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Research suggests that individuals with Huntington's disease (HD) perform better than individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) on the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) Yes/No Recognition trial. However, those with HD have been shown to have deficits comparable to those with AD on the Source Recognition Discriminability (RD) index (which assesses the ability to distinguish between List A targets and List B distractors), suggesting that HD may involve selective impairment in aspects of yes/no recognition that rely on source memory. However, whether individuals with HD and AD show comparable deficits on Source RD across stages of dementia severity has not been adequately investigated. We examined performance on the CVLT-3 List A vs. List B RD index in individuals with HD or AD and mild or moderate dementia. Among individuals with mild dementia, scores were higher in the HD versus AD group, whereas among individuals with moderate dementia, scores were comparable between the HD and AD groups; this corresponded to differential performance across dementia stages among individuals with HD, but not AD. The present findings suggest that, relative to AD, HD may be associated with disproportionate decline in aspects of yes/no recognition that rely on source memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'électroconvulsivothérapie (ECT) est la plus ancienne technique encore utilisée en psychiatrie. Néanmoins, ses effets indésirables cognitifs sont fréquents, notamment les plaintes mnésiques. L'objectif principal de cette revue est de décrire la nature des troubles mnésiques liés à L'ECT, l'évolution à court et à long terme et les facteurs de risques associés puis de proposer des recommandations d'évaluation et de suivi appropriées. Une revue systématique de la littérature a été réalisée au mois d'avril 2022, suivant la méthodologie PRISMA. Les équations de recherche ont été entrées dans PubMed et Cochrane en utilisant les termes suivants : « cognition » et « electroconvulsivetherapy » ou « amnesia » et « electroconvulsive therapy » ou « adverse effects » et « electroconvulsivetherapy ». La recherche a été réalisée de l'année 2000 à 2022. Notre revue a permis d'inclure vingt articles dont quatre sur la nature et l'évolution des troubles mnésiques, trois sur les mécanismes, six sur les facteurs de risque, trois sur l'évaluation et les tests cognitifs et quatre sur la prise en charge. Les données ont montré une atteinte de la mémoire antérograde et rétrograde. Dans les jours qui suivent la séance, les capacités de se souvenir des événements survenus après l'ECT ainsi que des connaissances générales et autobiographiques sont altérées. Mais la plupart des fonctions cognitives s'améliorent au bout de quatre semaines. Certains patients néanmoins peuvent présenter des déficits de la mémoire autobiographique trois à six mois après l'ECT. La durée de la période confusionnelle est un facteur prédictif de la persistance des troubles de la mémoire. Les plaintes subjectives ne sont pas corrélées aux troubles mnésiques objectifs mais plutôt à la sévérité de la dépression. Ils durent plus longtemps que les troubles objectifs. L'atteinte est d'autant plus marquée que les événements sont proches de l'ECT. Nous avons trouvé, à la lumière des études incluses, l'absence d'origine lésionnelle, une altération du fonctionnement de l'hippocampe et un ralentissement cérébral. En effet, la présence d'ondes thêta à l'EEG dans les régions frontotemporales était associée à la durée de la confusion post-ictale et à une amnésie rétrograde. Il existe plusieurs facteurs associés à l'apparition des troubles mnésiques. Ces facteurs sont la nature et la charge du courant, le placement des électrodes, la fréquence des séances, le produit anesthésique, ainsi que des facteurs individuels tels que l'âge et le sexe. L'utilisation d'un courant ultrabref avec placement des électrodes en unilatéral droit réduit considérablement les effets cognitifs indésirables et préserve également l'efficacité. Différents tests cognitifs ont été utilisés en fonction du domaine cognitif à évaluer. Le test Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) était le test le plus utilisé pour une évaluation globale. Certaines études ont mis en place une batterie cognitive avec des délais d'évaluation allant d'un à six mois. Différentes molécules ont été essayées au cours de l'ECT, notamment les anticholinesthérasiques et le piracetam sans trouver de résultats concluants. Toutefois, les résultats des essais par la kétamine et la mémantine étaient encourageants. L'électroconvulsivothérapie a montré son efficacité dans le traitement de plusieurs troubles psychiatriques. Il est primordial de faire un suivi cognitif en pré- et post-ECT pour détecter d'éventuels troubles mnésiques et assurer une meilleure prise en charge. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the oldest technique still in use in psychiatry. Nevertheless, its adverse cognitive side effects are frequent, particularly complaints about memory. The main objective of this review is to describe the nature of ECT-related memory disorders, their short- and long-term evolution and associated risk factors, and to propose recommendations for appropriate evaluation and follow-up. À systematic review of the literature was conducted in April 2022, using the PRISMA methodology. The English search equations gleaned from the literature published were entered into PubMed and Cochrane using the search queries: 'cognition' and 'electroconvulsive therapy' or 'amnesia' and 'electroconvulsive therapy' or 'adverse effects' and electroconvulsive therapy'. The search was carried out on literature published between 2000 to 2022. Our review included 20 articles, including 4 articles on types of memory disorders, 3 articles on mechanisms, 6 articles on risk factors, 3 articles on cognitive testing and 4 articles on treatment. The data indicated impairment of both anterograde and retrograde memory. In the days following the session of ECT, the ability to recall events that occurred post-treatment, as well as general and autobiographical knowledge, was impaired. However, most cognitive functions improve within 4 weeks. Nevertheless, some patients, may show autobiographical memory deficits for from 3 to 6 months after ECT. The duration of the confusion is a predictive factor for the persistence of memory disorders. Subjective complaints are not correlated with objective memory disorders, but rather with the severity of depression. They last longer than objective disorders. The greater the proximity of the events to the ECT, the greater the impairment. In light of the studies included, we found altered hippocampal function and cerebral slowing. Indeed, the presence of EEG theta waves in frontotemporal regions was associated with the duration of post-ictal confusion and retrograde amnesia. There are several factors associated with the onset of memory disorders. These include the nature and charge of the electrical current, electrode placement, frequency of sessions, anaesthetic product administered, as well as individual factors such as age and gender. The use of ultra-short current with right unilateral electrode placement considerably reduces undesirable cognitive effects and preserves efficacy. Different cognitive tests were used, depending on the cognitive domain to be assessed. