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Los bosques húmedos premontanos (bh-pm) presentan alto grado de deterioro por efecto de la intervención antrópica, principalmente por actividades agrícolas y ganaderas. Dada la pérdida de conectividad en estos paisajes fragmentados, es prioritario estudiar la contribución de agroecosistemas cafeteros a la diversidad regional. Este estudio evaluó la diversidad florística de cafetales y estimó del índice de intensificación agrícola (IA) en dos estrategias agronómicas de café y en bosques en La Meseta de Popayán, Cauca, Colombia, en altitudes entre 1600 y 1750 m. Se midieron 13 variables de la vegetación tales como riqueza, densidad y estructura arbórea en 20 sitios de muestreo: ocho cafetales a plena exposición, ocho con sombrío y cuatro bosques de referencia. Se determinó que la diversidad florística disminuyó en función del IA, donde las variables relacionadas al componente arbóreo y epífito fueron las que más aportaron a la medición de la IA. La composición arbórea estuvo conformada principalmente por especies pioneras que son relevantes en la conservación y restauración regional. Se concluye que el IA aplicado a estos agroecosistemas ayuda a medir el grado de intervención antrópica; que los cafetales con sombra y parches de bosque son fuente de biodiversidad vegetal, de hábitat y de conectividad entre los paisajes Andinos fragmentados; y que la aplicación del IA en cafetales resulta en una herramienta útil para examinar hipótesis sobre sostenibilidad y conservación. Premontane humid forests (pm-hf) are severely degraded from anthropogenic disturbance derived from agricultural and livestock. Given the loss of connectivity among forest patches, it is necessary to study how agroecosystems, especially because an important part of biodiversity would be present in these agroecosystems. Because there is a loss of connectivity throughout these fragmented landscapes, it is necessary to develop studies on the contribution of coffee agroecosystems to biodiversity. This study evaluated plant diversity and estimated the agricultural intensification index (AI) in two coffee agronomic management strategies and forests at La Meseta at Popayán, Cauca, Colombia between 1600 and 1700 m. Thirteen local variables related to plants, such as richness, coffee density, arboreal structure, were evaluated in 20 sampling sites: eight sun coffee, eight shaded coffee plantations and four reference forests. The study found that floristic diversity decreased in function of AI, where the variables related to the arboreal component were the most sensitive to the IA measurement of intensification change. Arboreal composition consisted mainly of pioneer species, which are relevant for conservation and regional restoration purposes. It is concluded that the AI, applied to these agroecosystems helps to measure the degree of anthropogenic disturbance. Shaded coffee and forest patches are sources of plant diversity, of habitat and landscape connectivity in the highly fragmented Andean coffee landscapes; the application of the intensification index in coffee crops may constitute a useful tool to examine hypotheses related to sustainability and conservation.

Objective. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the digestibility of different nutritional and energy components of artificial diets containing flour fishsilage used in growing of arawana fingerlings (O. bicirrhossum). Materials and methods. 240 fingerlings distributed in 12 tanks with 20 fish per experimental unit were handled, in a completely randomized design made up of 4 treatments with three replicates, each with inclusions of 0 (0ESH), 10 (10ESH), 20(20ESH) and 30% flour fish silage (30ESH) of treatments T0, T1, T2 and T3 respectively; fromflour fish silagein order to formulate isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets in the different treatments to avoid sources of miscalculation of the experimental variables. Results. High digestibility coefficients were observed in treatments T1 (10ESH) and T3 (30ESH). The protein, lipid and energy utilization ratios were greater than 60%, which shows the importance of including flour fish silage as a source of protein to improve the various growth parameters. Significant differences between treatments were found in the increase of length (p≤0.05), showing that the T1 was the best treatment with an average of 1.21±0.29 cm. Conclusions. According to the coefficients of digestibility, length increase and benefit – cost ratio, the best treatment was T1 (10ESH) used to feed arawana (O. bicirrhossum), during the growing period, demonstrating the economic and ecological advantages for utilization of this source of protein in aquaculture. RESUMEN Objetivo. Analizar la digestibilidad de los diferentes componentes nutricionales y energéticos en dietas balanceadas con niveles de harina de hidrolizado de vísceras de cachama en el alevinaje de arawana (O. bicirrhossum). Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron 240 alevinos, distribuidos en 12 acuarios a razón de 1 animal/5 L. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, conformado por cuatro tratamientos con tres réplicas cada uno, con inclusiones de 0 (0ESH), 10 (10ESH), 20 (20ESH) y 30% de extracto seco de hidrolizado de vísceras de cachama (30ESH) para los tratamientos T0, T1, T2 y T3 respectivamente; para evitar fuentes de error en el cálculo de las variables experimentales, se formularon dietas isoenergéticas e isonitrogenadas. Resultados. Se detectaron diferencias estadísticas significativas en el incremento de longitud (p≤0.05), indicando que el T1 (10ESH) es el mejor tratamiento con un promedio de talla de 1.21 ±0.29 cm, además, se obtuvieron coeficientes de digestibilidad superiores al 60% en los tratamientos T1 (10ESH) y T3 (30ESH) en lo referente a proteína, lípidos y Coeficientes de Utilización Energética (CUE); demostrando la importancia de incluir el extracto seco de hidrolizado de vísceras de cachama, en las dietas de los peces para mejorar las distintas variables zootécnicas, teniendo en cuenta la importancia acuariofílica de la especie. Conclusiones. De acuerdo con los coeficientes de digestibilidad, incrementos de longitud y la relación beneficio – costo el mejor tratamiento fue el T1 (10 ESH) en dietas de levante para O. bicirrhossum; demostrando las ventajas económicas y ecológicas de la incorporación de esta materia prima en la alimentación acuícola.

Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L. Wendl. forage is an alternative feed supply for goats during dry periods It was used as feed during pregnancy and lactation to evaluate production response and some blood parameters. Six animals in each group were fed with 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of acacia as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay replacement in a completely randomized design. Forage chemical analysis was done to calculate nutrient intake. Blood samples were analyzed for albumin, urea N, globulin, total protein, Ca, and P. Productive parameters were analyzed by ANOVA, Duncan, and regression analyses between acacia and dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), metabolizable energy (ME), and milk production. Acacia consumption during pregnancy was 65.5% of control, affected by the consumption of CP, ME intake and body condition (P < 0.01). Body weight showed no change and 25.9% was the inflection point of the response curve. Birth weight was different for 100% acacia in the diet (P < 0.05). In lactation DM, CP, and ME intake increased (P < 0.01). Body weight and body conditions decreased for groups with 50% and 25% acacia. Only urea N and albumin were affected by inclusion of acacia. Milk production decreased (P < 0.01) with over 50% acacia. Milk production was 160.2, 163.4, 128.2, 125.9, and 66.5 L for 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of acacia, respectively. Goat diets should not include more than 25% acacia forage during pregnancy and lactation. Keys word: Acacia saligna, pregnancy, lactation, milk production, goats, albumins.

Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L. Wendl. forage is an alternative feed supply for goats during dry periods It was used as feed during pregnancy and lactation to evaluate production response and some blood parameters. Six animals in each group were fed with 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of acacia as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay replacement in a completely randomized design. Forage chemical analysis was done to calculate nutrient intake. Blood samples were analyzed for albumin, urea N, globulin, total protein, Ca, and P. Productive parameters were analyzed by ANOVA, Duncan, and regression analyses between acacia and dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), metabolizable energy (ME), and milk production. Acacia consumption during pregnancy was 65.5% of control, affected by the consumption of CP, ME intake and body condition (P < 0.01). Body weight showed no change and 25.9% was the inflection point of the response curve. Birth weight was different for 100% acacia in the diet (P < 0.05). In lactation DM, CP, and ME intake increased (P < 0.01). Body weight and body conditions decreased for groups with 50% and 25% acacia. Only urea N and albumin were affected by inclusion of acacia. Milk production decreased (P < 0.01) with over 50% acacia. Milk production was 160.2, 163.4, 128.2, 125.9, and 66.5 L for 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of acacia, respectively. Goat diets should not include more than 25% acacia forage during pregnancy and lactation.La Acacia saligna es una alternativa de alimentación para caprinos, por lo que se ofreció a hembras en prenez y lactancia para evaluar su respuesta y algunos parámetros sanguíneos. Los animales fueron asignados a grupos que recibieron 0, 25, 50, 75 y 100% de acacia en reemplazo de heno de alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), en un diseno completamente al azar. Análisis químico de forraje fue realizado para calcular consumo de nutrientes. Albumina, N úrico, globulinas, proteína total, Ca, y P fueron analizados en sangre. Se controló peso, condición corporal, y peso de nacimiento. Se realizó ANDEVA, Duncan, y regresión para acacia y las variables evaluadas. El consumo de acacia en la prenez fue 65,5% del control, afectó el consumo de proteína cruda (PC), energía metabolizable (EM) y condición corporal (P < 0,01). El peso corporal no fue afectado (P < 0,01), siendo 25,9% el nivel límite de inclusión de acacia. El peso de nacimiento fue diferente con 100% de acacia (P < 0,05). En lactancia, el consumo de MS, PC, y EM aumentó (P < 0,01). Niveles de 50 y 25% acacia disminuyeron el peso y la condición corporal. El N úrico y albumina fueron afectados por la acacia. La producción de leche disminuyó (P < 0,01) con niveles superiores a 50%, obteniéndose 160,2; 163,4; 128,2; 125,9; y 66,5 L con 0, 25, 50, 75 y 100% de acacia, respectivamente. La acacia no debe incorporarse en niveles mayores a 25% en dietas de caprinos en prenez y lactancia.

