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Many children have diagnosed diabetes that must be safely managed at school. New laws have created the potential for school systems to rely more heavily on unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) than on nurses to deliver health services, including administration of insulin injections. Using the theory of planned behavior as a framework, aims were to (1) determine the nature and extent to which health services related to diabetes were being delegated to UAP in Kentucky schools, (2) describe the attitudes of Kentucky school nurses regarding the delegation of diabetes health services to UAP, and (3) examine the relationship of selected variables to school nurses’ intentions to delegate diabetes health services. Survey results revealed that school nurses in Kentucky intended to delegate some diabetes-related tasks despite their lack of support for delegation of those tasks.

Passage of new laws, national standards regarding delegation, and the recommendation for at least one full-time nurse in every school have provided more visibility to the role of school nurses. Recent legislative amendments in Kentucky presented an opportunity to examine how the role of the school nurse is changing. Aims were to describe the (1) role of school nurses in Kentucky, (2) impact of school nurses, (3) challenges faced by school nurses, and (4) impact of budget cuts and legislation. Three focus groups were conducted. School nurses faced challenges of limited time and resources, communication barriers, and multiple documentation requirements. Nurses’ greatest impacts were their availability, recognition of psychosocial problems and health concerns, and connection with resources. Nurses had not yet encountered many changes due to new legislation that expanded delegation of diabetes-related tasks to unlicensed school personnel, but some had concerns about possible negative effects while others expressed support.

Aim: Evaluate the impact of a campus-based culinary nutrition education program, the College CHEF: Cooking Healthfully Education for Life-long Change, to determine if there were significant differences preto post- intervention with participants' attitudes, behaviors, and knowledge with healthy eating/cooking.Background: College students have high rates of overweight and obesity and tend to have unhealthy dietary practices. Culinary nutrition programs may provide students a means to improve related attitudes, behaviors, and knowledge.Methods: College students residing on campus were recruited. Participants completing both pre- and post-measures were included in analysis: Control (n= 17) and intervention groups (n = 15). Quasi-experimental pre-, post- design: Surveys were administered to both groups at baseline and post-intervention in October-November 2015.Results: There was a statistically significant improvement in fruit and vegetable consumption (p = .03) and with knowledge of cooking terms and techniques (p < .001).Conclusions: Campus-based culinary nutrition education programming has potential to positively impact college students’ fruit and vegetable consumption and cooking knowledge. Future programs should incorporate strategies such as additional opportunities to engage in hands-on practice and building cross-campus collaborations to promote sustainability.

Examine the impact of the Summer Food Service Program (SFSP) on the intentions to positively change fruit and vegetable consumption in a rural, low-income adolescent population using the Theory of Planned Behavior.Quantitative data collected via a pre-post intervention survey to determine predictors of positive nutrition behaviors and changes in self-reported fruit and vegetable consumption.A mid-sized university.Fifty-seven high school students. Participants were primarily female (n = 36) and white (n = 56).Participants followed the standards of the SFSP for 5 weeks and were provided with mandatory and optional nutrition education sessions.Intentions to change nutrition behaviors.Multiple regression.Paired-sample t test showed a significant increase in knowledge from pretest (mean [M] = 11.18, SD = 1.68) to posttest (M = 12.91, SD = 1.76); t[56] = -8.09, P0.001; (t[56] = -8.09, P0.001) and in self-reported fruit and vegetable intake from pretest (M = 13.96, SD = 4.23) to posttest (M = 16.80, SD = 5.42); (t[56] = -3.20, P = 0.002). Regression demonstrated that all constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior were significant (F[4, 52] = 14.56, P0.001 with an ROpportunities for shaping adolescent nutrient intake and eating behaviors during enrollment in the SFSP exist. Reinforcing positive attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control may help to increase nutrition behavioral intentions and nutrition behaviors.

