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Selective hydrogenations in the aqueous phase are an important transformation in the context of developing biorefinery concepts. In this report the application and optimisation of nitrogen-doped carbon (NDC) supported Pd nanoparticles as hydrogenation catalysts is discussed in the context of directing support (e.g. N) chemistry for improved catalytic performance in the aqueous phase. As a demonstrative example, the aqueous phase hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone (e.g. a platform for polyamide production) is utilised. Catalyst supports were prepared based on an initial hydrothermal synthesis to yield NDC xerogels (from biomass precursors), the chemistry of which (e.g. functionality) was directed using a secondary thermal carbonisation (Tc) step at different temperatures (i.e. 350, 550, 750, 900 and 1000 °C). After Pd introduction, it was found that size, dispersion and electronic structure of the formed nanoparticles is affected by the surface chemistry of the NDC. This consequently led to higher turn-over frequency (TOF) and stability of the prepared catalysts compared to a ""nitrogen-free"" carbon supported Pd and a commercial, carbon supported Pd (Pd/AC) catalyst. Pd/NDC 900 (featuring predominantly quaternary and pyridinic N) catalysed the complete conversion of phenol at 99% selectivity to cyclohexanone, with excellent stability over 11 recycles and no discernible catalyst sintering or leaching (in contrast to the commercial catalyst). High catalytic stability, activity and selectivity make the Pd/NDC 900 catalyst highly applicable for aqueous phase hydrogenation reactions, whilst the general principle opens scope for support tailoring for application (e.g. biorefinery hydrogenations) and the development of structure/activity relationships.

State-of-the-art electrode materials for all-vanadium redox flow batteries are based on carbon. Unfortunately, the impact of the carbon structure, i.e., microstructure/crystallinity, surface functional groups, and porosity/morphology/surface area, on the electrochemical performance is still unclear. This is due to the fact that usually several structural characteristics are varied due to synthesis or post-treatment procedures at the same time. Therefore, this paper shows systematically how microstructure, porosity, and surface functional groups vary with carbonization and graphitization temperature (ranging from 700 to 1500 °C) for a mesoporous N-doped carbon (MPNC). Changes in the material's structure (e.g., morphology, porosity, crystal structure, surface functionalization), determined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (pair distribution function analysis), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and N2 sorption measurements, are correlated to changes in wettability, conductivity, and electrochemical kinetics, investigated by H2O sorption measurements, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in the VO2+ electrolyte, respectively. We found that the kinetics of the VO2+/VO2+ reaction increases with an increase in sp2-C content and therefore an increase in crystallite size and conductivity of the mesoporous N-doped carbon. Nevertheless, the largest current for the VO2+/VO2+ reaction for the same amount of carbon during cyclic voltammetry is observed for the MPNC carbonized at an intermediate temperature, 1000 °C, as a result of its larger wettability and thus available surface area compared to the MPNC carbonized at 1500 °C.

In this work, the functionalization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with indazole groups covalently bound to the CNTs' surface is reported. The novel material was structurally characterized via near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and successful functionalization was proven. As the novel material is a potential candidate for catalyst support application in high-temperature proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs), thermal and electrochemical stability of the novel material was investigated. Measurements via thermogravimetric analysis coupled to a mass spectrometer (TGA-MS) showed that the indazole-functionalized CNTs are thermally stable until a temperature of approx. 300 °C is reached. The thermal degradation of the functional group was tracked by monitoring the evolution of NOX gases. Furthermore, electrochemical stability of the novel material was evaluated using high-temperature differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (HT-DEMS) under gas-phase conditions. Compared to unmodified CNTs, it was shown that the functionalization leads to a slightly increased electrochemical carbon corrosion. However, the indazole-functionalized CNTs show a higher electrochemical stability than carbon black (Vulcan XC72R) typically used as catalyst support in HT-PEMFCs. In comparison to unmodified CNTs, functionality tests of the indazole-functionalized CNTs showed a better dispersibility in water and a lower contact angle with concentrated H3PO4, which is the electrolyte in HT-PEMFCs. Ultimately, ion exchange capacity measurements showed that the indazole-functionalized CNTs are able to bind protons in the catalyst layer and, therefore, potentially improve the catalyst-electrolyte interface as well as the proton conductivity in the catalyst layer.

