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Management of deep-sea fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction by Regional Fisheries Management Organizations/Arrangements (RFMO/As) requires identification of areas with Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs). Currently, fisheries data, including trawl and longline bycatch data, are used by many RFMO/As to inform the identification of VMEs. However, the collection of such data creates impacts and there is a need to collect non-invasive data for VME identification and monitoring purposes. Imagery data from scientific surveys satisfies this requirement, but there currently is no established framework for identifying VMEs from images. Thus, the goal of this study was to bring together a large international team to determine current VME assessment protocols and establish preliminary global consensus guidelines for identifying VMEs from images. An initial assessment showed a lack of consistency among RFMO/A regions regarding what is considered a VME indicator taxon, and hence variability in how VMEs might be defined. In certain cases, experts agreed that a VME could be identified from a single image, most often in areas of scleractinian reefs, dense octocoral gardens, multiple VME species' co-occurrence, and chemosynthetic ecosystems. A decision flow chart is presented that gives practical interpretation of the FAO criteria for single images. To further evaluate steps of the flow chart related to density, data were compiled to assess whether scientists perceived similar density thresholds across regions. The range of observed densities and the density values considered to be VMEs varied considerably by taxon, but in many cases, there was a statistical difference in what experts considered to be a VME compared to images not considered a VME. Further work is required to develop an areal extent index, to include a measure of confidence, and to increase our understanding of what levels of density and diversity correspond to key ecosystem functions for VME indicator taxa. Based on our results, the following recommendations are made: 1. There is a need to establish a global consensus on which taxa are VME indicators. 2. RFMO/As should consider adopting guidelines that use imagery surveys as an alternative (or complement) to using bycatch and trawl surveys for designating VMEs. 3. Imagery surveys should also be included in Impact Assessments. And 4. All industries that impact the seafloor, not just fisheries, should use imagery surveys to detect and identify VMEs.

Background: Some marine invertebrate organisms are considered not to develop tumors due to unknown mechanisms. To gain an initial insight into how tumor‐related genes may be expressed and function during marine invertebrate development, we here leverage sea urchin embryos as a model system and characterize the expressions of Myc and p53/p63/p73 which are reported to function synergistically in mammalian models as an oncogene and tumor suppressor, respectively. Results: During sea urchin embryogenesis, a combo gene of p53/p63/p73 is found to be maternally loaded and decrease after fertilization both in transcript and protein, while Myc transcript and protein are zygotically expressed. p53/p63/p73 and Myc proteins are observed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of every blastomere, respectively, throughout embryogenesis. Both p53/p63/p73 and Myc overexpression results in compromised development with increased DNA damage after the blastula stage. p53/p63/p73 increases the expression of parp1, a DNA repair/cell death marker gene, and suppresses endomesoderm gene expressions. In contrast, Myc does not alter the expression of specification genes or oncogenes yet induces disorganized morphology. Conclusions: p53/p63/p73 appears to be important for controlling cell differentiation, while Myc induces disorganized morphology yet not through conventional oncogene regulations or apoptotic pathways during embryogenesis of the sea urchin. Key Findings: p53/p63/p73 protein is maternally loaded, while Myc protein expression starts zygotically.p53/p63/p73 and Myc proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of all blastomeres, respectively, during early embryogenesis.Overexpression of p53/p63/p73 and Myc increases their nuclear localization and DNA damage in the resultant embryos.p53/p63/p73 appears to suppress gene expressions for cell specification differentiation, while Myc has no impact on specification genes yet causes disorganized morphology and embryonic death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the psychology behind the success and failure of applicants in the university admissions. Challenges involved in getting admission in a university of choice are discussed. A programme of research-action implemented by the University of El-Salvador, directed towards the detection and orientation of those applicants who could be at risk during the initial state of their careers is referred.

Background: In 2013 the Chilean regulatory sanitary agency issued a warning concerning dose adjustment and use restriction to avoid severe adverse effects of metoclopramide such tardive dyskinesia., Aim: To study dyskinesia type adverse effects in a population using metoclopramide., Material and Methods: A cross sectional observational study was conducted among patients pertaining to palliative care and diabetes mellitus programs and consuming 10 mg/day or more of metoclopramide. Patients were interrogated looking for extrapiramidal signs and symptoms using a questionnaire validated by two neurologists., Results: In 40% of diabetic patients with gastroparesia and 35% of palliative care patients, extrapyramidal adverse reactions to metoclopramide were suspected. Palliative Care patients suffered the largest number of adverse events. The period of use and individual doses of the drug were largely above Chilean regulatory agency recommendations in all cases., Conclusions: A significant number of patients using metoclopramide could experience extrapyramidal adverse reactions.