Background: Tobacco media campaigns are effective, but less is known regarding the impact on college students. Purpose: The purpose was to test the effects of an on-campus Tips television campaign on frequency and believability of ads recalled and to assess demographic and personal factors associated with believability. Methods: A quasi-experimental pre–post design was used to assess the 8-week campaign with 3 Tips ads. Two randomly selected cohorts of college students (N = 1593) from a large public university completed online surveys pre- and postcampaign. Group comparisons using chi-square tests, 2-sample t tests, and logistic regression, controlling for residence or cohort, and predictors of believability using proportional odds modeling were examined. Results: Ads were recalled by significantly more students (68%) postcampaign. Believability for one or more ads was lower for males, undergraduates, those belonging to fraternity/sorority, and current polytobacco users (P

Purpose Rural adolescents engage in higher smoking and smokeless tobacco use rates than those from urban communities; urban adolescents are more likely to use e-cigarettes. The study investigated whether place of residence (rural vs urban) is associated with tobacco use prevalence and change in prevalence among middle and high school students over time. Methods We analyzed data from the National Youth Tobacco Survey (2011-2016). Multiple logistic regression methods for weighted survey data assessed the relationship of place of residence with current tobacco product use over time, adjusting for demographics. Findings There was no difference in rate of change in use of any tobacco product between rural and urban middle or high school students. Adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and survey year, both middle and high school rural students were more likely to use cigarettes and smokeless tobacco, whereas urban high school students were more likely to use hookah. Significant polynomial trends were observed for e-cigarette and hookah use patterns, whereas linear changes in use patterns were detected for cigarette and smokeless tobacco use over time. Conclusions Rural high school students are more likely to smoke cigarettes and use smokeless tobacco than their urban counterparts, although prevalence rates have decreased over time. However, use of hookah and e-cigarettes among middle and high school students has increased over time regardless of place of residence. To stem the rapid increase in use of hookah and e-cigarettes, comprehensive tobacco control policies are needed regardless of rural or urban location.

Objectives: (1) Compare social norms and perceived peer use between college student cigarette, e-cigarette, and/or hookah users and nonusers; and (2) determine variables associated with social influences. Participants: Undergraduate students attending a large university in the Southeast United States (N = 511). Methods: An April 2013 online survey assessed use of 3 types of tobacco, social norms, perception of peer use, number of smokers in life, exposure to secondhand smoke, and demographic characteristics. Results: Participants indicated greater acceptance of emerging tobacco products than for cigarettes and consistently overestimated the percent of peers who use various tobacco products. Males and current users had higher social norm scores for all 3 forms of tobacco. Conclusion: To counter marketing of alternative tobacco products, education about the dangers of their use needs to be implemented across college campuses as part of a comprehensive tobacco control strategy that also includes toba...

Purpose: Adolescent tobacco use is higher in rural than in urban areas. While e-cigarette use is increasing rapidly among this age group, differences in prevalence between rural versus urban populations for this relatively novel product have not been explored. The purpose is to investigate whether location of school (rural–urban) is associated with e-cigarette use and dual use (defined as the use of both e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes) among high school students. Design: Cross-sectional survey obtained using a stratified, 3-stage cluster sample design. Setting: United States. Participants: A nationally representative sample of US high school students (N = 11 053) who completed the 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS); slightly more than half were urban (54%). Measures: The NYTS measures tobacco-related knowledge, attitudes, and use behavior and demographics of students in the United States. Analysis: Weighted logistic regression assessed the relationships of urban–rural location with current e-cigarette use and dual use, adjusting for demographic factors, perceived risk, and social norms. Results: There were clear differences in patterns of adolescent e-cigarette and cigarette use in rural versus urban areas. Social norms and perceptions may play a role in understanding these differences. Conclusion: Urban youth current cigarette smokers were nearly twice as likely as rural cigarette smokers to also use e-cigarettes. Reasons for urban–rural differences need to be taken into account when designing prevention programs and policy changes.

Background:Recess is an important component of a Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program, providing approximately 1268 and 914 steps for boys and girls, respectively, within a 15-minute time period. The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of unstructured recess on children’s school-day physical activity levels and to examine if recess and school-day physical activity levels varied by BMI, gender, and grade level.Methods:One-hundred sixty third- to fifth-grade students from 2 elementary schools wore pedometers during 4 recess periods.Results:Recess accounted for 17% to 44% of school-day step counts. There was a significant main effect for grade level, but not for BMI or gender, on the percentage of school-day steps accumulated during recess.Conclusions:A 15-minute recess makes a valuable contribution to children’s school-day physical activity, especially for the least active children. More research is warranted to determine environmental influences on children’s recess physical activity.