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was the most widely used test for global assessment. Some studies used a cognitive array of tests with evaluation ranging from 1 to 6 months after treatment. Various molecules have been tried during ECT, notably anticholinesterase drugs and piracetam, with no conclusive results. However, the results of trials with ketamine and memantine were encouraging. Electroconvulsive therapy has been shown to be effective in the treatment of several psychiatric disorders. It is essential, however, to carry out cognitive testing before and after ECT to detect possible memory disorders and to ensure better management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: When chatting, people often forget what they want to say, that is, they suffer from subjective memory complaints (SMCs). This research examines the Association between sleep duration and self-reported SMC in a sample representing the entire United States. Methods: We examined data from 5567 individuals (aged 20–80) who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2015–2018) to evaluate the association between sleep duration and SMC. Odds ratios (ORs) and a restricted cubic spline (RCS) curve were calculated with multiple logistic regression, and subgroup analysis was performed. Results: Approximately 5.8 % (323) reported SMC, and most are older people (163). RCS analysis treating sleep duration as a continuous variable revealed a J-shaped curve association between sleep duration and SMC. Self-reported sleep duration was significantly linked to a 33 % elevated risk of SMC (OR, 1.33; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.23–1.43; P

Introduction: Memory dysfunction has remained a challenging issue globally. Nootropics have proven fruitful in managing cognitive dysfunction but because of their side effects, opportunities exist to explore alternatives. White cabbage is a cost-effective natural source of phytochemicals without side effects and has remained uninvestigated as a nootropic agent. This study sought to identify secondary metabolites in white cabbage extract (WCE) and to predict the molecular interaction between the phytochemical constituents of cabbage and phosphodiesterase-1B (PDE1B) using in silico studies. Methods: The WCE was prepared by macerating crushed fresh white cabbage with ethanol for 24 h with continuous stirring. The phytochemical profile of WCE was analyzed using thin layer chromatography (TLC)-densitometry, and molecular docking studies were performed to predict the underlying mechanism action of the phytochemicals with PDE1B. Results: The TLC-densitometry analysis showed that WCE was a rich source of sinigrin, whereas quercetin, chlorogenic acid, and rutin were not detected. In silico studies identified neobrassicin as having the highest affinity (∆Gbind: −19.3358 kcal/mol) for PDE1B. However, quercetin (∆Gbind: −13.1813 kcal/mol) and chlorogenic acid (∆Gbind: −14.8706 kcal/mol) exhibited moderate interaction with PDE1B. Conclusion: These results suggest that WCE has the potency to improve memory function by blocking PDE1B, and this preliminary study implies upcoming in vitro and in vivo research.

Background: Mental health is a common concern in old age. Given the increase of aging population, it is crucial to pay attention to factors influencing elderly people’s mental health. This research investigated the correlations between social support and physical activity (PA) with depression and happiness in older women with memory impairment.Methods: A descriptive-correlational approach was used in this study. The statistical population consisted of all elderly women (over 65 years old) residing in Golestan province, Iran, between February 2022 and June 2022. The sample included 384 women with mild dementia who were selected through purposive sampling. Research variables were measured using standard instruments. Data analysis was conducted using the Pearson correlation test and regression analysis in SPSS version 26.Results: The mean and standard deviation of social support, PA, depression, and happiness were 37.59±11.09, 1.06±1.17, 7.29±2.55, and 42.73±10.64, respectively. Regression analysis results demonstrated a negative and significant association between social support and depression (35.1%), while it showed a positive and significant association with happiness (16.5%). Furthermore, PA exhibited a negative and significant association with depression (40.9%) and a positive and significant association with joy (30.4%).Conclusions: The findings of this study can contribute to the development of more effective health and physical education programs targeting elderly individuals with memory impairment to improve their mental health.

Game-based psychotherapy intervention is a promising alternative to non-pharmacological approaches in treating memory disorders. Nevertheless, the game-based approach is yet to be included systematically in existing intervention models for treating memory disorders. Hence, this article discusses how a proposed gamebased psychotherapy intervention is developed and validated using neurofeedback approach. The proposed model consists of nine exogenous and six instantaneous factors as the main components. To ensure its applicability, a validation procedure has been carried out through a series of psychotherapy experiments involving the elderly with memory disorder symptoms. Electroencephalogram (EEG) data captured from the experiments are thoroughly analysed to validate relationships among factors in the model. Experimental findings have proven that all relationships are successfully validated and supported except for the belief component with the cut-off point of 56.6%. The novelty of this study can be attributed to the integration of digital games and neurofeedback in psychotherapy for memory disorders. The model is believed to be a guideline in planning suitable cognitive training and rehabilitation for people with memory disorders towards improving the quality of the elderly life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Game-based psychotherapy intervention is a promising alternative to non-pharmacological approaches in treating memory disorders. Nevertheless, the game-based approach is yet to be included systematically in existing intervention models for treating memory disorders. Hence, this article discusses how a proposed gamebased psychotherapy intervention is developed and validated using neurofeedback approach. The proposed model consists of nine exogenous and six instantaneous factors as the main components. To ensure its applicability, a validation procedure has been carried out through a series of psychotherapy experiments involving the elderly with memory disorder symptoms. Electroencephalogram (EEG) data captured from the experiments are thoroughly analysed to validate relationships among factors in the model. Experimental findings have proven that all relationships are successfully validated and supported except for the belief component with the cut-off point of 56.6%. The novelty of this study can be attributed to the integration of digital games and neurofeedback in psychotherapy for memory disorders. The model is believed to be a guideline in planning suitable cognitive training and rehabilitation for people with memory disorders towards improving the quality of the elderly life.

