgrims flocking every day. Countless crowds, congested roads, swarming pedestrians, innumerable vehicles moving throughout the day and night have made the city into a non-livable one. The present status of surface water is a mere nightmare to the requirements of the people. Due to which, massive ground water pumping mostly illegally has added a grid in addition to the other socio-economic issues. Design/methodology/approach To focus on such problem, the ground water of the region was studied thoroughly by calculating the depth of water level, discharge, pre-and post-monsoon water table and specifically the storativity in ten different locations. Some data were acquired, others were assessed, and few are calculated to provide an overall view of the ground water scenario. Findings After a long and tedious field study, it was finally established from that static water level ranges from 2.45 to 26.59 m, below ground level (bgl), discharge varies from 3.21 m3/day to 109.32 m3/day. Post pumping drawdown falls between 0.93 m and 16.59 m, whereas the specific capacity lies in between 0.96 and 7.78 m3/hr/m. Transmissivity, which is a key objective to assess ground water potential ranges from 109.8 to 168.86 m2/day. Originality/value This research work is original.

Due to the inconsistency between resource environment and value data types, the hybrid model of resource environment value chain cannot effectively coordinate the relationship among resources, environment, and value chain. The circulation of resource chain, ecological chain, and value chain is not completed independently; they are intertwined and promote each other. Therefore, this paper proposes a hybrid resource environmental value chain model based on a discrete time algorithm. Analyze the hybrid internal structure of resource chain, environment chain, and value chain model; integrate the natural resource information through the objective function of natural resource integration; obtain the indicators affecting the environment; and complete the analysis of the characteristics of environmental change. On this basis, the relationship between resources, environment, and economic value is analyzed, and the hybrid content of resources, environment, and value chain is determined. The discrete-time algorithm is introduced to transform the hybrid content into the same data format, obtain the objective function and constraints of the resource environment value chain hybrid model, and complete the construction of the resource environment value chain hybrid model based on the discrete-time algorithm. The simulation results show that the hybrid model designed in this paper can effectively improve the resource saving rate, up to 97%, and the error of resource environment value chain data fusion is the lowest, and the time is less than 1 min which was a considerable achievement.

The low temperature, drought, high salt, and other environments influence crop production and development directly, so the gene cloning method has become an effective biological means. In order to effectively improve the cloning effect, a gene cloning method for Conringia planisiliqua based on mRNA differential display technology was proposed. Based on mRNA differential display technology, the gene of Conringia planisiliqua was transcribed. The present study expects gene cloning to be better than the traditional method. This will lay the basis for gene cloning and functional verification of the transcription and disease-resistant proteins in Conringia planisiliqua. According to homologous identification results, the homologous drought-resistant genes were determined and screened. The data of Conringia planisiliqua in the existing biological database were used to extract ESTs data of Conringia planisiliqua. Then, the heating environment was established and the concept of integral function was introduced to express the influence of growth environment of different genomes. The mass, momentum, energy, and turbulent flow situation of stress-resistant gene of Conringia planisiliqua during the growth were satisfied. Finally, the data search was carried out in the NCBI database and gene cloning was achieved by ESTs data sequence. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively reduce the gene data fitting and improve the quantity of gene fragments cloned in a cycle, so the overall cloning effect is better.

Purpose The change in sediment transport phenomenon and morphological characteristics of Kulfo River in the southern part of Ethiopia is estimated using one-dimensional hydraulic modelling. The purpose of this study is to predict erosion and sedimentation using hydrological engineering center-river analysis system (HEC-RAS) model. Design/methodology/approach Geometrical survey data of 2005 and 2019 were used to assess the impact of flood depth with 100 years of return per period on the morphology of the river. The bed and bank materials at selected sites of the river were sampled to estimate the grain size using manning roughness coefficient. Discharge and suspended sediment concentration were sampled thrice per day for a stretch of three months to develop a rating curve. Findings HEC-RAS model indicates that flood depth with 100 years return period had a significant inundated area during 2019 in comparison to 2005 demonstrating a temporary change in the morphology of the river. Acker and White method in HEC-RAS was used extensively to calculate the sediment load and subsequently calibrated. In the upper reach of the study area, there was aggradation and degradation, whereas the only degradation was noted in the middle to the downstream reach of the channel. Seasonal flood during peak flow due to a rise in bed level is most prevalent during the aggradation period. Originality/value Comparison of a flood depth inundating the catchment and sediment deposition has been intricately analyzed by using HEC-RAS model.