Background: Caffeine consumption by young people has increased dramatically over the last decade through increased coffee consumption and “energy drinks.” In higher amounts, caffeine causes many adverse effects that are cause for concern. Purpose: Purposes of this study were to determine: (1) the amount of caffeine consumed by a sample of college students, (2) beliefs regarding caffeine consumption, (3) reported perceived benefits and adverse effects of caffeine consumption, (4) reasons for consuming caffeine, and (5) predictors of caffeine consumption. Methods: An anonymous survey was administered 300 freshmen attending a southeastern university. Results: Eighty-three percent of the students reported having at least one sign/symptom of caffeine intoxication in the past; 51% reported having at least one sign/symptom of caffeine withdrawal. Students consumed three to five times the recommended amount of caffeine. Father's social index, participation in organized activity in college and three alert...

Background: Enforcement of no-tobacco policies is critical to providing a safe, healthy environment for students. Purpose: The purposes of the study were to: (1) describe and compare student and principal perceptions of enforcement of school tobacco policy in a school district with a tobacco-free policy, and (2) explore perceived barriers to enforcement and factors related to enforcement beliefs and perception of smoking. Methods: Students (N = 774) in five high schools in a southeastern city completed a survey. Administrators from those schools were interviewed. Results: Student and principal perceptions varied dramatically concerning tobacco policy enforcement. Only 8% of students said students followed the rules about smoking all/most of the time. Many students reported problems with secondhand smoke. The percentage of smokers was overestimated by nearly three-quarters of students (73%). Predictors of beliefs about number of tobacco rules were: smoking status, number of places students were se...

To examine the relationship between prenatal secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, preterm birth and immediate neonatal outcomes by measuring maternal hair nicotine.Cross-sectional, observational design.A metropolitan Kentucky birthing center.Two hundred and ten (210) mother-baby couplets.Nicotine in maternal hair was used as the biomarker for prenatal SHS exposure collected within 48 hours of birth. Smoking status was confirmed by urine cotinine analysis.Smoking status (nonsmoking, passive smoking, and smoking) strongly correlated with low, medium, and high hair nicotine tertiles (ρ=.74; p.001). Women exposed to prenatal SHS were more at risk for preterm birth (odds ratio [OR]=2.3; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] [.96, 5.96]), and their infants were more likely to have immediate newborn complications (OR=2.4; 95% CI [1.09, 5.33]) than nonexposed women. Infants of passive smoking mothers were at increased risk for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (OR=4.9; 95% CI [1.45, 10.5]) and admission to a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) (OR=6.5; CI [1.29, 9.7]) when compared to infants of smoking mothers (OR=3.9; 95% CI [1.61, 14.9]; OR=3.5; 95% CI [2.09, 20.4], respectively). Passive smokers and/or women with hair nicotine levels greater than .35 ng/ml were more likely to deliver earlier (1 week), give birth to infants weighing less (decrease of 200-300 g), and deliver shorter infants (decrease of 1.1-1.7 cm).Prenatal SHS exposure places women at greater risk for preterm birth, and their newborns are more likely to have RDS, NICU admissions, and immediate newborn complications.

Objective.There has been an abundance of research evaluating prenatal and postnatal smoking abstinence programs. However, few researchers have tested postpartum relapse interventions that address secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. Pregnant women exposed to SHS are more likely to relapse. This article explores the similarities and differences among postpartum interventions that incorporate SHS education. Generating knowledge about the components of postpartum relapse prevention interventions that do and do not achieve prolongation of abstinence is integral to the development of effective SHS interventions that help women achieve lifelong abstinence.Methods.We used a methodological review of 11 randomized, controlled trials testing the efficacy of relapse prevention interventions that address SHS exposure. We compared intervention strength, biomarker validation of home smoking and SHS, as well as abstinence and relapse rates. We examined three predictors of postpartum relapse: ( 1) partner smoking in the home, ( 2) adoption of home smoking restrictions, and ( 3) motivation/confidence to remain abstinent.Results.Findings revealed a need for more comprehensive SHS interventions and a clear delineation of abstinence/relapse terminology. Biomarker validation of home smoking and SHS was primarily measured by self-report, passive nicotine monitors, and hair nicotine levels. Furthermore, studies using nurse- and pediatrician-led interventions resulted in the lowest relapse rates.Conclusion.A comprehensive intervention that specifically prioritizes parental education on the health effects of SHS on the family, empowerment of the mother and family members to remain abstinent and adopt a smoke-free home smoking policy, and partner influence on smoking could result in a significant reduction in postpartum relapse rates.