Background: Past studies identified a link between weight loss and dementia, but lacked consistent conclusions. We sought to establish this link by examining the weight change profiles before and after dementia diagnosis. Methods: Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (1996–2020), we examined 13,123 participants. We conducted a nested case–control analysis to assess differences in biennial weight change profile while controlling for BMI, longevity polygenic risk scores, and APOE gene variants. Results: Participants with a memory disorder lost weight (−0.63%) biennially, whereas those without a diagnosis did not (+0.013%, p-value < 0.0001). Our case–control study shows a significant difference (p-value < 0.01) in pre-dementia % weight changes between the cases (−0.29%) and controls (0.19%), but not in post-dementia weight changes. The weight loss group have the highest risk (OR = 2.01; p-value < 0.0001) of developing a memory disorder compared to the stable weight and weight gain groups. The observations hold true after adjusting for BMI, longevity polygenic risk scores, and APOE variant in a multivariable model. Conclusions: We observe that weight loss in dementia is a physiological process independent of genetic factors associated with BMI and longevity. Pre-dementia weight loss may be an important prognostic criterion to assess a person's risk of developing a memory disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this perspective article, the authors give insight into the beneficial effects and the current developments in music therapy for patients with Korsakoff's syndrome (KS) in the Netherlands. Music may be the key to distracting patients from negative moods, to help them express emotions and to teach them new skills on physical, psychosocial and cognitive levels. This may lead to improving the quality of life of patients with KS. Emphasis is placed on the personal experience of the authors and on the future directions in the field. Their experience, as well as the experience of music therapy colleagues working in the field with the same target population (joined together in the Music Therapy Korsakoff Expertise Group), is situated in the context of existing literature and showcases current developments in the specific field of music therapy and KS. Since literature on this specific topic is limited, the authors allowed themselves to delve into somewhat older but still leading and representative literature. There is still little knowledge on how music therapy may contribute to reducing the impairments patients with KS suffer and to improving their quality of life in general. Using the Empathic Directive Approach (EDA) as the starting point, the authors elaborate on different potential approaches and interventions. With this article, the authors aim to gain more insight into the potential role of the music therapist by highlighting music–therapeutic micro-interventions and to provide recommendations for future directions on how to integrate music therapy in the treatment of patients with Korsakoff's syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mounting evidence shows that dietary intake of fruits with polyphenols is beneficial to improve impaired memory functions. This study explored the preventive as well as therapeutic effects of diet enriched with Morus alba fruits extract (DEMA) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced mouse model of memory impairment. The study consisted of two facets: one aspect consisted of pretreatment of animals with DEMA for two weeks followed by STZ (i.c.v) intervention and the second phase involved induction of dementia with STZ (i.c.v) followed by treatment with DEMA for 14 days. Cognitive functions of animals were measured by Morris Water Maze test and to delineate the associated mechanism of action, brain biochemical estimations (acetyl-cholinesterase activity, myeloperoxidase activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive species, superoxide dismutase activity, reduced glutathione and nitrite/nitrate) and histopathological studies (haematoxylin and eosin staining) were performed. Pre- and post- treatment with DEMA significantly prevented and attenuated, respectively, the detrimental effects of STZ on mice brain. The results demonstrated that dietary modification, by incorporation of M. alba fruits, reduces the incidence and aids in treatment of memory disorder in mice by reducing central cholinergic activity, decreasing oxidative stress and preventing neurodegeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agomelatine is a selective agonist of melatonin receptor 1A/melatonin receptor 1B (MT1/MT2) and antagonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptors. It is used clinically to treat major depressive episodes in adults. The pro-chronobiological activity of agomelatine reconstructs sleep-wake rhythms and normalizes circadian disturbances via its agonistic effect of melatonin receptor 1A/melatonin receptor 1B, which work simultaneously to counteract depression and anxiety disorder. Moreover, by antagonizing neocortical postsynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptors, agomelatine enhances the release of dopamine and noradrenaline in the prefrontal cortex, increases the activity of dopamine and noradrenaline, and thereby reduces depression and anxiety disorder. The combination of these two effects means that agomelatine exhibits a unique pharmacological role in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and disturbance of the circadian rhythm. Emotion and sleep are closely related to memory and cognitive function. Memory disorder is defined as any forms of memory abnormality, which is typically evident in a broad range of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. Memory impairment and cognitive impairment are common symptoms of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Therefore, whether agomelatine can improve memory and cognitive behaviors if used for alleviating depression and circadian-rhythm sleep disorders has become a research “hotspot”. This review presents the latest findings on the effects of agomelatine in the treatment of psychologic and circadian-rhythm sleep disorders in clinical trials and animal experiments. Our review evaluates recent studies on treatment of memory impairment and cognitive impairment in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases.

Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder is identified by intrusive thoughts and related compulsive behaviors. Memory complaints are controversial among obsessive-compulsive disorder patients. Objectives: The present study compared verbal, visual, episodic, and semantic memory between obsessive-compulsive disorder patients and healthy controls. Methods: This is a case-control study. The participants included 31 newly diagnosed obsessive-compulsive disorder outpatients and 30 healthy controls. The patients were selected using targeted sampling from Emam Reza Polyclinic, affiliated with blinded for peer review. They responded to a demographic checklist, structured clinical interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I), verbal and visual episodic memory from theWechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R), and autobiographical memory interview (AMI). Results: The results indicated that patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder compared with the controls had lower scores in visual (P = 0.0001), verbal (P = 0.006), semantic (P = 0.3), and episodic memory (P = 0.001). Conclusions: All types of memory which were evaluated in the present study were impaired in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Memory impairment might explain the psychiatric symptoms of the disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was to explore whether Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) improve memory impairment by alleviating neuroinflammation signaling in mice with status epilepticus. Methods: The status epilepticus (SE) mice model was established by pilocarpine and treated with 100 mg / kg of GBE for 14 days. Spontaneous alternation of Y‐maze and new object recognition were used to explore memory impairment. To examine glial cell activation, we performed immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. The activation of NF‐κB signaling and the expression level of lncRNA‐COX2 were detected by Western blot and qRT‐PCR, respectively. Adeno‐associated virus lncRNA‐COX2 was injected into mice for overexpression of lncRNA‐COX2. Results: After GBE treatment, the spontaneous alternation rate and the recognition coefficient in SE mice were both increased. Moreover, activation of glial cells, NF‐κB signaling and lncRNA‐COX2 were significantly decreased in SE mice. In the GBE‐treated SE mice with lncRNA‐COX2 overexpression, NF‐κB signaling was up‐regulated again; the reduced level of inflammation factors was reversed; the GBE‐rescued spontaneous alternation rate of Y‐maze was eliminated. Conclusion: Our results suggested that GBE reduces the hippocampal inflammation by down‐regulating lncRNA‐COX2 / NF‐κB signaling in the SE mice, leading to the decrease of neuronal damage and the improvement of memory functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphodiesterase-1 (PDE1) is a versatile enzyme that has surprisingly received considerable attention as a possible therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) because it maintains the homeostasis of 3ʹ,5ʹ-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and 3ʹ,5ʹ-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the brain. 