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Pachysquamus, new genus Diagnosis. Diagnosed by the typical characters of the Hylastini (Wood 1982) and the following: Size. Length 3.1��� 4.7 (avg. 4.0 �� 0.4) mm long, 2.7 �� longer than wide. Color. Reddish-brown to medium dark-brown. Frons. Transverse impression between compound eyes down arching, carina extending from epistoma to frontal impression. Eyes. Elongate-oval, 2.6���2.8 �� longer than wide. Pronotum. Broad, 0.9 �� wider than long, strongly constricted anteriorly; discal surface with large punctures 3���5 �� the size of the abundant, minute punctures; interspaces narrower than diameter of small punctures, glossy; pronotal longitudinal midline indistinct; dorsal vestiture consisting of abundant cup-shaped setae and scattered thick bristles. Elytra. Length/width ratio 1.7���1.9 (avg. 1.8 �� 0.1); odd numbered interstriae raised, vestiture consisting of cup-shaped setae and erect thick bristles sparse on elevated interstriae. Declivity. As elytra but usually with shorter interstrial bristles. Ventral sclerites. Procoxae subcontiguous, precoxal region bluntly raised; margin of mesoventrite anteriorly extended and pointed (Fig. 2 a); abdominal sclerites one and five longer than others, fifth more elongate in females than males. Legs. Third tarsal segment broader than second, fifth 2 �� broader at apex than at base. Aedeagus (Fig. 6, 7). Monotypic, see type species description. Etymology: From the Greek ��� pachy,��� meaning thick and ��� squamus,��� meaning scale; for its distinct character of being thickly covered by scale-like setae in the shape of cups. Type species: Hylastes subcostulatus Mannerheim 1853, present designation. Discussion. The genus Pachysquamus exhibits several exclusive characters that distinguish it from all other genera in the Hylastini. A character separating it from Hylurgops, and previously mentioned (Chamberlin 1939, Swaine 1918, Wood 1982), is the raised, odd numbered elytral interstriae. The only other occurrence of raised interstriae in the Hylastini was described from the fossil of H. piger (Wickham 1913). This fossil questionably placed in the genus Hylurgops from a Miocene shale impression at Colorado���s Florissant Fossil Beds (Fig. 8). The dorsal vestiture of the pronotum of the monotypic P. subcostulatus consists of a dense cover of cup-shaped setae and a few sparse and erect bristles. In the remaining species in the Hylastini, the pronotal vestiture cover is either absent or consists of hair-like setae of varying lengths. As in the pronotum, the entire discal surface of the elytral in P. subcostulatus is covered by an abundant vestiture of recumbent, cup-shaped setae; in the other species of the Hylastini, this vestiture consists of recumbent to semi-erect hair-like setae. The interstrial vestiture of Pachysquamus and Scierus consists of sparse and erect thick bristles while it consists of thinner and usually recumbent hairs in all Hylurgops and some Hylastes species, or of a midline of short and arcuate, semi-recumbent hairs in most species of Hylastes. As in Hylurgops and Hylastes, the female���s fifth ventrite of P. subcostulatus is longer than the combined length of ventrites three and four and is also longer than in males. Relative to Hylastes and Hylurgops, the aedeagus of P. subcostulatus is more elongate, 3.8 �� longer than wide compared with an average of 3.3 �� for Hylurgops examined (N = 3 per species). Although Hylastes aedeagi were not measured, these were visibly stockier, with the apodemes proportionally shorter than their length, 0.59 vs. 0.70 for examined Hylurgops (N = 3 per species) (Figs. 6 a, 7 a). Due to the uniqueness of its elevated odd numbered interstriae (Fig. 9 a), the cup-shaped setae dorsal vestiture (Fig. 9 b), and the strongly pointed anterior margin of the mesoventrite (Fig. 2 a), Hylurgops