College students' physical activity provides protection against weight gain and chronic disease. Convenient exercise facilities have been correlated with physical activity. This study examined use of a college recreational facility among a sample of undergraduates, personal and demographic factors related to facility use, and factors predictive of facility use. A sample of 1,700 undergraduates was randomly selected and mailed a survey about health behaviors and recreation-center use. Facility users were more likely to be freshman or sophomore unmarried men who live on campus. Users of the facility had a slightly lower average body mass index, yet were more likely to use alcohol. Significant predictors of facility use included sex, class standing, living situation, belonging to a fraternity or sorority, and the desire to change one's weight. This study contributes to the research on college students' physical activity in that it identifies those likely to use or not use the recreational facility.

To examine the relationship of demographic and social influence with initiation of cigarette use among undergraduates.Students were mailed anonymous surveys including 437 participants who indicated that they had not smoked cigarettes before age 18. Of those, 107 became late initiators (24%), and 330 remained never smokers (76%).Those who drank alcohol in college and had at least 1 parent with a college education were more likely to initiate smoking than were those who did not drink and neither parent had attended college.Strategies that focus on reducing alcohol and tobacco use need to be tested.

The purpose of this study was to assess physical activity levels and the relationships between activity and personal characteristics among a cohort of college students and to determine personal characteristics that predict activity. A sample of 1,700 undergraduates was mailed a survey that requested demographic information and assessed health behaviors including self-reported physical activity. Of the 1,575 successfully mailed, a total of 903 completed questionnaires were received—a response rate of 57.3%. Nearly half of the respondents indicated they “exercised or participated in sports activities for at least 20 minutes that made you sweat or breathe hard” on three or more of the preceding 7 days (VIG). Nearly three-fifths reported they “walked or biked for at least 30 minutes at a time” on 3 or more of the preceding 7 days (MOD). Those reporting VIG were more likely to be younger Caucasian males. Those reporting MOD were more likely to be younger Caucasian females. Gender, race, being an inter...

An evolving body of research has examined the process of mentoring relationships among senior and junior faculty in health education and health promotion academic programs. However, little attention has been given to understanding the specific content of interactions between mentors and proteges. This qualitative research was conducted to identify the knowledge, behaviors, and skills senior faculty believe are important for success of new health promotion and health education faculty. Senior faculty (n=11) in health education/health promotion at major universities in the United States were interviewed to determine the kinds of advice they have given to junior faculty whom they have mentored. Data were collected by in-person and telephone interviews. Research-related themes included having a research focus; working with teams; knowing institutional expectations; and balancing quantitative versus qualitative methodology. Teaching-related themes centered on the importance of working with students; u...

The purposes of the study were to (1) describe the prevalence and patterns of smokeless tobacco and cigarette use among adolescents in a high tobacco-production area, and (2) explore the relationship between tobacco use and degree of household involvement in raising tobacco. The subjects were 665 middle and high school students in a tobacco-producing region. Some of the results were: (1) usage rates in this rural county were comparable to or higher than rates reported in other rural areas and were higher than rates reported in suburban and urban areas; (2) high school males from tobacco-raising households (TRH) used tobacco significantly more than those from nonraising households (NRH); for example, 43 percent of the boys from TRH had used cigarettes in the last 24 hours compared to 17.7 percent of those from NRH; (3) boys from TRH who personally raised tobacco had a greater tobacco usage rate than boys from TRH who did not personally raise and boys who came from NRH. This study supports the idea...