Objective. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the digestibility of different nutritional and energy components of artificial diets containing flour fishsilage used in growing of arawana fingerlings (O. bicirrhossum). Materials and methods. 240 fingerlings distributed in 12 tanks with 20 fish per experimental unit were handled, in a completely randomized design made up of 4 treatments with three replicates, each with inclusions of 0 (0ESH), 10 (10ESH), 20(20ESH) and 30% flour fish silage (30ESH) of treatments T0, T1, T2 and T3 respectively; fromflour fish silagein order to formulate isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets in the different treatments to avoid sources of miscalculation of the experimental variables. Results. High digestibility coefficients were observed in treatments T1 (10ESH) and T3 (30ESH). The protein, lipid and energy utilization ratios were greater than 60%, which shows the importance of including flour fish silage as a source of protein to improve the various growth parameters. Significant differences between treatments were found in the increase of length (p≤0.05), showing that the T1 was the best treatment with an average of 1.21±0.29 cm. Conclusions. According to the coefficients of digestibility, length increase and benefit - cost ratio, the best treatment was T1 (10ESH) used to feed arawana (O. bicirrhossum), during the growing period, demonstrating the economic and ecological advantages for utilization of this source of protein in aquaculture. Objetivo. Analizar la digestibilidad de los diferentes componentes nutricionales y energéticos en dietas balanceadas con niveles de harina de hidrolizado de vísceras de cachama en el alevinaje de arawana (O. bicirrhossum). Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron 240 alevinos, distribuidos en 12 acuarios a razón de 1 animal/5 L. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, conformado por cuatro tratamientos con tres réplicas cada uno, con inclusiones de 0 (0ESH), 10 (10ESH), 20 (20ESH) y 30% de extracto seco de hidrolizado de vísceras de cachama (30ESH) para los tratamientos T0, T1, T2 y T3 respectivamente; para evitar fuentes de error en el cálculo de las variables experimentales, se formularon dietas isoenergéticas e isonitrogenadas. Resultados. Se detectaron diferencias estadísticas significativas en el incremento de longitud (p≤0.05), indicando que el T1 (10ESH) es el mejor tratamiento con un promedio de talla de 1.21 ±0.29 cm, además, se obtuvieron coeficientes de digestibilidad superiores al 60% en los tratamientos T1 (10ESH) y T3 (30ESH) en lo referente a proteína, lípidos y Coeficientes de Utilización Energética (CUE); demostrando la importancia de incluir el extracto seco de hidrolizado de vísceras de cachama, en las dietas de los peces para mejorar las distintas variables zootécnicas, teniendo en cuenta la importancia acuariofílica de la especie. Conclusiones. De acuerdo con los coeficientes de digestibilidad, incrementos de longitud y la relación beneficio - costo el mejor tratamiento fue el T1 (10 ESH) en dietas de levante para O. bicirrhossum; demostrando las ventajas económicas y ecológicas de la incorporación de esta materia prima en la alimentación acuícola.

Chromosome aberrations are considered changes in the chromosome number or structure. The etiology factor is due to gametogenesis inborn error (meiosis) or during the zygote first cellular divisions. It might occurs during metaphase from the cellular cycle, where DNA loses are seen (clastogenic processes) due to DNA repair processes deficiency o total absence, among others. Six genetic patients associated to chromosome 4 aberration were analyzed; three Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome patients, a deletion of long arm 4 chromosome and two 1;4 and 3;4 chromosome translocations among 4617 Karyotype studies performed during 19 years period of time (from 1992 to 2011) at a Pediatric Hospital in Mexico. These chromosome changes are classified as structural alterations where these six patients from different families were chosen to evaluate their clinical characteristics, medical or surgical treatments according to their different genetic aberration.