Purpose To assess the impacts of climate change on stream flow and evaluation of reservoir performances, reliability, resilience and vulnerability (RRV) indices are contemplated. Precipitation, temperature (Tmax, Tmin), relative humidity and solar radiation are the hydrological and meteorological data which have been used extensively. Climate data like RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 were evaluated for the base period 1976–2005 and future climate scenario for 2021–2050 and 2051–2080 as per the convenience. Design/methodology/approach The hydrologic engineering center hydrologic modeling system (HEC-HMS) model was used to simulate the current and future inflow volume into the reservoir. The model performance resulted as 0.76 Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), 0.78 R2 and −3.17 D and during calibration the results obtained were 0.8 NSE, 0.82 R2 and 2.1 D. The projected climate scenario illustrates an increasing trend for both maximum and minimum temperature though a decreasing trend was documented for precipitation. The average time base reliability of the reservoirs was less than 50% without reservoir condition and greater than 50% for other conditions but volumetric reliability and resilience varies between 50% and 100% for all conditions. The vulnerability result of reservoirs may face shortage of flow ranging from 5.7% to 33.8%. Findings Evaluating reservoir simulation and hydropower generation for different climate scenarios by HEC-ResSim model, the energy generated for upper dam ranges from 349.4 MWhr to 331.2 MWhr and 4045.82 MWhr and 3946.74 MWhr for short and long-term future scenario, respectively. RCP for Tmax and Tmin goes on increasing whereas precipitation and inflow to reservoir decreases owing to increase in evapotranspiration. Under diverse climatic conditions power production goes on varying simultaneously. Originality/value This paper is original and all the references are properly cited.

Frequent change in climate and its inconsistent characteristic across Ethiopia at the behest in regional scale encourages researchers in suitable planning of the strategies for adaptive capacity. Geba catchment in this region not only put influence by the hydro-climatic conditions but also extends to assess the ongoing impacts. Regional Climate model (RCM) outputs using representative concentration pathways (RCP) including climate change scenarios of precipitation, temperature, and stream flow for three span of time firstly 1976–2005, second 2021–2050, and the last 2051–2080 has been evaluated. Non-linear power transformation for precipitation and linear shifting and scaling for temperature climate datasets was applied by extrapolating existing climate dataset. Pragmatic use of HEC-HMS, the hydrological model was pledged to generate current and future climatic condition in stream flow of Geba catchment. In an average, the respective performance of the model reveals a Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) of 0.83 and 0.80 during calibration and validation. The trends of projected climate variables have shown positive change for temperature and potential evapotranspiration whereas stream flow showed a declining trend with manifestation in precipitation. In comparison to the base period, the average maximum temperature may rise by 1.25 °C, 2.01 °C for RCP4.5, 1.67 °C, and 3.39 °C for RCP8.5 for a period 2021–2050 and 2051–2080 respectively. For the same period, an increase in minimum temperature was recorded under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The annual precipitation may decrease by 2.94% and 3.32% for RCP4.5 and 2.01% and 3.1% for RCP8.5 for 2021–2050 and 2051–2080 respectively. Besides, annual evapotranspiration may increase up to 2.6% and 4.3% for RCP4.5 and 2.5% and 3.0% for RCP8.5. Overall, the mean annual stream flow indicates a decreasing order from 0.93 to 1.67% for RCP4.5 and by 1.3 to 1.76% for RCP8.5. This provides a detail analysis that climate change affects the water balance of Geba catchment.

There are numerous uncertainties associated with environmental health risk assessment (EHRA), and it is unavoidable to apply the best models and information available to save human lives. The EHRA is a method for determining the type and likelihood of adverse health effects on people who are exposed to chemicals in the workplace. To address the environmental health problems caused by harmful gas leakage and water pollution generated by the coastal regional chemical industry, a novel EHRA model for the coastal chemical industry has been developed. The premise of the Gauss plume diffusion model is used to define the model’s parameters and the evaluation criterion for harmful gas concentration health risk. The EHRA model is evaluated against the leakage of harmful gases and consists of three steps. The first step is to identify the threat posed by the chemical industry in the coastal region; the second step is to quantify the risk; the third step is to develop a model for assessing water-related environmental health risk. The water-related environmental health assessor analyzes the pollutant variables and parameters of the assessment model to estimate the health risk caused by dangerous compounds in the water, using the assessment model of chemical carcinogen health risk and noncarcinogen health risk Type B. The experiments’ findings suggest that the model can effectively assess the dangers to human health from hazardous gases and heavy metals in the water bodies of chemical factories in coastal communities.