ROLE OF VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIAL IN TYPE-2 DIABETES MELLITUS WITH AND WITHOUT DIABETIC RETINOPATHYABSTRACTIntroduction: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Minimal functional change of neural layers of the retina occurs before structural changes, thus undetected by funduscopy. This damage could be identified earlier by P100 latency changes in visual evoked potential (VEP).Aims: To find the characteristic of P100 in T2DM with and without DR, its correlation with the duration of thedisease and the level of fasting blood glucose (FBG).Methods: A cross sectional analysis study was conducted in Prof. dr. R.D. Kandou Hospital, Manado, from November2017-January 2018. T2DM patients aged 18-60 with visual acuity >6/60, without neuro-ophtalmological disorders and other metabolic diseases. P100 latency was measured using VEP with reversed checkerboard stimulation.Results: There were 56 subjects with T2DM, mostly were females (57,1%) and age mean was 54,86±5,65 years. Delayed P100 latency occurred in 85,7% subjects. Diabetic retinopathy subjects showed delayed P100 latency on right (92,31%) and left (88%) eyes while T2DM subjects without retinopathy showed delayed P100 latency on both eyes 70%. There were strong and significant positive correlation between the duration of T2DM and P100 latency on the right and left eyes. There was no significant correlation between fasting blood glucose (FBG) level and P100 latency.Discussions: Delayed P100 latency occurs in T2DM patients with and without retinopathy. The duration of T2DMcorrelates with the delay of P100 latency but not with the level of FBG.Keywords: Diabetic retinopathy, P100, type-2 diabetes mellitus, visual evoked potential ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Retinopati diabetik adalah suatu komplikasi yang umum terjadi pada diabetes melitus tipe-2 (DMT2). Sebelum terjadinya perubahan struktural, lapisan neuron retina pasien DMT2 sudah mengalami perubahan fungsional minimal yang tidak terdeteksi dengan funduskopi. Hal ini dapat diidentifikasi lebih dini berdasarkan gambaran latensi gelombang P100 pada pemeriksaan visual evoked potential (VEP).Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui karakteristik nilai gelombang P100 pada pasien DMT2 dengan dan tanpa retinopati diabetik, serta hubungannya dengan lama penyakit dan kadar glukosa darah puasa (GDP).Metode: Penelitian analitik dengan desain potong lintang terhadap pasien DMT2 yang dirawat di RSUP Prof. dr. R.D. Kandou, Manado periode November 2017-Januari 2018. Subjek berusia 18-60 tahun dengan visus >6/60 tanpa adanya kelainan neuro-oftamologi dan penyakit metabolik lain. Dilakukan perekaman VEP menggunakan stimulasi reversed checkerboard dilanjutkan pengukuran latensi gelombang P100.Hasil: Didapatkan 56 subjek, paling banyak perempuan (57,1%) dan rerata usia 54,86±5,65 tahun. Latensi P100 memanjang pada 85,7% subjek. Pada subjek dengan retinopati ditemukan mayoritas mengalami pemanjangan latensi pada mata kanan (92,31%) dan mata kiri (88%), sedangkan pada subjek tanpa retinopati ditemukan pemanjangan latensi kedua mata adalah 70%. Terdapat hubungan bermakna dengan korelasi positif kuat antara lamanya DMT2 dan latensi P100 kanan dan kiri. Tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara kadar GDP dan latensi P100.Diskusi: Pemanjangan latensi P100 terjadi pada subjek DMT2 dengan dan tanpa retinopati. Lamanya DMT2 berhubungan dengan pemanjangan latensi P100, tetapi kadar GDP tidak berhubungan dengan pemanjangan latensi P100.Kata kunci: Diabetes melitus tipe-2, P100, retinopati diabetik, visual evoked potential

A facile approach for the template‐free synthesis of highly active non‐noble metal based oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts is presented. Porous Fe−N−C/Fe/Fe3C composite materials are obtained by pyrolysis of defined precursor mixtures of polyformamidine (PFA) and FeCl3 as nitrogen‐rich carbon and iron sources, respectively. Selection of pyrolysis temperature (700-1100 °C) and FeCl3 loading (5-30 wt%) yields materials with differing surface areas, porosity, graphitization degree, nitrogen and iron content, as well as ORR activity. While the ORR activity of Fe‐free materials is limited (i.e., synthesized from pure PFA), a huge increase in activity is observed for catalysts containing Fe, revealing the participation of the metal dopant in the construction of active electrocatalytic sites. Further activity improvement is achieved via acid‐leaching and repeated pyrolysis, a result which is attributed to the creation of new active sites located at the surface of the porous nitrogen‐doped carbon by dissolution of the Fe and Fe3C nanophases. The best performing catalyst, which was synthesized with a low Fe loading (i.e., 5 wt%) and at a pyrolysis temperature of 900 °C, exhibits high activity, excellent H2O selectivity, extended stability, in both basic and acidic media as well as a remarkable tolerance toward methanol.