This study examined factors related to tobacco use among youth from tobacco-raising (TRH) and nonraising households (NRH). The subjects were 3,851 seventh-grade students from 19 middle schools located in a tobacco-raising region. Valid self-reports of tobacco use were encouraged by the use of a test for carbon monoxide in expired air. Cigarette use was higher when 1. (a) at least one parent smoked, and/or 2. (b) the student personally raised tobacco. A boy who personally raised tobacco and had at least one parent who smoked was 10.2 times more likely to have smoked in the last 7 days than a boy from a nonraising household in which neither parent smoked. For girls, the odds ratio was 5.6:1. Tobacco use among students in this high-risk group was higher than rates reported in national or regional studies. Other results were: 1. (1) use began very early — 16% of the students had tried cigarettes and 13% of the boys had tried smokeless tobacco (SLT) in Grade 3 or earlier: and 2. (2) users reported more lenient rules at home regarding tobacco use than did nonusers. Years from now, these high-risk students are likely to be major contributors to increased morbidity and mortality due to tobacco use. Implications for tobacco prevention in tobacco-raising areas are discussed.

BACKGROUND: Effective physical activity (PA) interventions are warranted for youth, and schools have been identified as logical locations for such involvement. Experts and professionals in the field promote comprehensive school PA programs, including classroom PA. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a low-cost, teacher-directed classroom-based intervention on the school PA of elementary children. METHODS: Nine classroom teachers were provided inexpensive curricula and trained to implement and instruct PA breaks (2 × 30 minute training sessions). The teachers were encouraged to lead 1 activity break per day after the training. One hundred and six elementary students wore pedometers up to 12 days over 3 monitoring periods during the school year (baseline, follow-up, post follow-up) to assess the effectiveness and the sustainability of the intervention. The teachers self-reported the frequency of activity breaks instructed. RESULTS: The teachers (n = 5) who complied with the recommended 1 activity break per day had students who accrued ∼33% more mean school steps/day at follow-up (∼1100) and post follow-up (∼1350) compared to controls. Teachers (n = 4) in the intervention who did not comply with the 1 activity break per day recommendation had students accrue similar mean school steps/day as controls. CONCLUSION: Inexpensive, teacher-directed classroom-based PA interventions can be effective in improving children's PA levels if teachers implement 1 activity break per school day. We recommend promoting the notion of 1 activity break per day in the classroom as part of a comprehensive school PA program that includes quality physical education, recess, and before/after school programs.

Objectives: To examine the relationships among parental monitoring, perceptions of peer drinking, and adolescent alcohol consumption. Methods: Tenth- and 12thgrade students (N=648) in a rural, Appalachian county were surveyed. Results: A binomial logistic regression revealed a composite of those who had perceptions that many peers drank, low parental monitoring, and no biological male guardian in the home were 8.496 times more likely to have ever been drunk. Other characteristics resulted in lower odds. Conclusions: Parental monitoring and perceptions of peer drinking were important predictors of drinking in this rural sample. Prevention efforts in school and at home should address both variables.

Pregnant women often underreport their smoking status and extent of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. Biomarker confirmation is the recommended method to assess smoking behaviors and SHS exposure in both mothers and infants.The primary aims are to (a) examine the relationship between smoking behaviors and SHS exposure in mother-baby couplets using maternal and infant hair nicotine and maternal urine cotinine analyses and (b) determine whether there is an association between maternal and infant hair nicotine samples obtained shortly after birth.A cross-sectional study with a multiethnic sample of 210 mother-baby couplets assessing SHS exposure.The level of maternal hair nicotine (MHN) was significantly different among three groups: nonsmoking, nonsmoking/passive exposed, and smoking (p.0001), with nonsmoking and nonexposed women having the lowest level. Urine cotinine was strongly associated with self-reported smoking status (rho = .88; p.0001). Maternal and infant hair nicotine were correlated, although MHN correlated more strongly with smoking status (rho = .46, p.0001) than infant hair nicotine (rho = .39, p.0001).MHN was a more precise biomarker of prenatal SHS exposure than infant hair nicotine; mothers' urine cotinine was strongly correlated with self-reported smoking status.