3ʹ,5ʹ-cyclic adenosine monophosphate and 3ʹ,5ʹ-cyclic guanosine monophosphate are the two key second messengers that regulate a broad range of intracellular processes and neurocognitive functions, specifically memory and cognition, associated with Alzheimer’s disease. However, the lack of available selective drugs on the market poses challenges to identifying the beneficial effects of natural products. The present review focuses on Phosphodiesterase-1 and its isoforms, splicing variants, location, distribution, and function; the role of Phosphodiesterase-1 inhibitors in Alzheimer’s disease; and the use of vinpocetine and natural products as specific Phosphodiesterase-1 inhibitors. Moreover, it aims to provide ongoing updates, identify research gaps, and present future perspectives. This review indicates the potential role of Phosphodiesterase-1 inhibitors in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Certain clinical trials on the alleviation of Alzheimer’s disease in patients are still in progress. Among de novo outcomes, the employment of Phosphodiesterase-1 inhibitors to treat Alzheimer’s disease is an important advancement given the absence of particular therapies in the pipeline for this highly prevalent disease. To sum up, Phosphodiesterase-1 inhibition has been specifically proposed as a critical therapeutic approach for Alzheimer’s disease. This study provides a comprehensive review on the biological and pharmacological aspects of Phosphodiesterase-1, its role on the Alzheimer’s diseases and its significance as Alzheimer’s disease therapeutic target in drug discovery from natural products. This review will help clinical trials and scientific research exploring new entities for the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peptide Ser-Phe-Gly-Asp-Ile (SFGDI), derived from sea cucumber, has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in cell models; however, the in vivo neuroprotective efficacy of SFGDI remains unexplored. In this study, we utilized a cognitive disorder mouse model induced by scopolamine and observed that daily oral administration of SFGDI at a dosage of 40 mg/kg resulted in improved behavioral performance in the Passive avoidance test, the Channel-type water maze test, and the Novel object recognition test (P < 0.05). Furthermore, our investigation into the underlying neuroprotective mechanisms of SFGDI revealed that it reduced oxidative stress levels through the activation of the Sirt3/SOD/ROS pathway, thereby balancing hippocampal unsaturated lipids (P < 0.05) in the mouse hippocampus. Moreover, SFGDI significantly decreased hippocampal neuroinflammation by modulating the activation of microglia and hypertrophy of astrocytes. Additionally, SFGDI was found to enhance synaptic plasticity in the mouse hippocampus by activating the ChAT/p-CaMKⅡ/BDNF pathway and increasing spine density in neuron cells (P < 0.05), particularly mushroom spines (P < 0.05). These experiments demonstrate that SFGDI exhibits neuroprotective effects by regulating hippocampal oxidative stress through the Sirt3/SOD/ROS pathway and synaptic plasticity via the ChAT/p-CaMKⅡ/BDNF pathway in the mouse hippocampus, thus emerging as a potential neuro-nutraceutical agent for alleviating memory impairment. [Display omitted] • Neuroprotective peptide SFGDI regulate scopolamine-induced memory disorder of mice. • SFGDI reduce hippocampal oxidative stress and inflammation by Sirt3/SOD/ROS pathway. • SFGDI improve hippocampal synaptic plasticity by ChAT/p-CaMKⅡ/BDNF pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Aim To determine cues to identify intensive care unit patients with distorted memories and related practices. Design Qualitative descriptive study. Methods Twenty nurses were included in semi‐structured focus groups. Qualitative content analysis was conducted. Results Cues and nursing practices related to distorted memories emerged under the following categories: “Get to know daily life before admission,” “Facial expressions and behaviour are different from usual,” “Pay close attention to the treatment outcome,” “Notice it after the fact,” “Sharing patients’ intensive care unit experiences” and “Creates a new life.” Nurses tried to detect distorted memories by observing the patients' facial expressions, medication effects and delirium presence during their normal lives and treatments, while trying to understand the patients' intensive care unit experiences and provide care that promotes autonomous living. This study emphasizes the importance of support for reconstructing ordinary life through communication and rehabilitation, in addition to support for medical care for distorted memories.

Phosphodiesterase-1 (PDE1) is a versatile enzyme that has surprisingly received considerable attention as a possible therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) because it maintains the homeostasis of 3ʹ,5ʹ-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and 3ʹ,5ʹ-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the brain. 3ʹ,5ʹ-cyclic adenosine monophosphate and 3ʹ,5ʹ-cyclic guanosine monophosphate are the two key second messengers that regulate a broad range of intracellular processes and neurocognitive functions, specifically memory and cognition, associated with Alzheimer’s disease. However, the lack of available selective drugs on the market poses challenges to identifying the beneficial effects of natural products. The present review focuses on Phosphodiesterase-1 and its isoforms, splicing variants, location, distribution, and function; the role of Phosphodiesterase-1 inhibitors in Alzheimer’s disease; and the use of vinpocetine and natural products as specific Phosphodiesterase-1 inhibitors. Moreover, it aims to provide ongoing updates, identify research gaps, and present future perspectives. This review indicates the potential role of Phosphodiesterase-1 inhibitors in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Certain clinical trials on the alleviation of Alzheimer’s disease in patients are still in progress. Among de novo outcomes, the employment of Phosphodiesterase-1 inhibitors to treat Alzheimer’s disease is an important advancement given the absence of particular therapies in the pipeline for this highly prevalent disease. To sum up, Phosphodiesterase-1 inhibition has been specifically proposed as a critical therapeutic approach for Alzheimer’s disease. This study provides a comprehensive review on the biological and pharmacological aspects of Phosphodiesterase-1, its role on the Alzheimer’s diseases and its significance as Alzheimer’s disease therapeutic target in drug discovery from natural products. This review will help clinical trials and scientific research exploring new entities for the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease.

Introduction: Subjective memory complaints (SMCs) are common among patients with stroke, significantly affect long-term disability, and contribute to poor functional outcomes. We explored changes in the subjective memory complaints questionnaire (SMCQ) score of stroke patients, correlations among SMCs, objective cognitive performance (OCP), and functional status. We also explored whether participants could be divided into groups based on the presence or absence of SMCs and OCP impairment, which could be related to rehabilitation outcomes. Methods: A total of 102 stroke patients were recruited from a single rehabilitation center. Their OCP was determined on admission. The Mini-Mental State Evaluation (MMSE), SMCQ, and modified Barthel Index (MBI) scores were obtained at admission and at discharge. These variables were compared and time and group interactions were explored. Results: The SMCQ score did not show consistent patterns of change among individuals. The objective cognitive function and activities of daily living consistently improved after rehabilitation. The proposed cognitive impairment classification after stroke based on SMCs and objective cognitive decline was able to predict improvement attributable to rehabilitation. Conclusion: Changes in SMCQ scores of stroke patients were inconsistent and varied when compared to changes in MMSE and MBI scores, indicating that it is not a reliable metric on its own. SMCs have a clinical relationship with OCP and significant emotional and motivational effects. In clinical practice, it is important to understand and consider SMCs after stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Patients with mild cognitive impairment may present deficits in naming, speech production, oral comprehension and written comprehension. In the differential diagnosis, cerebrovascular disease that can lead to cognitive impairment must also be differentiated from endogenous depressive disorder or language impairment. Objectives The aim is to highlight the importance of differential diagnosis in cognitive disorders in relation to a case. Methods A 68-year-old female patient attended a psychiatric consultation derived from neurology when presenting a language disorder. The husband who accompanies her and the patient indicate that she has problems finding words and substitutes other expressions for them or sometimes does not answer or does so with something different from the topic that is being asked. She refers that she presents repetitive language with memory problems, alteration in the evocation of memories. The patient reports mood swings and irritability and crying with a low tolerance for frustration since she cannot express herself. Cranial MRI: cortical and central involutional changes. Periventricular leukoaraiosis and ischemic gliosis-like lesions in the white matter of both hemispheres. Psychopathological exploration: Conscious, oriented. She smiles at the questions but doesn’t answer them. Repetitive language. Alteration in the articulation of language. Depressed mood reactive to current situation. Some irritability Alteration in recent memory and evocation. Results She was diagnosed with organic mental disorder compatible with mild cognitive impairment. Treatment with rehabilitation of the language disorder of vascular etiology is established. Conclusions Imaging and neuropsychological tests should always be performed in a patient with language, memory, and mood disorders to study its etiology. Disclosure No significant relationships.