Background:Ethiopia has a wide range of renewable energy resources for the electrification of rural areas which are often disconnected from the national grid. However, these have not yet been utilized for supplying energy to the rural community. Methods:The techno-economic viability of the hydro, wind, and solar hybrid power potential of Seyemtribua village in the Geba Catchment, Northern Ethiopia was evaluated using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) software package. The hydrologic, meteorological, and demographic data collected from different sources were contemplated to analyze the power output and demand of the village. The simulation and optimization techniques in HOMER were employed for the possible configuration of micro-hydro, wind, and solar power hybrid systems. Besides the standalone, two and more systems were also combined to evaluate the technical capability of the hybrid system. The hourly and daily electrical load of the community was obtained using survey data from selected households.Results:The mean annual power output that can be harnessed from the micro-hydro, solar, and wind is 272.4 kilowat, 161.8 kilowat, and 96.8 kilowat, respectively. The combination of these energy sources is sufficient to satisfy the power demand of the village. However, the mean hourly variation of power output from the hybrid system demonstrated shortage during peak load times which can be assisted by a generator output. The economic analysis revealed that the hybrid system is feasible and cheaper than other sources of energy besides its environmental benefit.Conclusions: The potential of energy production from hybrid systems (solar, wind and micro-hydro power systems) and its economic feasibility for remotely located villages in Ethiopian condition is promising. We suggest decision-makers, governmental and non-governmental agencies, power authorities, and investors consider such hybrid systems for rural electrification in Ethiopia.

Engineering studies of water resources development and management heavily depends on hydro-meteorological data. Some of the errors, manual or machine, might exist in the stream flow observation that we collect from different organizations. The main objective of this study was to identify the implications of hydro-meteorological data quality on water resources planning in Weito Watershed. Hydrological and meteorological data of 1985-2011 were collected from MoWIE and NMA. Grubbs T-test was used for identifying outliers in the observed data. In addition, F and t-test for stability of variance and mean were carried out, respectively. Estimation of D-days average minimum flow was also done. Based on 1985-2011 hydro-meteorological data, Grubbs T-value, F-test, and t-test yielded value of 2.86, 0.897 and -0.05, respectively. This indicates, stability of the historical data against mean and variance with no or insignificant outlying values. During the identified dry periods, average minimum flow during 7, 15, and 30 days showed water availability above 5m3/s in the river. The statistical data analysis test and D-days average minimum flow indicated no inflated historical data problem in Weito gauged near bridge. However, the local community did not agree with the results obtained. Therefore, we strictly recommend stake holders, research institutions, and organizations to further verify the quality of these data.

In this study, Revised Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was used to quantify the potential soil erosion in Weito Watershed. Rainfall data, soil data, DEM data and landuse-land cover data were used as input data sets to generate RUSLE factor values. RUSLE factors such as R_ the erosivity factor, K_the soil erodibility factor, LS_ thetopographic factor, C_ the crop management factor, and P_ the conservation support practice was analyzed and superimposed using raster calculator in ArcGIS10.1 to estimate and map the annual soil loss. The results showed annual soil loss ranging from 0 to 210 tons/ha and mean annual soil loss rate of 110ton/ha/yr. The annual soil loss rate in the western and south western part of the watershed was mainly identified as high and severe and hence, requires special attention with an immediate soil conservation practice.

Gondwana study terrain of Orissa, India has diverse geological, geophysical, hydrological, hydrogeological and meteorological information which have been integrated for extensive study. The study aims at acknowledging the geology and hydrogeology of the region backing up with the type and existence of aquifers around the region. To get the detailed features 225 observation wells, 40 National Hydrograph Network Stations (NHNS), 40 groundwater monitoring (GWM) stations and 83 exploratory wells were collected from different sources to analyse the groundwater occurrence in the study area. The data obtained were integrated and initiated for lithological distribution, groundwater flow directions, depth to water levels in pre- and post-monsoon. Limited aquifer thickness of unconfined aquifer and poor yield from deeper aquifers has been studied intricately. Groundwater occurrence has provided a paradigm to in-depth study in association with detailed lateral and vertical demarcation and behaviour of aquifers. Taking into consideration about lithology, the area can be hydrogeologically divided into consolidated, semiconsolidated and unconsolidated zones. The semi and unconsolidated zones are the groundwater potential zones where the aquifer remains under saturated condition. Though semiconsolidated zones bear abundant volume of water but hydrological parameters illustrate that they do have the potentiality for shallow water wells whereas the fissured and fractured zones in consolidated formations yield perennial source of groundwater illustrating deep borings.

