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In many parts of the world, the rewards attached to a university degree vary significantly according to the name of the institution one attends, particularly in countries with highly stratified postsecondary systems. Because the Canadian higher education system is relatively homogenous and non-hierarchical, it has been generally accepted that Canadian graduates enter the labour market on equal footing regardless of where they matriculate. We test this assumption through an experimental audit study that compares employers' responses to fictitious matched job applications from equally qualified bachelor's degree recipients from three Ontario universities: Brock, Queen's, and Waterloo. Not all employers make a distinction between the paired applications; but when they do, Waterloo is favoured. In these cases, even though applicants had the same field of study, academic achievement and work experience, employers singled out Waterloo applicants for a response 84% more often than those from Brock. These findings indicate that institutional affiliation matters in Canada, and suggests that graduates from some institutions fare significantly better in the labour market than their equally accomplished peers from other institutions. We conclude that even in relatively non-hierarchical systems with comparatively minimal structural or resource variation, status hierarchies emerge that privilege some graduates over others. Dans de nombreuses regions du monde, les recompenses lides k un diplome universitaire varient considerablement selon le nom de l'etablissement frequente, en particulier dans les pays ou les systemes postsecondaires sont trfes stratifies. Le systeme d'enseignement superieur canadien etant relativement homogene et non hidrarchisd, il est generalement admis que les diplomes canadiens entrent sur le marche du travail sur un pied d'egalite, quel que soit leur etablissement d'enseignement. Nous testons cette hypothese par le biais d'une etude de verification experimental qui compare les reponses des employeurs a des demandes d'emploi fictives apparides provenant de titulaires de baccalaurdats dgalement qualifies de trois universites ontariennes : Brock, Queen's et Waterloo. Tous les employeurs ne font pas la distinction entre les candidatures jumeiees, mais lorsqu'ils le font, c'est Waterloo qui est favorisde. Dans ces cas, meme si les candidats avaient le meme domaine d'etudes, les memes resultats scolaires et la meme experience professionnelle, les employeurs ont repondu 84% plus souvent aux candidats de Waterloo qu'a ceux de Brock. Ces resultats indiquent que l'affiliation institutionnelle a de l'importance au Canada, et suggerent que les diplomes de certains etablissements rdussissent beaucoup mieux sur le marche du travail que leurs pairs tout aussi accomplis d'autres etablissements. Nous concluons que, meme dans des systemes relativement non hierarchiques presentant des variations structurelles ou de ressources relativement minimes, des hierarchies de statut emergent et privilegient certains diplomes par rapport a d'autres., INTRODUCTION Postsecondary educational attainment is the single most powerful predictor of labour market outcomes in modern societies. In Canada, those with bachelor's degrees are more likely to be employed, make [...]

Simon, F. C. Meta-Regulation in Practice: Beyond Normative Views of Morality and Rationality. New York: Routledge, 2017, pp. 240, hardcover, (9781138233720). Governments are experimenting with new approaches to liberalizing industry [...]

The first definitive examples of cyclodiphosphinophosphonium and cyclotriphosphinophosphonium cations that represent new prototypical frameworks in the rational and systematic development of catena-phosphorus chemistry are described. Addition of methyl triflate or triflic acid to cyclotetraphosphines predictably gives cyclotriphosphinophosphonium salts.

Al[X.sub.3] (X = Cl or Br) and P[Mes.sub.3] (Mes = 2,4,6-[C.sub.6][H.sub.2][Me.sub.3]) have reacted to form weak Lewis adducts and have also reacted with C[O.sub.2] to give [Mes.sub.3]P(C[O.sub.2])[(Al[X.sub.3]).sub.2] (X = Cl; Br). The species have reacted with excess ammonia borane at room temperature to produce C[H.sub.3]OH upon quenching with water.

The Ediacaran age (ca. 570 Ma) Shuram excursion, a ca. $12‰$ depletion in $\delta ^{13}\mathrm{C}_{\mathrm{carb}}$, may record a dramatic oxidation of marine sediments associated with a reorganization of Earth’s carbon cycle closely preceding the rise of large metazoans. However, several geochemical indicators suggest it may instead record secondary processes affecting the sediments such as post-depositional alteration. The stable isotopic composition of iron incorporated within carbonates $(\delta ^{56}\mathrm{Fe}_{\mathrm{carb}})$ reveals an anomalous $^{56}\mathrm{Fe}$-depletion (down to $-1.05‰$) in strata containing the Shuram excursion, while the underlying and overlying strata have crustal $\delta ^{56}\mathrm{Fe}_{\mathrm{carb}}$ values. These depleted $\delta ^{56}\mathrm{Fe}_{\mathrm{carb}}$ data during the Shuram excursion reflect incomplete reduction of iron oxides, limited by low ambient organic carbon contents. This elevated pulse of sedimentary iron oxides would consume the majority of the limited pool of organic carbon and therefore would give rise to very low net organic carbon burial during a time of enhanced detrital delivery of oxidized iron to the sediments. These results imply a syndepositional origin for the Shuram excursion, which represents a shift in the redox composition of Earth’s sedimentary shell toward more oxidizing conditions, perhaps removing a long-lived buffer on atmospheric oxygen.

Intellectual property (IP) rights policy has long been driven by rights-holder interests, leading to IP regimes focused on protecting private property at the expense of broadening public access to cultural works. The rise of instant, low-cost digital sharing practices, however, forces the sociolegal construction of IP as ‘property’ into crisis by contradicting the conception of creative works as commodities that can be exclusively ‘owned’ and exchanged. This cuts into a classic social science debate over how best to balance individual rights against collective interests, which has played out in liberal society through tensions between contradictory principles seeking to uphold the sanctity of private property (the principle of ‘Individual Freedom’) while also correcting social inequality (the ‘Equal Means’ principle). While IP policy has historically developed largely in accordance with Individual Freedom, digital sharing of creative works is premised instead on Equal Means. As these forces collide, the question at stake is whether crisis in the status quo conception of property rights disrupts existing power relations, with implications for the logic of policy development in the digital age. To address this question, I test for continuity of the predominant trend in IP policy-making using recent legislative changes to the Canadian copyright regime. I find that, contrary to expectations, policy changes do not manifestly favor rights-holders. Rather, legislative outcomes are split between modest protections for rights-holders and clear gains for rights of open access. I take this as evidence of the increasing complexification of IP policy in response to mass digitization. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We examine whether linked pluralism – association membership along cross-cutting lines – reduces the likelihood of voting for the far right. Data come from surveys of European ex-colonials (pieds noirs) conducted after the French national elections of 2002, 2007 and 2012. Results confirm that pied-noir support for far-right candidates in presidential and parliamentary elections greatly exceeded the average. This pattern was mediated by membership in voluntary associations: far-right voting was significantly higher among those whose association membership insulated them from countering influences. Our study demonstrates the importance for far-right studies of the distinction between bridging and bonding social capital. The effects on politics of France's colonial legacy depend on association membership, which can either uphold or cross social cleavages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a method for direct enantioselective alkylation of 3-alkynoic and 2,3-alkendioic acids that form quaternary stereogenic centers, and application of this method to the total enantioselective synthesis of a complex alkaloid (+)-goniomitine. The methods were effective in the alkylation of both 3-alkynoic acids, 2,3-alkendioic acids substrates with a broad range of heterocyclic and functionalized alkyl group substituents. Accompanying crystallographic studies provide mechanistic insight into the structure of well-defined chiral aggregates, highlighting cation-π interactions between lithium and alkyne groups., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)