This study examined the validity of the Caltrac motion sensor for measuring physical activity in young children and described change over time in physical activity among 47 preschool children from obese and nonobese families. Children were videotaped in a controlled setting while wearing Caltrac motion sensors and also wore Caltracs at home. Caltrac readings and an observational measure of physical activity were significantly related in both Year 1 (r= .86) and Year 2 (r= .83), and outside play was associated with higher Caltrac scores (r=.43). In addition, physical activity among young girls with obese parents decreased significantly from Year 1 to Year 2.

This article describes a method of collecting and analyzing itemized grocery receipts for use in epidemiological studies. As part of a larger study of children's food acquisition and exercise habits related to cardiovascular disease, a sample of 50 families was asked to keep itemized grocery receipts for a 2-week period. To control for bias as a result of differences in food consumption and food acquisition, mothers were asked to log meals eaten away from home, food used from home production, and gifts of foods. Items on the receipts were coded according to food groups and whether they represented child-prompted purchases. The items were expressed in terms of the percentage of the food dollar each category represented. Data from the survey were compared with data collected in national surveys. The method was found to be relatively non-intrusive, easily carried out, and eliminated many of the problems associated with non-response, respondent burden, and recall characteristic of other food account methods. It is suggested as a feasible way of characterizing the family food environment in epidemiological studies.

This study assessed the effectiveness of a model for diffusing the Life Skills Training (LST) Program into middle schools, examined implementation fidelity, and explored factors associated with involvement in training and program implementation. A convenience sample of master trainers (n = 44) and teachers (n = 45) from 16 Kentucky counties participated. Teachers were observed for content and process fidelity, and trainers and teachers completed questionnaires to assess factors related to training and program implementation. More than one-fourth (27%) of master trainers conducted training sessions, and 60% of teachers taught the curriculum. While implementation fidelity was relatively high, teachers were less likely to use the more innovative elements of the program. Trainers and teachers who conducted training and/or taught the LST Program were more enthusiastic toward the program than those who did nothing beyond being trained.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the efficacy of a social-influences tobacco prevention program conducted with adolescents living in a high tobacco production area. METHODS: Students in 10 experimental schools completed the tobacco prevention program and a booster intervention. Control students received health education as usual. RESULTS: After 2 years of treatment, smoking rates in the treatment group (vs the control group) were lower for 30-day, 7-day, and 24-hour smoking. The intervention had more of an impact on those who were involved in raising tobacco than it did on those not involved in raising tobacco. CONCLUSIONS: Although modest, effects were achieved with minimal intervention time in a high-risk group, indicating that social-influences prevention programs may be effective in such groups.

Two studies were conducted to determine the validity of various measures of physical activity in young children. In Study 1, 21 preschool children were utilized to explore how well measures of children's activity obtained from parents, teachers, and the children predicted observed behavior at school and in the home. Study 2 (n = 51 preschool children) focused on the predictive validity of the Caltrac motion sensor. In both studies, detailed minute-by-minute ratings of children's activity in Study 1 were generally ineffective in predicting observed physical activity. Children's activity preferences, however, were significantly related to the proportion of high intensity physical activity performed. In Study 2, there was a significant relationship (r = .86, p less than .0001) between Caltrac readings and observed physical activity. This correlation was similar for boys and girls, normal and overweight children, and younger and older children. These findings suggest that the Caltrac monitor may provide a valid index of individual differences in physical activity in young children.

This study describes the prevalence and patterns of smokeless tobacco and cigarette use among adolescents with a specific focus on those living in a high tobacco production area. The subjects were 582 male and 485 female students in grades 7 through 12, with 54% living in a rural (nonmetro) area and the remainder living in an urban (metro) area. Self-reports of tobacco usage were validated using biochemical tests. High smokeless tobacco usage rates were found among nonmetro males--90% had tried one or more smokeless tobacco products and 33% had used at least one of the products in the last 6 days. Students' tobacco usage increased dramatically as the degree of personal involvement in raising tobacco increased. Of senior high boys who had household involvement in tobacco, 100% had tried snuff and 42% had used it in the last 6 days; 80% had tried cigarettes and 53% had used them in the last 6 days. Some other results were: (1) use of snuff was more popular than chewing tobacco, (2) the average grade for initiation to tobacco was the fourth grade for nonmetro students and the fifth grade for metro students, and (3) a large number of male smokeless users also reported cigarette use. Students from tobacco-raising households are at high risk for tobacco use. Future research should focus on effective prevention methods for high-risk students.