To avoid grid degradation, the numerical analysis of the j-solution of the Navier–Stokes equation has been studied. The Navier–Stokes equations describe the motion of viscous fluid substances. On the basis of the advantages and disadvantages of the Navier–Stokes equations, the incompressible terms and the nonlinear terms are separated, and the original boundary conditions satisfying the j-solution of the Navier–Stokes equation are analyzed. Secondly, the development of a computational grid has been introduced; the turbulence model has also been described. The fluid form and the initial value of the j-solution of the Navier–Stokes equation are combined. The original boundary conditions are solved by a computer, and the nonlinear turbulence equations are derived, which control the fluid flow. The simulation of the fine grid is comprehended to analyze the research outcome. Simulation analysis is carried out to generate multiblock-structured grids with high quality. The j-solution on the grid points is the j-solution that can be used with a fewer number of meshes under the same conditions. The proposed work is easy to implement, and it consumes lesser memory. The results obtained are able to avoid mesh degradation skillfully, and the generated mesh exhibits the characteristics of smoothness, orthogonality, and controllability, which eventually improves the calculation accuracy.

Borehole samples drilled up to a depth of 10 m provide a clear understanding whether a foundation is safe for any structure. The main objective of the present study reconnoitered the soil bearing capacity and foundation settlement characteristics using the standard penetration test (SPT) data obtained from 3 boreholes at 1 m, 2 m, and 3 m depths to correlate soil properties and deterrents, if any, created by groundwater. The methodology of the research is to collect soil samples, and ensuing subsoil analysis was performed in order to obtain concrete information to optimize the foundation system within the safe bearing capacity of soil and its allowable settlement. The scope of the work encompasses conducting detailed soil investigation from drilling logs, laboratory testing, and conducting and estimating safe bearing capacity. The result of the research aims at providing safety to the foundation from the investigations of conclusive recommendation to be adopted which would be economically feasible and structurally secured.

Medical imaging is an essential technique for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in modern clinics. Soft computing plays a major role in the recent advances in medical imaging. It handles uncertainties and improves the qualities of an image. Until now, various soft computing approaches have been proposed for medical applications. This paper discusses various medical imaging modalities and presents a short review of soft computing approaches such as fuzzy logic, artificial neural network, genetic algorithm, machine learning, and deep learning. We also studied and compared each approach used for other imaging modalities based on the certain parameter used for the system evaluation. Finally, based on comparative analysis, the possible research strategies for further development are proposed. As far as we know, no previous work examined this issue.

Burning paddy remains after harvesting by the farmers not only degrades the soil quality but also affects the physical and engineering properties of soil. The aim of this study is to quantify the phenomenal alterations in quality of soil attributable to stubble burnings by farmers in the district of Amritsar in Punjab state, India. A set of samples were collected from three locations randomly chosen within the study area and appropriate laboratory tests were carried out on eight soil property indicators. To quantify changes in the engineering properties of the soil, standard proctor test, direct shear test and unconfined compression tests were performed on the soil samples. In this study, some substantial changes were observed in liquid limit, plastic limit, optimum moisture content and specific gravity in the post stubble burning. Liquid limit, plastic limit and optimum moisture content of soil reduced in all the areas whereas, specific gravity decreased in some areas and remained virtually unchanged in one. The results also illustrate decline of direct shear test where cohesion of soil decreased by 5.68KN/m2 and angle of internal friction increased by 0.80° whereas, dry density was changed by + 0.95KN/m3. In unconfined compression test, compressive strength of soil was changed by + 2.5KN/m2 after stubble burning. From the observations it can be concluded that stubble burning not only puts adverse effect on the index properties of soil but also the engineering properties change considerably. We recommend geoscientists to think of the radical change in the index and engineering properties of soil related to the reduction of soil fertility.