Stroke is rapidly developing clinical signs of focal or global disturbance of cerebral function, with symptoms lasting for 24 hours or longer or leads to death, with no apparent cause other than of vascular origin. This study was aimed to know description of lipid profile in patients with ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke hospitalized at Prof.Dr.R.D.Kandou hospital period of July 2015 – June 2016. This research was a descriptive retrospective research using secondary data, including the ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke patient’s medical record. The results showed the highest percentage ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke patients is male, 51-60 year age group, who work as housewifes (40%), had an optimal total cholesterol level, desired levels of HDL cholesterol, a near optimal of LDL cholesterol, an optimal triglyceride level. Based on this research, it can be concluded that patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke had more patients with normal lipid levels. Keywords: stroke, lipid profile Abstrak: Stroke adalah manifestasi klinik dari gangguan fungsi serebral, baik fokal maupun global, yang berlangsung dengan cepat, berlangsung lebih dari 24 jam, atau berakhir dengan kematian, tanpa ditemukannya penyebab selain gangguan vaskuler. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran profil lipid pada pasien stroke iskemik dan stroke hemoragik yang di rawat inap di RSUP Prof.Dr.R.D.Kandou Manado periode juli 2015-juni 2016. Metode yang digunakan bersifat deskriptif retrospektif yaitu dengan mengambil data sekunder penderita stroke iskemik dan stroke hemorgik periode juli 2015-juni 2016 di bagian rekam medik RSUP Prof.Dr.R.D.Kandou Manado. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa persentase terbanyak pasien stroke iskemik dan stroke hemoragik adalah berjenis kelamin laki-laki, berusia 51-60 thn, bekerja sebagai ibu rumah tangga, memiliki kadar kolesterol total optimal, kadar kolesterol HDL diinginkan, kadar kolesterol LDL mendekati optimal, kadar trigliserida optimal. Berdasarkan hasil penilitian ini disimpulkan bahwa pasien stroke iskemik dan stroke hemoragik lebih banyak memiliki kadar profil lipid yang normal. Kata kunci: stroke, profil lipid

Headache or cephalalgia is a sensation of pain on the head to neck. Headache is divided into primary headache disorders and secondary headache disorders. Playing computer games is one of the university students’ usual activities. However, it can be a risk factor contributor for both types of headache. This study aimed to obtain the headache patterns and representations among university students who played computer games. This was a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design using questionairre . The sampling technique used was non-probability sampling with N=50. Data were analyzed by using frequency tables and cross tabulations. The results showed that there were 44 university students (88%) experienced headache while playing or at the moment after playing computer game. Mild pain level was the most experienced symptom, as many as 28 university students (56%). The patterns and other headache symptoms were categorized in tension-type (60%), migraine (28%), and no headache (12%). Keywords: headache, computer gamer, university student. Abstrak: Nyeri kepala atau cephalalgia adalah sensasi nyeri di bagian kepala hingga batas leher. Nyeri kepala terbagi atas nyeri kepala primer dan nyeri kepala sekunder. Bermain game komputer merupakan salah satu aktivitas yang sering dilakukan mahasiswa dan dapat menjadi kontributor faktor risiko terjadinya kedua tipe nyeri kepala tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran nyeri kepala pada mahasiswa pemain game komputer. Jenis penelitian ini ialah deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang menggunakan kuesioner. Teknik sampling yang digunakan ialah non-probability sampling yaitu consecutive sampling dengan N=50. Data dianalisis menggunakan tabel frekuensi dan cross tabulation. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan 44 mahasiswa (88%) mengalami nyeri kepala selama atau sesaat setelah bermain game komputer. Derajat nyeri ringan merupakan yang paling banyak dialami, yaitu dialami oleh 28 mahasiswa (56%). Gambaran dan gejala nyeri kepala lainnya dikelompokkan dan mengarah ke nyeri kepala tipe tensi sebanyak 60%, tipe migraine 28%, dan sisanya 12% tidak nyeri kepala Kata kunci: nyeri kepala, pemain game komputer, mahasiswa