Objectives: Whether college students who are most at-risk of HIV infection are being tested is unknown. This exploratory study identified the prevalence and correlates of ever having an HIV test among college students. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among a probability sample of 903 college students. Measures of sexual risk behaviour were assessed. Results: Of the students surveyed, 22.5% reported they had been tested for HIV. Testing was more likely among those 20 years of age or older (27.8% v. 14.7%; P = 0.0001), females (25.4% v. 17.8%; P = 0.01), and members of racial/ethnic minorities (42.7% v. 20.3%; P = 0.0001). After adjusting for these covariates, those who reported ever having vaginal sex (AOR = 5.5; 95% CI = 3.1–9.6); anal sex (AOR = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.6–3.6), and oral sex (AOR = 6.3; 95% CI = 3.0–13.3) were significantly more likely to report being tested. Students having vaginal sex in the past 12 months were significantly more likely to report testing (AOR = 5.3; 95% CI = 3.1–9.1). Those reporting vaginal sexual debut (AOR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.2–3.1) or oral sexual debut (AOR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.1–2.5) ≤age 15 were significantly more likely to be tested. Students reporting four or more sex partners were significantly more likely to be tested than sexually experienced students reporting fewer partners (AOR = 3.2; 95% CI = 2.2–4.6). Finally, those reporting at least one episode of forced vaginal sex (AOR = 3.9; 95% CI = 2.1–7.2) and reporting at least one episode of any forced sex (vaginal, anal, oral) (AOR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.8–5.0) were significantly more likely to report being tested. Conclusions: Within this population, demographically controlled findings suggest that those most at-risk of HIV infection are indeed being tested for the virus.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between various factors and the health knowledge and health behavior of disadvantaged black youth. Disadvantaged black male and female youths, age 12 to 17, were surveyed regarding their health knowledge, health locus of control, and health practices. Results of the data analyses using an ANOVA revealed significant differences for scores on the health knowledge test due to sex, age, and health locus of control. Females had higher test means than males, older students had higher knowledge scores than did younger students, and internally-oriented students had higher knowledge scores than did externally-oriented students. No significant interaction was found. An ANOVA on behavior scores revealed a sex by locus of control interaction. Male externals had much lower behavior scores than female externals. A significant interaction also was found between age and health locus of control. Older externals had significantly higher behavior scores than younger externals. Implications for health educators and nurse educators are discussed.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationships between the mental and motor domains of development in a group of academically low-achieving, emotionally disturbed elementary school children. A secondary purpose was to replicate previous studies on normal and culturally deprived pupils using the same motor items. The subjects were 61 male and female children, ages 6 to 13, who attended two residential Re-Ed schools. The tests administered were the Wide Range Achievement Test, five physical fitness items, and four arm and leg coordination measures. The results revealed that the academic achievement, fitness, and coordination measures were unrelated in this group of subjects when either univariate or multivariate data processing techniques were used.

(1985). An Empirical Investigation of Leisure Exercise Behavior in Adult Women. Health Education: Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 29-34.

The viability of the “spot reduction” hypothesis was evaluated by investigating the anthropometric and densitometric effects of two types of exercise programs in a 10-week study using 56 college women. The 27 women assigned to the localized exercise regimen performed calisthenic-type activities concentrated on the abdomen, hips, and thighs while the generalized exercise group (n = 29) participated in a variety of typical aerobic activities. Exercise sessions for both groups were conducted 3 days per week for 30 minutes. The intensity of exercise was equated on the basis of exercise pulse rates. A total of 12 skinfold, girth, densitometric, and derived variables were assessed before and after the experimental period. Application of multivariate and univariate ANOV As revealed significant pre- to posttest changes; however, there was not a significant difference between groups. Therefore, the results indicate that although either general aerobic or localized exercises are effective in altering the a...