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a network disorder with a high incidence of memory impairment. Memory processing ability highly depends on the dynamic coordination between distinct modules within the hippocampal network. Here, we investigate the relationship between memory phenotypes and modular alterations of dynamic functional connectivity (FC) in the hippocampal network in TLE patients. Then, 31 healthy controls and 66 TLE patients with hippocampal sclerosis were recruited. The patients were classified into memory‐intact (MI, 35 cases) group and memory‐deficit (MD, 31 cases) group, each based on individual's Wechsler Memory Scale‐Revised score. The sliding‐windows approach and graph theory analysis were used to analyze the hippocampal network based on resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Temporal properties and modular metrics were calculated. Two discrete and switchable states were revealed: a high modularized state (State I) and a low modularized state (State II), which corresponded to either anterior or posterior hippocampal network dominated pattern. TLE was prone to drive less State I but more State II, and the tendency was more obvious in TLE‐MD. Additionally, TLE‐MD showed more widespread alterations of modular properties compared with TLE‐MI across two states. Furthermore, the dynamic modularity features had unique superiority in discriminating TLE‐MD from TLE‐MI. These findings demonstrated that state transitions and modular function of dissociable hippocampal networks were altered in TLE and more importantly, they could reflect different memory phenotypes. The trend revealed potential values of dynamic FC in elucidating the mechanism underlying memory impairments in TLE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of epitranscriptomics in regulating gene expression has received widespread attention. Recently, RNA methylation modifications, particularly N6-methyladenosine (m6A), have received marked attention. m6A, the most common and abundant type of eukaryotic methylation modification in RNAs, is a dynamic reversible modification that regulates nuclear splicing, stability, translation, and subcellular localization of RNAs. These processes are involved in the occurrence and development of many diseases. An increasing number of studies have focused on the role of m6A modification in Alzheimer's disease, which is the most common neurodegenerative disease. This review focuses on the general features, mechanisms, and functions of m6A methylation modification and its role in Alzheimer's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of epitranscriptomics in regulating gene expression has received widespread attention. Recently, RNA methylation modifications, particularly N6-methyladenosine (m6A), have received marked attention. m6A, the most common and abundant type of eukaryotic methylation modification in RNAs, is a dynamic reversible modification that regulates nuclear splicing, stability, translation, and subcellular localization of RNAs. These processes are involved in the occurrence and development of many diseases. An increasing number of studies have focused on the role of m6A modification in Alzheimer’s disease, which is the most common neurodegenerative disease. This review focuses on the general features, mechanisms, and functions of m6A methylation modification and its role in Alzheimer’s disease.

Alzheimer's is the typical type of dementia that affects Senior people and is an irrevocable, progressive neurodegenerative disorder. The characteristic symptoms are loss of memory, behavioral disturbances, mood and personality swing, followed by diminished cognitive performance. There is no permanent remedy for AD and the existing drugs in the treatment of disease have minimal effectiveness. Medicinal plants used Ayurveda have been found more productive source for lead development of drugs, and many advanced herbal products are being evaluated are in the developmental stage in a clinical trial. In fact, several studies have reported the use of various Ayurvedic medicinal plant extracts and their most active chemical constituents for the management of Alzheimer's disease. Although the accurate molecular mechanism is unknown. Pipali and Jyotishmati are extensively used in Ayurveda for various diseases and for the enhancement of memory. An attempt has been made in the current study to acknowledge the activity of extracts of Piper longum and Celastrus paniculatus, and marker compounds like Piperine on acetylcholinesterase inhibition by in-vitro and Rivastigmin as standard. In-silico AChE inhibition studies were carried out on various active constituents like Piperine, Paniculatine, Malkanguinine and Donepezil as standard. Both the enhanced extracts and the standard marker have promising AChE inhibitory action, indicating that they could be used to treat memory problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To determine cues to identify intensive care unit patients with distorted memories and related practices. Design: Qualitative descriptive study. Methods: Twenty nurses were included in semi‐structured focus groups. Qualitative content analysis was conducted. Results: Cues and nursing practices related to distorted memories emerged under the following categories: "Get to know daily life before admission," "Facial expressions and behaviour are different from usual," "Pay close attention to the treatment outcome," "Notice it after the fact," "Sharing patients' intensive care unit experiences" and "Creates a new life." Nurses tried to detect distorted memories by observing the patients' facial expressions, medication effects and delirium presence during their normal lives and treatments, while trying to understand the patients' intensive care unit experiences and provide care that promotes autonomous living. This study emphasizes the importance of support for reconstructing ordinary life through communication and rehabilitation, in addition to support for medical care for distorted memories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Autobiographical memory (AM) is a personal form of memory that becomes impaired in the early, clinical stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the "preclinical" phase of AD, neuropathological hallmarks are present (especially in a brain network underpinning AM), but performance on standardized neuropsychological tests is normal. Even so, some patients have subjective cognitive decline (SCD).Objective: The aim was to 1) investigate AM performance on two tests with different approaches in SCD, and in prodromal and mild AD, and 2) examine the association between the AM tests.Methods: We included 17 SCD patients with heightened risk of AD, 17 amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients, 17 patients with mild dementia due to AD, and 30 healthy controls. Patients were diagnosed according to international criteria, and all participants had MMSE scores≥24. AM was assessed using the Columbia Autobiographical Memory Interview-Short Form (CAMI-SF) and the Three Events Test. These tests measure the production of contextual details.Results: Significant group effects were found for the Three Events Test and the CAMI-SF. All patient groups produced significantly fewer contextual details than the controls on the Three Events Test. On CAMI-SF, the aMCI and mild AD groups were able to answer fewer questions or gave significantly less detailed answers than the other groups. The SCD patients performed below the controls on CAMI-SF, but the difference was not significant.Conclusion: AM may be impaired in very early AD, even in the phases where standardized episodic memory tests show no decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: When chatting, people often forget what they want to say, that is, they suffer from subjective memory complaints (SMCs). This research examines the Association between sleep duration and self-reported SMC in a sample representing the entire United States., Methods: We examined data from 5567 individuals (aged 20-80) who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2015-2018) to evaluate the association between sleep duration and SMC. Odds ratios (ORs) and a restricted cubic spline (RCS) curve were calculated with multiple logistic regression, and subgroup analysis was performed., Results: Approximately 5.8 % (3 2 3) reported SMC, and most are older people (1 6 3). RCS analysis treating sleep duration as a continuous variable revealed a J-shaped curve association between sleep duration and SMC. Self-reported sleep duration was significantly linked to a 33 % elevated risk of SMC (OR, 1.33; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.23-1.43; P < 0.001). In the group analysis, individuals who slept more than 8 h per day had a greater association of experiencing SMC than those who slept for 6-8 h/day (OR, 1.75; 95 % CI, 1.36-2.23; P < 0.001). In the analysis of age groups, the stable association between sleep duration and SMC was observed only in the 60-80 age bracket (OR, 1.59; 95 % CI, 1.09-2.33; P < 0.001)., Conclusions: We found that people with self-report sleep duration exceeding 8 h are more likely to experience SMC, especially older adults. Improving sleep health may be an effective strategy for preventing SMC and cognitive impairment., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