Low back pain is a clinical syndrome characterized by major symptoms of pain or other uncomfortable feelings in the lower spine. Low back pain is the leading cause of activity limitation and work absence world-wide. This study aimed to obtain the characteristics of nurses in Irina F Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado who had low back pain. This was a prospective descriptive study with a cross sectional design. Samples were 43 respondents. The results showed that of 50 respondents there were 43 respondents who suffered from low back pain. Of 43 respondents there were 14 male nurses (32.5%), and 29 female nurses (67.5%). Low back pain was suffered by 16 nurses (37,2%) aged 23-29 years, 19 nurses (44.2%) aged 30-39 years, two nurses (4.6%) aged 40-49 years, and six nurses (14%) aged 50-57 years. There were 16 nurses (37.2%) who had worked less than 5 years, and 27 nurses (72.8%) who had worked more than 5 years. There were seven nurses (16.3%) who had working time 8 hours a day. Keywords: low back pain, nurse Abstrak: Nyeri punggung bawah (NPB) adalah sindroma klinik yang ditandai dengan gejala utama nyeri atau perasaan lain yang tidak enak di daerah tulang punggung bagian bawah. NPB merupakan penyebab utama dari keterbatasan aktivitas dan absen pekerjaan di sebagian besar dunia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik perawat di Irina F RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Jenis penelitian ini deskriptif prospektif dengan desain potong lintang. Sampel diperoleh sebanyak 43 responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 50 responden terdapat 43 responden (86%) yang pernah mengalami keluhan NPB. Dari 43 responden terdapat 14 perawat laki-laki (32,5%) dan 29 perawat perempuan (67,5%). NPB dialami oleh 16 perawat (37,2%) berusia 23-29 tahun, 19 perawat (44,2%) berusia 30-39 tahun, 2 perawat (4,6%) berusia 40-49 tahun, dan 6 perawat (14%) berusia 50-57 tahun. Terdapat 16 perawat (37,2%) yang memiliki masa kerja 5 tahun. Terdapat 7 perawat (16,3%) yang memiliki lama kerja 8 jam sehari.Kata kunci: nyeri punggung bawah, perawat

Stroke is rapidly developing clinical signs of focal or global disturbance of cerebral function, with symptoms lasting 24 hours or longer or leading to death, with no apparent cause other than of vascular origin. This study aimed to know characteristic of ischemic stroke patients hospitalized at Prof.Dr.R.D.Kandou hospital in 2012-2013. This research is descriptive retrospective research using secondary data, including the ischemic stroke patient’s medical record. The results showed the highest percentage ischemic stroke patients at 45-54 year age group (36%), male (52%), high school education (52%), who work as housewifes (40%). The highest of modifiable risk factors are hypertension (74,70%), followed by increases in total cholesterol (41,30%), who had Diabetes mellitus (17,30%), who had sodium imbalance (12%), who had potassium imbalance (16%), who had chloride imbalance (18,70%), alcoholic (28%), and smoking history (44%). Based on the results of this research concluded that the most risk factor is hypertensionKeywords: ischemic stroke, characteristic, risk factorsAbstrak: Stroke adalah manifestasi klinik dari gangguan fungsi serebral, baik fokal maupun global, yang berlangsung dengan cepat, berlangsung lebih dari 24 jam, atau berakhir dengan kematian, tanpa ditemukannya penyebab selain daripada gangguan vaskular. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik penderita stroke iskemik yang di rawat inap di RSUP Prof.Dr.R.D.Kandou Manado tahun 2012-2013. Metode yang digunakan bersifat deskriptif retrospektif yaitu dengan mengambil data sekunder penderita stroke iskemik tahun 2012-2013 di bagian rekam medik RSUP Prof.Dr.R.D.Kandou Manado. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa persentase terbanyak pasien stroke berumur 45-54 tahun (36%), jenis kelamin laki-laki (52%), pendidikan terakhir SMA (52%), yang bekerja sebagai ibu rumah tangga (40%). Faktor risiko yang dapat diubah tertinggi adalah hipertensi (74,70%), diikuti oleh kolesterol total meningkat (41,30%), yang memiliki penyakit diabetes melitus (17,3%), yang memiliki ketidakseimbangan natrium (12%), ketidakseimbangan kalium (16%), ketidakseimbangan klorida (18,70%), yang memiliki riwayat mengkonsumsi alkohol (28%), dan merokok (44%). Berdasarkan hasil penilitian ini disimpulkan bahwa faktor risiko terbanyak yang ditemui adalah hipertensi.Kata kunci: stroke, karakteristik, faktor risiko