subcostulatus is distinct from the other species in the Hylastini and is assigned to a new genus. The subspecies previously treated by Wood (1982) are not recognized., Published as part of Mercado-V��lez, Javier E. & Negr��n, Jos�� F., 2014, Revision of the new world species of Hylurgops LeConte, 1876 with the description of a new genus in the Hylastini (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) and comments on some Palearctic species, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on pages 308-311, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/252614, {"references":["Wood, S. L. (1982) The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, 6, 1 - 1359.","Mannerheim, C. G. (1853) Dritter nachtrag zur kaefer-fauna der Nord-Amerikanischen laender des Russien reiches. Bulletin de la'Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 26, 95 - 273.","Chamberlin, W. J. (1939) The Bark and Timber Beetles of North America North of Mexico. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 513 pp.","Swaine, J. M. (1918) Canadian bark beetles, Part 2. A preliminary classification, with an account of the habits and means of control. Canada Department of Agriculture, Entomological Branch, Bulletin, 14 (2), 1 - 143 pp + XXXI plts.","Wickham, H. F. (1913) Fossil Coleoptera from the Wilson Ranch near Florissant, Colorado. State University of Iowa, Laboratories of Natural History, Bulletin 6 (4), 29 pp. + VII plts."]}

Hylurgops pinifex (Fitch, 1858) (Figures 3 b, 7 d, 11 a, 12 b, 13 a, 15 d, 16 b, 17 d, 19) Hylastes pinifex Fitch, 1858: 729 (New York, USA) Hylurgops pinifex, LeConte, 1876: 389 Hylastes glabratus, Heyden, 1890: 132 Hylurgops glabratus, Riley, 1891: 92 Hylastes (Hylurgops) decumanus , Hagedorn, 1910: 46 H. (Hylurgops) pinifex , Hagedorn, 1910: 46 H. rugipennis pinifex, Wood, 1982: 90 Diagnosis. Hylurgops pinifex is reddish-brown dorsally and darker ventrally, but occurs as entirely red forms; the pronotum is broad and strongly constricted anteriorly (Fig. 17 d). It is distinguished from H. rugipennis at> 50 �� magnification by the absence of a complete and distinct pronotal disc reticulation (Fig. 16 b), by the more distinctly different-sized pronotal punctures (Fig. 16 b), by the narrower 2 nd declivital interstriae, by the thicker, whitish yellow declivital erect setae, by the absent or smaller granules and erect setae on the 2 nd declivital interstriae (eastern form only), by the usually larger metatarsal socketed teeth, by the lack of the ventral lobe of the aedeagus (Fig. 7 d), and for the most part by the distribution (Fig. 19). Description. Size. Length 4.1���5.3 (avg. 4.6 �� 0.3) mm long, 2.4 �� longer than wide. Color. Mature adult nearly black to reddish-brown with black spots on anterior margin of pronotum with ventral sclerites dark-reddish to black. Frons. Transverse impression moderate to subtle; carina sharply elevated, surface shiny or granulate; vestiture hair-like, longer below middle, 2���7 �� as long the diameter of a puncture. Pronotum. Broad, 0.9 ���1.0 (0.95 �� 0.03), slightly narrower than elytral base, distinctly constricted anteriorly (Fig. 17 d), widest anterior to middle; lateral margin narrowly rounded on basal third, broadly rounded on middle third, constricted on anterior third; middle line slightly raised, extending from base up to entire pronotal length, its surface shiny (western) to subgranulate (eastern); discal punctures of three sizes, medium more abundant, larger 3 �� diameter of smaller, inner surface shiny to granulate, inter puncture spaces smooth to granulate, reticulation if present limited to basal and apical margins; vestiture sparse to absent on disc, short, recumbent, hair-like, pronotal vestiture absent or sparse, hair-like, recumbent, short (as long as small discal puncture���s diameter) on disc; approximately twice as long on margins