Background: People with memory disorders often need care and help from family carers and health and social care providers. Due to the deterioration of cognitive capacity and language skills, they may be unable to convey their thoughts and care preferences to other people. As a result, their agency may become restricted. We investigated the descriptions provided by people with memory disorders and spousal carers of their influence on care in encounters with formal care providers. Methods: Qualitative thematic analysis was used to identify, analyze, and report themes that describe encounters with professionals in different social or healthcare environments. In-depth interview data were gathered from 19 spouse carers and 15 persons with memory disorders. Findings: Three themes out of four describe how people with memory disorders and their spouse carers influence formal care: Acquiescence, negotiating care decisions, and taking control. The fourth theme describes lack of influence. People with memory disorders and their spouse carers have ways to influence care, but spouse carers identified more ways of doing so. Both either accepted and followed the care guidelines by the formal carers or took control of the situation and made their own decisions. Spouse carers also sought to influence care decisions through negotiations with formal carers. When formal carers' decisions were experienced as inconsistent or the rationale of their actions difficult to follow, the possibilities to influence care were limited. Conclusions: People with memory disorders and their family carers are often in a disadvantaged position as they lack power over the health and social care decision-making during the illness, which is often guided by structural factors. To support the agency of people with memory disorders and to promote shared decision-making, clarification of the service structure and clearer communication between the different parties involved in care are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AimTo determine neuropsychological tests likely to predict cognitive decline.MethodsA sample of nonconverters (n = 106) was compared with those who declined in cognitive status (n = 24). Significant univariate logistic regression prediction models were used to create multivariate logistic regression models to predict decline based on initial neuropsychological testing.ResultsRey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (RCFT) Retention predicted conversion to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) while baseline Buschke Delay predicted conversion to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Due to group sample size differences, additional analyses were conducted using a subsample of demographically matched nonconverters. Analyses indicated RCFT Retention predicted conversion to MCI and AD, and Buschke Delay predicted conversion to AD.ConclusionResults suggest RCFT Retention and Buschke Delay may be useful in predicting cognitive decline.

• The alternation of AD-like pathology is similar in two STZ mouse models. • The deficits of insulin signaling occur in both of STZ mouse models. • Rapamycin reverses AD-like pathology in two STZ mouse models. • Rapamycin improves AKT/AMPK/p70s6/GSK-3β signal pathway. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) share some pathological features, including tau hyperphosphorylation and deficits in insulin signaling, but the underlying mechanism and effective drugs for treating AD are unknown. The AD-like brain impairments are almost same in both of mouse type 2 DM models induced by the multiple low-dose intraperitoneal (i.p.) streptozotocin (STZ) injection and twice intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) STZ injection. We found that memory disorders, impairment of insulin signaling, and AD-like tauopathies were exhibited in two different STZ-induced mouse models and that the level of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) was increased in two STZ mouse models. Inhibition of mTORC1 with rapamycin reversed the deficits of insulin signaling associated kinases activity, decreased levels of AGEs and AD-like tau phosphorylation, and also improved memory deficit in both STZ mice. Rapamycin attenuated HG-induced tau hyperphosphorylation via the AKT/AMPK/GSK-3β pathways and p70S6K in SH-SY5Y cells. Taken together, these data demonstrated that rapamycin improved STZ-induced AD-like tauopathies and memory deficit in mice via improving p70S6K and AKT/AMPK/GSK-3β signaling and decreasing AGEs. Therefore, regulating insulin signaling via mTORC1 is a new strategy for preventing T2DM-associated AD, and mTORC1 is a potential drug target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To synthesize what is known about elder abuse and relationship factors associated with abuse between caregivers and older people with memory disorders at home. Background: Concerns about abuse in the caring relationship between older people with memory disorders and family caregivers have increased. Abuse is associated with negative outcomes on older people's health, quality of life, and zest for life. Abuse in the caring relationship manifests in financial exploitation, neglect, mistreatment, and physical issues. Design: Systematic review. Data sources: Databases including Scopus, PubMed/Medline, SveMed+, Cinalh, SonINDEX, and ProQuest were searched using keywords about abuse in the caring relationship between older people with memory disorders and family caregivers at home. Articles published between 2005-2019 were retrieved and underwent data analysis and knowledge synthesis. Review methods: The review was presented under the categories of the dyadic approach of elder abuse in connection with the role of caregiver (risk) and care recipient (vulnerability) by Fulmer et al. (2005). Results: The search process led to 12 quantitative studies, including an intervention, a prospective, nine surveys, and a cross-sectional structural interview. Findings were synthesized and presented under 'personal', 'physical and psychological', and 'social' domains indicating the bilateral roles of caregiver and care recipient leading to abuse. Conclusion: This review depicted factors influencing abuse in the caring relationship between older people with memory disorders and their family caregivers at home. They included family caregivers' psychological issues, knowledge of memory disorders and modifications, previous caring relationship, social support, number of care recipients, and care recipients' functional level. Impact: • This review identifies what influences elder abuse by family caregivers using the dyadic approach and explains how abuse can be prevented through suggested strategies. • The review findings are relevant to multidisciplinary healthcare providers and can guide the provision of support, screening and assessment, educational programs, and legislative initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Games have been widely used in many domains including medical for therapy purposes. With the advancement of technology, mobile psychotherapy games have essential role in improving memory among elderly patients. There are numbers of psychotherapy games that