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Personality coherence is an individual difference capturing the extent to which a person’s psychological characteristics are coordinated, unified, and integrated. The present research addressed the extent to which coherence indicators inter-correlate and predict relevant outcomes over and above the effects of the Big Five among midlife adults ( N = 446). Coherence indicators loaded onto four components: actor coherence, which captured the extent to which people were consistent in their interpersonal values, traits, and behavior; agent coherence, which captured the extent to which people’s goals were coordinated and need-congruent; author coherence, which captured the extent to which people’s self-defining stories were well composed and theme laden; and controlled coherence, which captured the extent to which people experienced their goals as pressured or compelled and as leading them to need-detracting futures. Although actor coherence correlated with both agent and author coherence, agent and author coherence were not correlated. Nevertheless, the actor-, agent-, and author-coherence composites each predicted at least one of the outcome variables (i.e., well-being, autonomy, and ego development) over and above the Big Five. The present findings suggest that the coherence of personality constitutes an individual difference domain of consequence beyond the established content dimensions of personality.

Despite being measures of the same overarching construct, self-report and behavioral measures of impulsivity show low correlations. This could be due to several reasons. In this study, we propose to examine one of the potential reasons for this discrepancy. Specifically, we propose to examine whether the discrepancy is partly due to self-report being a global measure of impulsivity and behavioral measures being state-level measures. If behavioral measures are aggregated across administrations, making them more akin to measures of global impulsivity, then does the discrepancy between self-report and behavioral measures decrease? Despite the discrepancy between self-report and behavioral impulsivity measures, however, both approaches to assess impulsivity should be predictive of real-world outcomes. We thus propose to examine whether self-report and behavioral impulsivity are both predictive of informant-reported interpersonal problems. [Authors] Mengxi Dong (MD): https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0354-1681 Suzanne Erb (SE): https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7552-0962 Marc A. Fournier (MAF): https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-346X Author involved with the project but not this pre-registration: Ivana Dewi (ID)

The concept of personality coherence refers to the extent of psychological unity and wholeness embodied within each individual. In the present research, we examined the extent to which the narrative, functional, and organismic conceptualizations of personality coherence interrelate, as well as their associations with psychological abilities and personal adjustment. College students ( N = 391) narrated accounts of three personal memories; listed five personal strivings that they subsequently compared and evaluated; completed performance measures of their intelligence, wisdom, and creativity; and rated their hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Individuals who coherently organized their autobiographical memories were protected against feeling pressured or compelled in their personal strivings and against being steered toward need-detracting futures. Narrative indicators of coherence were otherwise independent of the functional and organismic indicators, although all indicators of personality coherence correlated with personal adjustment. Wisdom and creativity predicted narrative coherence, which partially mediated the associations they demonstrated with eudaimonic well-being.

Psychologists have studied the ancient concept of wisdom for 3 decades. Nevertheless, apparent discrepancies in theories and empirical findings have left the nomological network of the construct unclear. Using multilevel meta-analyses, we summarized wisdom’s correlations with age, intelligence, the Big Five personality traits, narcissism, self-esteem, social desirability, and well-being. We furthermore examined whether these correlations were moderated by the general approach to conceptualizing and measuring wisdom (i.e., phenomenological wisdom as indexed by self-report vs. performative wisdom as indexed by performance ratings), by specific wisdom measures, and by variable-specific factors (e.g., age range, type of intelligence measures, and well-being type). Although phenomenological and performative approaches to conceptualizing and measuring wisdom had some unique correlates, both were correlated with openness, hedonic well-being, and eudaimonic well-being, especially the growth aspect of eudaimonic well-being. Differences between phenomenological and performative wisdom are discussed in terms of the differences between typical and maximal performance, self-ratings and observer ratings, and global and state wisdom. This article will help move the scientific study of wisdom forward by elucidating reliable wisdom correlates and by offering concrete suggestions for future empirical research based on the meta-analytic findings.

The medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) plays an important role in representing semantic self-knowledge. Studies comparing semantic self-judgments with judgments of close others suggest that interpersonal closeness may influence the degree to which the MPFC differentiates self and other. We used optical neuroimaging to examine if support for competence, relatedness, and autonomy from relationship partners moderates MPFC activity during a personality judgment task. Participants (

Interest in wisdom in the cognitive sciences, psychology, and education has been paralleled by conceptual confusions about its nature and assessment. To clarify these issues and promote consensus in the field, wisdom researchers met in Toronto in July of 2019, resolving disputes through discussion. Guided by a survey of scientists who study wisdom-related constructs, we established a common wisdom model, observing that empirical approaches to wisdom converge on the morally-grounded application of metacognition to reasoning and problem-solving. After outlining the function of relevant metacognitive and moral processes, we critically evaluate existing empirical approaches to measurement and offer recommendations for best practices. In the subsequent sections, we use the common wisdom model to selectively review evidence about the role of individual differences for development and manifestation of wisdom, approaches to wisdom development and training, as well as cultural, subcultural, and social-contextual differences. We conclude by discussing wisdom’s conceptual overlap with a host of other constructs and outline unresolved conceptual and methodological challenges.

We investigated whether intelligence, creativity, meaning-making, and the Big-Five traits are necessary conditions for wisdom. We used Amazon’s TurkPrime to recruit 298 participants who ranged from 20 to 73 years of age. Participants completed measures of intelligence, creativity, meaning-making, and the Big-Five traits, along with a battery of self-report and performance wisdom measures. We used principal component analyses to reduce the wisdom battery into self-report and performance wisdom components, followed by necessary condition analysis and segmented regressions to examine whether the cognitive and personality variables under consideration here were necessary conditions for each wisdom component. We found that intelligence was necessary for the performance wisdom component whereas the Big-Five traits were necessary for the self-report wisdom component. This study is the first to demonstrate that high levels of wisdom are unlikely without some level of intelligence and adaptive personality traits.

People’s abilities to integrate temporally distant identities are known to be facilitated by the fulfillment of basic psychological needs. However, the neural systems that support the integrative functions of need fulfillment are not well understood. Neuroimaging studies indicate that the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) differentiates remembered past, perceived present, and imagined future identities, possibly on the basis of the self-relevance attributed to specific identity representations. Using optical neuroimaging, we examined the relationship between need fulfillment and activity within the MPFC when young adults (N = 110) made trait judgments about their past, present, and future identities. Participants reporting higher need fulfillment evidenced similarly high levels of activity in the right-MPFC across the conditions; in contrast, those reporting lower need fulfillment evidenced markedly reduced activity when judging past and future identities. Results thus suggest that, among people who experience higher need fulfillment, the MPFC processes temporally distant identities in a similarly self-relevant manner. These findings provide a new type of evidence of the relationship between need fulfillment and identity integration and provide future studies with a point of entry for further examining the neural basis of identity integration.

Social neuroscience involves the use of neuroscience methods to study how the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. Progress in social neuroscience depends upon the advancement of methods that enable researchers to examine the neural and broader biological bases of social psychological phenomena. This chapter introduces continuous-wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) as an emerging neuroimaging technique in social neuroscience. After a brief review of fNIRS principles, it demonstrates the utility of fNIRS for social neuroscience by identifying well-established patterns of neural activity when people make self- and other-referential judgments. Consistent with previous work using other neuroimaging methods, participants exhibited greater medial prefrontal activity when rating trait adjectives with respect to themselves relative to adjectives with respect to their friends. The chapter closes by reflecting upon the ways in which fNIRS may be best used to advance social neuroscience.

Supplemental material, fournier_online_appendix for The Signs and Significance of Personality Coherence in Personal Stories and Strivings by Marc A. Fournier, Mengxi Dong, Matthew N. Quitasol, Nic M. Weststrate, and Stefano I. Di Domenico in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