The relationships between selected personality and motor variables in emotionally disturbed children were investigated in 61 male and female children, ages 6 to 13, in residential Re-Ed schools. In addition, reliability estimates were obtained for certain measuring instruments with this special group of subjects. The results revealed that (a) selected personality and motor variables appeared essentially unrelated; (b) grip strength, 50-yd dash, and flexed-arm hang were reliable while sit-ups and 600-yd run-walk were moderately reliable; (c) the arm and leg coordination measures, the four second-order factors of the Children's Personality Questionnaire (CPQ) and Early School Personality Questionnaire (ESPQ), the Self-Esteem Scale, the Body Cathexis Scale, and the Body Cathexis-Short Form all exhibited moderate reliabilities; and (d) the 14 primary factors of the CPQ and ESPQ generally exhibited lower reliabilities.

Two behavioral techniques were assessed to determine their effects on subjects' adherence to unsupervised exercise. The subjects were 35 moderately fit persons who had just completed an adult fitness program (AF group) and 42 sedentary individuals who were recruited through the campus newspaper (NEWS group). Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (a) self-monitoring, (b) reinforcement supplied by another person, or (c) control. All subjects were given instructions on how to exercise and asked to exercise on their own for 18 weeks. Self-monitoring subjects kept written records of their exercise behavior, while reinforcement subjects verbally reported their exercise behavior to another person who periodically administered rewards. Pre- and posttreatment tests on the NEWS group revealed no significant treatment or interaction effects. However, the reinforcement group had an 11% improvement in predicted max VO2 and a 9 bpm improvement in exercise heart rate compared to 7.8%, 5 bpm for the self-monitoring (SM) group and 5.3%, 6 bpm for the control group. T-tests indicated that reward and SM groups improved significantly on these variables, whereas the control group did not. SM (M = 2.07) and reinforcement (M = 2.29) groups reported a significantly higher frequency of exercise per week than the control (M = 1.36) group. The AF subjects were able to maintain their fitness level (with the exception of a small increase in body fat) over the 18-week period. The behavioral interventions had little differential effect on adherence by AF subjects who were already regular exercisers.

Recovery of the rate of dynamic muscular endurance was measured in two groups of college-aged males. Subjects were required to perform elbow flexion (between the angles of 70 and 170 degrees) for as long as possible at the rate of 38 contractions/min while loaded with 1/6 of their maximum isometric strength (MVC). The task was terminated when the subject fell four contractions behind the required cadence or failed to complete two successive contractions. Subsequent to the task the subject was given a predetermined rest period after which a second fatigue bout to failure was performed. The rest intervals for Gp I (n = 22) were 5, 15, 45, 135, 405, and 1215 seconds, while the rest intervals for Gp II (n = 17) were 10, 30, 90, 270, 810, and 2550 s. Each subject completed six recovery intervals with the order of administration assigned at random. The percentage of recovery was calculated by dividing the exercise time of the first bout into the time of the second bout. These normalized data for the two groups were combined for analysis providing a 12 point recovery curve. The percentage of recovery ranged from 15.4% after 5 s to 91.8% after 2550 s. Analysis of the data revealed that the recovery pattern of dynamic muscular endurance progressed very rapidly initially, reached 50% at approximately 2 min and 15 s and was slightly less than 90% complete at 20 min. Exponential analysis of these data yielded a three-component curve.

The relationships among self-perception, personality, and behavior variables in 61 emotionally disturbed children were investigated using both univariate and multivariate data processing techniques. Additionally, the reliability and objectivity of a behavior rating scale were assessed when employed with this special group of subjects. Some of the results reported were that (1) self-esteem was positively related (.413) to the introversion vs. extroversion factor and negatively related (–.703) to the low vs. high anxiety factor, (2) student assessments of their own personalities were not highly related to the teachers' ratings of behavior when viewed solely in a univariate sense, (3) a significant canonical correlation of .576 was found between personality and behavior as rated by the day teacher, and (4) the test-retest reliability of the behavior rating scale ranged from .300 to .800 while objectivity ranged from .074 to .481.