have been developed for elderly with memory disorder. However, at one point most of the developed games are still questionable since there is lack of game development guides for this particular purpose. Designing the optimum design for the psychotherapy games, which emphasizes the users in it will be able to maximise the effectiveness of the games. Thus, this study aims to review the literatures systematically in identifying the criteria for mobile psychotherapy games specifically for memory disorder. To achieve this, three databases were used in searching literatures which are Scopus, Web of Science and ACM Digital Library. The search identified 992 articles altogether;69 papers remains for further selection process while 909 were excluded due to irrelevancy of the focus. The selection process later refrained to 16 articles being analysed and synthesised. The selection incorporated all articles which focused directly on the psychotherapy games for memory disorder elderly patients concentrated on mobile devices. As a result, a set of important criteria for different themes on designing mobile psychotherapy game has been identified. Significant features of psychotherapy games were found in majority of the reviewed articles. These criteria will be beneficial in forming a guideline for designing and developing mobile psychotherapy games for memory disorder patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to examine factors influencing subjective memory complaints (SMC) among elders living in local communities. Methods: From February to May, 2016, 126 elders from three cities completed a structured questionnaire composed of SMC, cognition, daily-living stress (DS), and health-promotion behavior (HB). Data were analyzed using the SPSS 25.0 program for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and multiple regression. Results: The average age of participants was 73.7±6.71 years, and SMC was 5.82±2.87. SMC was significantly different according to education (F=8.33, p<.001), presence of a spouse (t=4.99, p<.001); economic status (F=10.10, p<.001); type of living arrangements (F=7.88, p=.001); family relationships (F=9.43, p<.001); perceived health status (F=17.62, p<.001). There was a significant negative correlation between SMC and cognition (r=-.39, p<.001); DS and HB (r=-.52, p<.001). Cognition and DS were positively correlated (r=.47, p<.001). Presence of a spouse, economic status, cognition, and DS were significantly associated with and accounted for 30.8% of the variance in SMC. Conclusion: Cognition and stress are important factors related to SMC and should be considered along with the presence of a spouse and economic status. Efforts to improve cognitive, psychological and physical health will help prevent memory impairment and further improve the quality of life for elders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background This study aimed to synthesize the current literature examining the association between migration and cognitive function among middle-aged and older adults. Methods We used the PRISMA as a guideline for this systematic review and searched the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Global Health. Results Twenty-five published studies were included. Twenty-two studies were focused on international migrants, while only 3 studied internal migrants. Fourteen studies were conducted in the United States, followed by UK (n = 2), Israel (n = 2), India (n = 2) and other countries like Canada and Australia. Some studies showed that middle-aged and older migrants demonstrated poorer cognitive function comparing to non-migrants in hosting places; while other studies indicated no association between migration and cognitive function. A higher level of acculturation was associated with better performance on cognitive function tests among migrants. Conclusion It is unclear how or whether migration and cognitive function are related. The quality of current literature suffered from methodological deficiencies. Additional research is needed to examine the linkages using more comprehensive measures of migration and cognitive function.

Copyright of Studies in Law & Economics / Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this population-based cross-sectional study was to describe and compare the prevalence and features of perceived loneliness among home-dwelling older adults with (n = 129) and without (n = 244) memory disorder. The latter group was randomly resampled from 789 respondents stratified by age to obtain a standardized control group. Loneliness was assessed using the six-item De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, and perceived stress using Cohen, Kamarck and Mermelstein's 10-item Perceived Stress Scale. Results show that severe loneliness was common among the home-dwelling older adults, especially those with memory disorder, who also perceived stress more frequently than those without memory disorder. Both groups, but again more frequently those with memory disorder, were more likely to be emotionally than socially lonely. Thus, when planning social and healthcare services and interventions to mitigate loneliness among older adults living at home, memory problems and emotional loneliness require particular consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hoitotiede is the property of Hoitotieteiden Tutkimusseura HTTS r.y. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bacopa monniera Linn. (Brahmi) is an annual creeper belonging to familyScrophulariaceae and growing all over the Indian sub-continent in marshy areas. It is a major Medhya Rasayana used in Ayurveda for treatment of memory disorders. Large number of saponins and glycosides has been isolated from the plant. Most of the experimental and clinical studies have been done with crude extracts or standardized preparation of the two active saponins Bacosides A and B.Extracts or saponin mixture facilitate learning, improve consolidation of learned behavior and delay extinction in several models of learnt behavior in normal rats and mice as well as in chemically induced or transgenic models of Alzheimer's disease. They also prevent or reverse amnesia produced by drugs, stress or ischemic hypoxia. Other CNS effects include anti-anxiety, anti-convulsant and analgesic activity. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the mechanism of these CNS effects.Extracts as well as the bacoside preparation have been found safe and well tolerated in healthy volunteers in single dose or chronic administration for several weeks in a number of double blind placebo controlled studies in India and abroad. Chronic administration significantly improved information processing, learning and memory consolidation. It was found more effective than caffeine in a comparative study.Double blind placebo controlled studies with bacoside preparation have demonstrated beneficial effects and safety in elderly patients with Age Related Memory Impairment and in children with Attention Deficit Memory Disorder. It has also been found useful in anxiety neurosis, epilepsy and sleep disturbances in post menopausal women.The standardized preparation is marketed as a prescription drug after having obtained the necessary regulatory approval in India, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa and as an OTC product in several other south east Asian and African countries.Bacopa monniera Linn. (Brahmi) is an annual creeper belonging to familyScrophulariaceae and growing all over the Indian sub-continent in marshy areas. It is amajor Medhya Rasayana used in Ayurveda for treatment of memory disorders. Largenumber of saponins and glycosides has been isolated from the plant. Most of theexperimental and clinical studies have been done with crude extracts or standardizedpreparation of the two active saponins Bacosides A and B.Extracts or saponin mixture facilitate learning, improve consolidation of learnedbehavior and delay extinction in several models of learnt behavior in normal rats andmice as well as in chemically induced or transgenic models of Alzheimer's disease.They also prevent or reverse amnesia produced by drugs, stress or ischemic hypoxia.Other CNS effects include anti-anxiety, anti-convulsant and analgesic activity. Severalmechanisms have been proposed to explain the