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Ground-based high resolution observations of downward longwave irradiance (DLI), surface air temperature, water vapour surface partial pressure and column amount, zenith sky infrared (IR) radiance in the atmospheric window, and all-sky camera images are regularly obtained at the Thule High Arctic Atmospheric Observatory (THAAO, 76.5°N, 68.8°W), North-West Greenland. The datasets for the years 2017 and 2018 have been used to assess the performance of different empirical formulas to infer clear sky DLI. An algorithm to identify clear sky observations has been developed, based on value, variability, and persistence of zenith sky IR radiance. Seventeen different formulas to estimate DLI have been tested against the THAAO dataset, using the originally determined coefficients. The formulas which combine information on total column water vapour and surface air temperature appear to perform better than others, with a mean bias with respect to the measured DLI smaller than 1 W/m² and a root mean squared error (RMSE) around 6 W/m². Some formulas, specifically developed for the Arctic, are found to produce poor statistical results; this is attributed partly to limitations in the originally used dataset, which does not cover a whole year, or is relative to very specific conditions (i.e., the ice sheet). The bias displays a significant improvement when the coefficients of the different formulas are calculated using the THAAO dataset. The presence of two full years of data allows the investigation of the inter-annual variability, and the use of different years for the determination of the coefficients and the evaluation of results. The smallest values of the bias and RMSE reach 0.1 W/m² and 5 W/m², respectively. Overall, best results are found for formulas which use both surface parameters and total water vapour column, and have been developed from global datasets. Conversely, formulas which express the atmospheric emissivity as a linear function of the logarithm of the column integrated water vapour appear to poorly reproduce the observations at THAAO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arctic climate is influenced by the interaction of shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) radiation with the atmosphere and the surface. The comprehensive evolution of the Surface Radiative Fluxes (SRF) on different time scales is of paramount importance to understanding the complex mechanisms governing the Arctic climate. However, only a few sites located in the Arctic region provide long-term time series of SRF allowing for capturing the seasonality of atmospheric and surface parameters and carrying out validation of satellite products and/or reanalyses. This paper presents the daily and monthly SRF record collected at the Thule High Arctic Atmospheric Observatory (THAAO, 76.5° N, 68.8° W), in North-Western Greenland. The downwelling components of the SW (DSI) and the LW (DLI) irradiances have been measured at THAAO since 2009, while the collection of the upwelling SW (USI) and LW (ULI) irradiance was started in 2016, together with additional measurements, such as e.g., meteorological parameters and column water vapour. The datasets of DSI (Meloni et al., 2022a; https://doi.org/10.13127/thaao/dsi), USI (Meloni et al., 2022b; https://doi.org/10.13127/thaao/usi), DLI (Meloni et al., 2022c; https://doi.org/10.13127/thaao/dli), ULI (Meloni et al., 2022d; https://doi.org/10.13127/thaao/uli), and near surface air temperature (Muscari et al., 2018; https://doi.org/10.13127/thaao/met), can be accessed through the THAAO web site (https://www.thuleatmos-it.it/data). DSI is absent (solar zenith angle=90°) from 29 October to 13 February, assuming maxima in June (monthly mean of 277.0 Wm-2), when it is about half of the total incoming irradiance. The USI maximum occurs in May (132.4 Wm-2) due to the combination of moderately high DSI values and high albedo. The shortwave surface albedo (A) assumes an average of 0.16 during summer, when the surface is free of snow. Differently, during months of snow-covered surface, when solar radiation allows estimating A, its values are greater than 0.6. A large interannual variability is observed in May and September, months characterized by rapidly changing surface conditions, which appear to be linked with air temperature anomalies. DLI and ULI maxima occur in July and August, and minima in February and March. ULI is always larger than DLI and shows a wider annual cycle. ULI is well described by a fourth-order polynomial fit to the air temperature (R²>0.99 for monthly data and R²>0.97 for daily data). The surface radiation budget (SRB) is positive from April to August, when absorption of solar radiation exceeds the infrared net cooling, with a maximum value of 153.2 Wm-2 in June. From November to February, during the polar night, the LW net flux varies between -34.5 and -43.0 Wm-2. In March and September, the negative LW net flux overcomes the positive SW contribution, producing a negative SRB. THAAO measurements show clear evidence of the influence of several regional weather/climate events, which appear strongly linked with SRF anomalies. These anomalies are found for example during summer 2012, when a large ice melting event took place over Greenland, and during winter 2019-2020, extraordinarily cold in the Arctic region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixtures containing 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [CnMIM][NTf2] n = {2, 10}, + ethanol or + N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone have been investigated to determine excess molar enthalpies, HE, and excess partial molar enthalpies of components, H 1 E and H 2 E , over the entire mole fraction, x1, range, at 298.15 K and 0.10 MPa. Ionic liquids, ILs, were pre-treated by heating and by using activated molecular sieves. Both mixtures in ethanol are endothermic and the H i E of the components are always positive while those in NMP are exothermic and the corresponding values of H i E are negative, in the whole x1 range. The deviations from ideality are quite significant, being the HE values at equimolar composition, H eq E ± u ; (+ 1800 ± 40 and + 2110 ± 10) J mol−1 for ethanol-containing mixtures and (− 1410 ± 10 and − 1980 ± 20) J mol−1 for NMP-containing mixtures (u is the standard uncertainty). The values of the excess partial molar enthalpies at infinite dilution of the components, H i E, ∞ , show regular trends. The H 1 E, ∞ are always greater than the H 2 E, ∞ ; their ratio is about 1.8 for mixtures in EtOH and 2.5 for NMP-containing mixtures. The greatest thermal effects are found when the molecular compound acts as a solvent in the dissolution of one mole of IL, under extreme dilution condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]