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Hydraulic fracturing technology has become a key technical means to improve coalbed methane (CBM) yield. The evolution of CBM reservoir permeability before and after hydraulic fracturing reflects the induced fracturing level. By means of fracturing and stress-permeability experiments on four high rank coal samples of No.3 coal seam of the Permian Shanxi Formation in Sihe Coal Mine, Jincheng Mining Area, Shanxi Province, the permeability changes before and after fracturing are tested, and the evolution of pillar coal sample permeability with stress before and after fracturing is revealed. The results show that under the condition of constant confining pressure and axial pressure, the pore pressure of coal samples increases gradually with the increase of injection pressure. When the injection pressure is greater than the fracture pressure, the coal sample breaks, and the fracture pressure of the coal sample increases linearly with the increase of the confining pressure. Under the same injection pressure, the effective stress increases with the increase of confining pressure and axial pressure. The permeability of coal samples before and after hydraulic fracturing decreases exponentially with the increase of effective stress, and the permeability after fracturing is significantly greater than that before fracturing. The permeability improvement coefficient (PIC) of CBM reservoir is used to evaluate the permeability improvement effect of coal samples. The PIC of four test coal samples increase exponentially with the increase of effective stress, but decrease with the increase of confining pressure. The permeability of CBM reservoir mainly depends on the degree of fracture development and the size of fracture width in coal. The permeability of fractured reservoir is in direct proportion to the 3rd power of fracture width. After hydraulic fracturing, the average fracture length, fracture porosity and fracture width increase by 70.81%−253.25%, 171.88%−383.02% and 20.31%−32.43%, respectively. The fracture width decreases with the increase of effective stress in a negative exponential function. The test results are compared with the measured coal reservoir permeability before and after hydraulic fracturing. The two have good consistency, which explores an effective way for the evaluation of the effect of hydraulic fracturing of coal reservoirs.

Coalbed methane (CBM) reservoir mass transfer performances, including adsorption/desorption, diffusion and seepage, are related to the types of intact and cataclastic coal structures. By "cataclastic coal," we mean that coal produces fractures in different directions caused by tectonic stress and is divided into fragments along the fractures surface, but there is no significant displacement between fragments. This paper sampled coal specimens from a coal mine to investigate the dynamic behaviors of reservoir by using experiments and Lattice Boltzmann Simulation Method (LBM). The results show that Langmuir VL, specific surface areas, and pore volumes occurring at cataclastic coal seam (570–572 m) are higher than in intact coals. The dominant pore size in samples 1, 2, 3, and 4 is distributed between 2 and 10 nm, leading to increased adsorption capacity in cataclastic coal. Cataclastic coals' fractal dimension D1 is higher than in intact coal, but D2 is lower than in intact coal, which means tectonic damage causes the pore surface to become coarser and the pore structures to become homogenous. Because of increased pore volume in cataclastic coal, its dynamic diffusion coefficient is better than in intact coal, meaning the upper coal seam has beneficial gas releasing efficiency. Based on LBM simulation and tri-axial permeability experiments, it is found that cataclastic coal with developed natural fractures is characterized by high velocity of fluids, but its damage ratio of permeability is stronger than in intact coal. Finally, it summarizes the reservoir characters of Gaohe coal field and proposes that it should pay attention on the lower intact coal seam for the stimulation of CBM reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginseng rusty root symptoms (GRS) is a primary disease of ginseng, which seriously decreases the yield and quality of ginseng and causes enormous losses to ginseng production. GRS prevention and control is still challenging due to its unclear etiology. In this study, the phloem tissue of healthy Panax ginseng (AG), the nonred tissue of the phloem epidermis around the lesion (BG), and the red lesion site tissue of GRS (CG) were extracted for mRNA transcriptomic analysis; 35,958 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and were associated with multiple stress resistance pathways, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and iron ion binding. Further study showed that the contents of O2•‐, H2O2, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly increased in BG and CG tissues. Under anaerobic conditions caused by excessive soil moisture, the overproduction of ROS destroys cell membranes, simultaneously converting Fe2+ to Fe3+ and depositing it in the cell wall, which results in GRS, as evidenced by the success of the GRS induction test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coalbed methane (CBM) can be recovered more effectively through heat injection mining. The slippage effect in coal becomes more significant as CBM is exploited, essential for maintaining consistent production of CBM wells. By "slippage effect," we mean that gas molecules exhibiting non–zero velocity near the wall surface of coal pores, leading to higher gas permeability than liquid permeability. To explore the slippage effect and its control mechanism during heat injection mining, methane seepage experiments with constant effective stress were conducted under five different temperatures and seven pore pressures. An analysis was conducted on the mechanisms by which pore pressure and temperature affect gas slippage effect. Furthermore, the correlation between coal pore structure and the gas slippage effect was revealed using the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique. The results appear that, first, as pore pressure increases, the slippage effect is suppressed due to the influence of the average molecular free path, despite the positive impact of adsorption–induced matrix expansion. Second, as temperature rises, the average molecular free path and thermal expansion have a positive impact on gas slippage, while matrix shrinkage caused by desorption has a negative impact. The positive impact is stronger, resulting in a continuous enhancement of the slippage effect. Finally, a new slippage factor calculation based on NMR T2 distribution of micropores and transitional pores (<100 nm, T2 < 8.33 ms) was provided, and the method was verified by slippage factor fitted by permeability experimental data. The heat injection mining of CBM can be theoretically guided by the research results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]