mechanism of these CNS effects.Extracts as well as the bacoside preparation have been found safe and well tolerated inhealthy volunteers in single dose or chronic administration for several weeks in anumber of double blind placebo controlled studies in India and abroad. Chronicadministration significantly improved information processing, learning and memoryconsolidation. It was found more effective than caffeine in a comparative study.Double blind placebo controlled studies with bacoside preparation have demonstratedbeneficial effects and safety in elderly patients with Age Related Memory Impairmentand in children with Attention Deficit Memory Disorder. It has also been found usefulin anxiety neurosis, epilepsy and sleep disturbances in post menopausal women.The standardized preparation is marketed as a prescription drug after having obtainedthe necessary regulatory approval in India, Australia, New Zealand and South Africaand as an OTC product in several other south east Asian and African countries.Bacopa monniera Linn. (Brahmi) is an annual creeper belonging to familyScrophulariaceae and growing all over the Indian sub-continent in marshy areas. It is a major Medhya Rasayana used in Ayurveda for treatment of memory disorders. Large number of saponins and glycosides has been isolated from the plant. Most of the experimental and clinical studies have been done with crude extracts or standardized preparation of the two active saponins Bacosides A and B.Extracts or saponin mixture facilitate learning, improve consolidation of learned behavior and delay extinction in several models of learnt behavior in normal rats and mice as well as in chemically induced or transgenic models of Alzheimer's disease. They also prevent or reverse amnesia produced by drugs, stress or ischemic hypoxia. Other CNS effects include anti-anxiety, anti-convulsant and analgesic activity. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the mechanism of these CNS effects.Extracts as well as the bacoside preparation have been found safe and well tolerated in healthy volunteers in single dose or chronic administration for several weeks in a number of double blind placebo controlled studies in India and abroad. Chronic administration significantly improved information processing, learning and memory consolidation. It was found more effective than caffeine in a comparative study.Double blind placebo controlled studies with bacoside preparation have demonstrated beneficial effects and safety in elderly patients with Age Related Memory Impairment and in children with Attention Deficit Memory Disorder. It has also been found useful in anxiety neurosis, epilepsy and sleep disturbances in post menopausal women.The standardized preparation is marketed as a prescription drug after having obtained the necessary regulatory approval in India, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa and as an OTC product in several other south east Asian and African countries.Bacopa monniera Linn. (Brahmi) is an annual creeper belonging to familyScrophulariaceae and growing all over the Indian sub-continent in marshy areas. It is amajor Medhya Rasayana used in Ayurveda for treatment of memory disorders. Largenumber of saponins and glycosides has been isolated from the plant. Most of theexperimental and clinical studies have been done with crude extracts or standardizedpreparation of the two active saponins Bacosides A and B.Extracts or saponin mixture facilitate learning, improve consolidation of learnedbehavior and delay extinction in several models of learnt behavior in normal rats andmice as well as in chemically induced or transgenic models of Alzheimer's disease.They also prevent or reverse amnesia produced by drugs, stress or ischemic hypoxia.Other CNS effects include anti-anxiety, anti-convulsant and analgesic activity. Severalmechanisms have been proposed to explain the mechanism of these CNS effects.Extracts as well as the bacoside preparation have been found safe and well tolerated inhealthy volunteers in single dose or chronic administration for several weeks in anumber of double blind placebo controlled studies in India and abroad. Chronicadministration significantly improved information processing, learning and memoryconsolidation. It was found more effective than caffeine in a comparative study.Double blind placebo controlled studies with bacoside preparation have demonstratedbeneficial effects and safety in elderly patients with Age Related Memory Impairmentand in children with Attention Deficit Memory Disorder. It has also been found usefulin anxiety neurosis, epilepsy and sleep disturbances in post menopausal women.The standardized preparation is marketed as a prescription drug after having obtainedthe necessary regulatory approval in India, Australia, New Zealand and South Africaand as an OTC product in several other south east Asian and African countries.

Asylum seekers and refugees are likely to be exposed to traumatic experience and they often suffer from posttraumatic symptoms. Patients with post-traumatic disorder have some cognitive impairment in several functions such as in memory. Memory impairment is often related to autobiographical memory. In this study we derived a new instrument to evaluate this kind of memory, i.e. the "Lifespan Memory Interview in the Asylum Seekers (LMI-AS)". This interview is composed of questions related to childhood, adult and recent life period. This is the first report on the adaptation process of this interview in a sample of 14 African asylum seekers. They were adult males with a minimum level of education of 3 years. In this study we also evaluated the level of stress and difficulty perceived by the patient in order to understand the questions. LMI-AS was well understood by participants and it represented a potentially useful instrument to assess autobiographic memory. Secondary results: traumatized asylum seekers may present problems in recalling personal memories but in our study this does not involve too much the consistency of memory capacities at retest, after one week. Finally, it shall be underlined that patients have perceived the interview as quite stressful, hence it should not be used as a general screening instrument but only in case of clinical needs and administered by clinicians expert in stress management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We previously demonstrated that dimethyl fumarate (DMF), an anti-oxidative and immunosuppresive compound, prevents intracerebroventricular (ICV) streptozotocin-induced disruption of spatial memory and neurodegeneration in 4-month-old rats. The present study evaluated the influence of age on DMF’s therapeutic effect. Aged rats (22-months-old, n = 40) were provided rodent chow containing DMF (0.4%) and given ICV injections of streptozotocin (STZ) or vehicle (Sham) on days 2 and 4. Spatial memory was evaluated using the Morris water maze (MWM) on days 14–21. Hippocampal samples from young (4-month-old, n = 36, collected previously) and aged rats were assessed for presence of activated (CD68-positive) microglia, IL-10 and oxidative/nitrative stress marker nitrotyrosine. Aged rat samples were also stained with Fluoro-Jade B marker for neurodegeneration. Previously obtained MWM and Fluoro-Jade B data from young rats served as a reference for assessing impact of age. Aged Sham DMF-fed rats exhibited better spatial memory and less neurodegeneration in the CA3 region of the hippocampus compared to corresponding young rats. Aged STZ rats displayed greater memory impairment and increased CA2 neurodegeneration, CA1 nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity, and microglial activation in the dentate gyrus (DG), compared to young STZ rats. Notably, within aged STZ-injected rats, DMF treatment was associated with improved performance in MWM, reduced neurodegeneration in all hippocampal areas, reduced DG microglia activation, and reduced CA1 nitrotyrosine labeling compared to age-matched rats without DMF treatment. This beneficial age-related effect of DMF treatment after STZ ICV injections may result from reduced microglial activation in the hippocampus that leads to an alleviation of oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, and memory impairments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]