The development of Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to be more rapid after the introduction of IEEE 802.11ah wireless local area network (WLAN) standard. IEEE 802.11ah standard is applicable to high-density WLAN system operating at sub 1 GHz band. In order to deal with the serious channel contention, collisions and hidden-node problems in the legacy distributed coordination function (DCF) protocol with large size networks, 802.11ah adopts the restricted access window (RAW) mechanism. RAW is defined as an access interval which contains several time slots, and a station is expected to contend for medium access during a time slot. However, since the hidden-node problem is not in the range of consideration when the time slots of a RAW are allocated, stations belonging to the same time slot may not detect each other, and thus a large number of stations may collide seriously with each other. In this paper, an efficient spatial group RAW media access control (MAC) scheme based on the location of STAs is proposed. It provides an effective way to reduce the influence of hidden nodes and collision problems by optimizing the strategy of STAs allocation. The joint performance evaluation of 802.11ah on the MAC layer and physical layer (PHY) with the proposed scheme is implemented by MATLAB simulator. It is shown in the simulation results that the throughput performance of the proposed scheme improves substantially compared with legacy DCF and conventional RAW.

Gordon W. Allport (1937) considered the coherence of personality to be a matter of degree and, as such, an individual difference. Although considered by some to be the "central, unique charge" of personality psychology (Cervone & Shoda, 1999, p. 3), the study of personality coherence has been dispersed across different theoretical communities. We review how personality coherence has been defined and measured within the following five contemporary theoretical communities: the multivariate community (who focus upon the individual's profile of global trait dispositions), the social-cognitive community (who focus upon the individual's contextualized self-structures), the personological community (who focus upon the individual's unique and ongoing life story), the cybernetic community (who focus upon the individual's goal hierarchy), and the organismic community (who focus upon the individual's sense of self). We conclude by reflecting upon the extent to which the five perspectives converge upon an underlying self-epistemic function.Keywords: personality coherence, personality theories, self-insight, self-knowledgeResumeGordon W. Allport (1937) croyait que la coherence de la personnalite se mesurait en degres et, ainsi, qu'elle constituait une caracteristique individuelle. Bien qu'elle soit consideree par certains comme etant la « charge centrale, unique » de la psychologie de la personnalite (Cervone & Shoda, 1999, p. 3), plusieurs communautes theoriques se sont consacrees a l'etude de la coherence de la personnalite. Dans cet article, nous passons en revue de quelles facons cinq grands courants de pensee definissent et evaluent la coherence de la personnalite : la communaute de l'analyse multivariee (axee sur le profil individuel de l'ensemble des dispositions caracterielles), la communaute sociocognitive (axee sur les structures individuelles contextualisees); la communaute de la personnologie (axee sur le recit de vie unique de l'individu), la communaute de la cybernetique (axee sur la hierarchie des buts de l'individu), et la communaute organismique ( axee sur le sens de soi de l'individu). L'article se termine par une reflexion pour determiner dans quelle mesure les cinq perspectives convergent vers une fonction autoepistemique sous-jacente.Mots-cles : coherence de la personnalite, theories de la personnalite, analyse de soi, connaissance de soi.The only approach that may safely be excluded is the rhapsodic. Here we find theories that do little more than assert personality to be an "Indivisible Whole," "a total integrated pattern of behavior," an Unteilbarkeit,anin sich geschlossene Ganzheit. This rapturous literature of wholeness does not explore the unity that it apotheosizes; it merely contemplates and admires. Personality, it says, is like a symphony. Granted; but does not the comprehension of symphonic unity come only through an understanding of the articulate weaving of motifs, movements, bridge-passages, modulations, contrasts, and codas? Nothing but empty and vague adjectives can be used to characterize the work as a whole. If a totality is not articulated, it is likely to be an incomprehensible blur; it can be extolled, but not understood. What is more fatal, the rhapsodic approach seriously oversimplifies the whole problem, underestimating the conflicts and discords in every life. Unity, at best, is a matter of degree.(Allport, 1937, pp. 343-344)A central quality to personhood is the unity and wholeness that individuals both experience and demonstrate (albeit, perhaps, to varying degrees) in spite of the varieties and inconsistencies that regularly manifest in the cognition, emotion, and action of each individual. The capacity of each individual to some extent embody a range of contradictory qualities reflects the phenomenon known to personality researchers today as personality coherence, defined as the lawful organisation of psychological attributes within the individual (Allport, 1937, 1955, 1961). …