Stroke is a serious neurological disease, with acute attacks that can lead to death. Closely related to the occurrence of stroke risk factors possessed by the patient, especially if there are risk factors that are not addressed properly. Aim: To know the profile of risk factors in stroke patients hospitalized in neurology. irina F of RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado among period january to october 2012. Methods: The study descriptive with retrospective method is to collect all the data of patients who had been diagnosed with stroke in inpatient neurology irina F RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado among period january to october 2012. Results: The results showed that the highest percentage of stroke patients are in the age group 51-65 years (45.2%), male sex (51.2%), high risk category of hypertension (92.2%), risk category Low dyslipidemia ((73.1%), low risk of diabetes mellitus (83.8%), history of heart problems (40.2%), had a history of smoking (8.2%). Conclusion: There are three factors that influence the risk of stroke incidence is age, gender and hypertension Keywords: stroke, risk factors Abstrak: Stroke merupakan penyakit neurologi yang serius, dengan serangan akut yang dapat menyebabkan kematian. Terjadinya stroke berkaitan erat dengan faktor risiko yang dipunyai oleh penderita, terutama bila faktor risiko yang ada tidak ditanggulangi dengan baik. Tujuan: Mengetahui profil faktor-faktor risiko pada pasien stroke yang di rawat inap di irina F neurologi RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado periode januari 2012 sampai oktober 2012. Metode: Penelitian deskriktif dengan metode retrospektif yaitu mengumpulkan semua data penderita yang telah didiagnosa dengan stroke yang di rawat inap di irina F neurologi RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado periode januari 2012 sampai Oktober 2012. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa persentase terbanyak pasien stroke berada pada golongan umur 51-65 tahun (45,2%), berjenis kelamin laki-laki (51,2%), kategori risiko tinggi hipertensi (92,2%), kategori risiko rendah dislipidemia ((73,1%), risiko rendah diabetes melitus (83,8%), riwayat atau kelainan jantung (40,2%), memiliki riwayat merokok (8,2%). Simpulan: Terdapat 3 faktor risiko yang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian stroke yaitu umur, jenis kelamin dan hipertensi Kata kunci: Stroke, faktor risiko

Stroke is one of the primary causes of deaths and neurological disabilities in Indonesia. This brain condition is a medical emergency that has to be treated rapidly and accordingly. This study aims to determine the sleep quality of acute stroke patients that has been treated at neurological department in Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado from November 2013-December 2013. This study uses a prospective descriptive method with PSQI survey (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index). This study has 20 samples. The data obtained by interview using the PSQI survey. This study suggests that the majority of the respondents are having a poor quality of sleep by 80%. Conclusion : most of the stroke patients treated are having a poor sleep quality (80%) and the remains are having a good one (20%). Keywords: stroke, neurogic, medical emergency, PSQI. Abstrak : Stroke merupakan salah satu penyebab kematian dan kecacatan neurologis utama di Indonesia. Serangan otak ini merupakan kegawat-daruratan medis yang harus ditangani secara cepat dan tepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas tidur pada pasien stroke akut yang dirawat di bagian neurologi RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D Kandou Manado periode November 2013 – Desember 2013. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan metode deskriptif prospektif dengan menggunakan kuesioner PSQI ( Piitsburgh Sleep Quality Index ) Sampel yang diambil sebanyak 20 orang. Data diperoleh dengan cara wawancara dengan menggunakan kuesioner PSQI ( Piitsburgh Sleep Quality Index ). Hasil penelitian bahwa pada penelitian ini mayoritas responden mengalami kualitas tidur yang buruk yaitu sebanyak (80%). Simpulan : Sebagian besar pasien stroke akut yang dirawat mengalami kualitas tidur yang buruk, yakni (80%) dan (20%) mengalami kualitas tidur yang baik. Kata kunci : stroke, neurologis, kegawat-daruratan medis, PSQI

Stroke is a big health problem in all industrial nations. In Indonesia, the prevalence of stroke keeps on increasing with each passing year. In addition to physical complaints suffered, sexual function may affect the patient’s. Erectile dysfunction is a problem that often arises in stroke patients. Purpose: This research is aimed in understanding describe of erectile dysfunction and the relationship between the risk factor namely diabetes mellitus and hypertension among stroke patients. Methods: The research method used is analytic descriptive with cross sectional approach. The study subjects were 40 men stroke patients, recruited by consecutive sampling in Polyclinic Neurology RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado during the period of November to December 2013. The measurement of erectile dysfunction used International Index of Erectile function/IIEF-5. Conclusion: Stroke patients who experience erectile dysfunction by 85%, with the highest amount on mild erectile dysfunction and mild to moderate erectile dysfunction at 35% dan 32,5%. Age most experienced erectile dysfunction are in the age group 35-44 years and >75 years. Low levels of education may suffer from erectile dysfunction is higher than the high education level. And the insiden of erectile dysfunction among stroke patients having risk factor of diabetes mellitus were higher than haven’t (OR=2,391). While hypertension risk factors correlated with a reduced risk of disease (OR=0,771). Keywords: Stroke, erectile dysfunction, diabetes mellitus, hypertension ABSTRAK: Stroke merupakan masalah kesehatan yang besar di negara-negara industri, prevalensi stroke di Indonesia terus meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Selain keluhan fisik yang diderita, keadaan fungsi seksual dapat mempengaruhi penderita. Disfungsi ereksi merupakan masalah yang sering timbul pada pasien stroke. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran disfungsi ereksi dan hubungan diabetes melitus dan hipertensi terhadap kejadian disfungsi ereksi pada pasien stroke. Metode: Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 40 pasien stroke laki-laki yang diambil secara consecutive sampling di Poliklinik Neurologi RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado selama bulan November - Desember 2013. Pengukuran disfungsi ereksi menggunakan International Index of Erectile Function/ IIEF-5 . Simpulan: Pasien stroke yang mengalami disfungsi ereksi sebesar 85% dengan jumlah terbanyak pada disfungsi ereksi ringan dan disfungsi ereksi ringan sampai sedang sebesar 35% dan 32,5%. Umur terbanyak mengalami disfungsi ereksi terletak pada kelompok umur 35-44 tahun dan >75 tahun. Tingkat pendidikan rendah dapat mengalami disfungsi ereksi lebih tinggi daripada yang tingkat pendidikannya tinggi. Dan insiden disfungsi ereksi diantara pasien stroke yang mempunyai faktor resiko diabetes melitus adalah lebih tinggi daripada yang tidak mempunyai faktor resiko tersebut (OR=2,391). Sedangkan faktor resiko hipertensi berkorelasi dengan berkurangnya resiko penyakit (OR=0,771). Kata Kunci: Stroke, disfungsi ereksi, diabetes melitus, hipertensi

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders with a complex inheritance pattern. While many rare variants in synaptic proteins have been identified in patients with ASD, little is known about their effects at the synapse and their interactions with other genetic variations. Here, following the discovery of two de novo SHANK2 deletions by the Autism Genome Project, we identified a novel 421 kb de novo SHANK2 deletion in a patient with autism. We then sequenced SHANK2 in 455 patients with ASD and 431 controls and integrated these results with those reported by Berkel et al. 2010 (n = 396 patients and n = 659 controls). We observed a significant enrichment of variants affecting conserved amino acids in 29 of 851 (3.4%) patients and in 16 of 1,090 (1.5%) controls (P = 0.004, OR = 2.37, 95% CI = 1.23-4.70). In neuronal cell cultures, the variants identified in patients were associated with a reduced synaptic density at dendrites compared to the variants only detected in controls (P = 0.0013). Interestingly, the three patients with de novo SHANK2 deletions also carried inherited CNVs at 15q11-q13 previously associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. In two cases, the nicotinic receptor CHRNA7 was duplicated and in one case the synaptic translation repressor CYFIP1 was deleted. These results strengthen the role of synaptic gene dysfunction in ASD but also highlight the presence of putative modifier genes, which is in keeping with the "multiple hit model" for ASD. A better knowledge of these genetic interactions will be necessary to understand the complex inheritance pattern of ASD.

The ethanol oxidation reaction is studied using X-ray absorption spectroscopy during chronoamperometric cell operation with a carbon-supported Pt catalyst. The analysis of the XANES region of the Pt L 3 edge by the -technique allows the coverage of the Pt surface with OH-, n-fold O-, and C-species to be determined. The current-voltage characteristics and the coverage is modeled by means of a multistep reaction mechanism based on a modified Butler-Volmer approach that additionally includes adsorbate-adsorbate lateral interactions. The model is validated against experimental current and surface coverage data over time. With the model, the importance of acetaldehyde formation via initial C -H vs O-H bond cleavage is examined, the latter dominating at higher potentials on vacant sites remaining in the oxygen coverage coming from water activation.