Elytra. Anterior margin procurved (Fig. 11 a), slightly raised dark margin; striae shallowly concave, averaging half as wide as interstriae on disc, punctures deep, coarse, keyhole-shaped (Fig. 12 b), half their diameter apart on disc; interstriae smooth, glossy, with confused small punctures (seen at 100 �� or more) each with a short, recumbent, hair-like setae becoming scale-like on last third, uniseriate row of short, erect hair-like setae emerging from a central puncture, 1.5 discal striae diameter apart as long as diameter of a puncture on last third of disc. Declivity. Striae slightly impressed, a third width of interstriae, punctures elongate, deep, smaller than at disc separated by 0.75 �� their diameter; 2 nd interstriae slightly impressed, 3 rd widest, not intersecting 6 th (Fig. 13 a), with pointed granules, separated by 1.5���2 �� a puncture diameter, 2 nd narrower, with reduced number of granules (eastern); ground vestiture consists of whitish-yellow abundant, recumbent scale-like setae and an uniseriate, erect hair-like setae as long as one striae. Ventral sclerites. Surface glossy, discretely reticulate; vestiture consists of short, recumbent hair. Legs. Tarsi dark reddish-brown; protibiae with two socketed teeth before apical angle; meso- and metatibiae with one or two large socketed teeth before apical angle. Variation. Western form differs from the eastern by the glossy pronotal surface, by the more regularly sized punctures, sometimes convergent, by the complete set of granules and setae on 2 nd declivital interstriae, by the more distinctly setose elytral disc, by the darker coloration of specimens of Colorado and Wyoming. Aedeagus. Without a ventral lobe (Fig. 7 d). Male. Declivital hair-like setae longer. Gallery: Egg gallery is longitudinal (Fig. 3 b), slightly sinuate, and 50���85 mm long (Blackman 1919), extending up or down from entrance hole, usually bellow the first meter bellow the duff layer of a dead tree or stump. The larvae burrow at both sides of the maternal gallery, their tunnels becoming confused at later stages of development. Material examined. 458 specimens. CANADA. Alberta: Banff (CNCI), Cypress Hills (CNCI), Jasper Park (CNCI), Laggan (CNCI), Lake Louise (CNCI), Olds (CNCI), Waterton Lakes NP (CNCI), Whirlpool River, Jasper (CNCI). British Columbia. Aspen Groove (CNCI), Glacier (CNCI), Golden (CNCI), Kleena kleene, ���Tatler Lake��� (CNCI), Lorna (CNCI), Marysville (CNCI), McBride (CNCI), Summit Lake, 392 mi. Alaska Hwy. (CNCI), Trinity Valley (CNCI). Manitoba: 30 mi. E Winnipeg (CNCI), Gillam (CNCI), Grass River Prov. Pk. (CNCI), South of Clear lake, ���RD��� Riding Mountains (CNCI). New Brunswick: Bathurst (CNCI), Kouchibouguac NP (CNCI), McGraw Brook (CNCI), Plaster Rock (CNCI), Saint Louis (CNCI), Salmon River (CNCI). Nova Scotia: Crescent Beach, Bridgewater (CNCI), Halifax (CNCI), Kejimkujik NP (CNCI), Kentville (CNCI). Ontario: Algonquin Pk. (CNCI), Atikokan (CNCI), Chalk River (CNCI), Constance (CNCI), Fort William (CNCI), Frater (CNCI), Ignace (CNCI), ���King Mtn.��� Mont King, Gatinau Pk. (CNCI), Kormak (CNCI), Longlac (CNCI), Marmora (CNCI), Ottawa (CNCI), Petawawa (CNCI), Petawawa Res. (CNCI), Prince Edward Co. (CNCI), Quetico Park (CNCI), Rainy River Dist. (CNCI), Lake Huron, Seaforth (CNCI), Sudbury (CNCI), Thessalon (CNCI), Toronto (CNCI). Quebec: Fort Coulogne (CNCI, DEBC), Hudson (CNCI), Hull (CNCI), Kazabazua (CNCI), PSP Sta., Lake Opasatika (CNCI), Laniel (CNCI), Lennox and Addington (CNCI), Lake Menphremagog (CNCI), Montreal (CNCI), ���Sainte-Anne���s��� de Beaupr�� (CNCI), Queens Park, Aylmer (CNCI). USA. Alaska: Ft. Yukon (CNCI). California: Mariposa Co.: Tuolumne Meadows (CNCI); Mono Co.: Blanco���s Corral, White Mts. (CNCI); Tulare Co.: Near Mt. Brewer (CNCI); Tuolumne Co.: Avalanche Meadows, Sequoia NP (CNCI). Colorado: Boulder Co.: Longmont (CSUC); Chaffe Co.: 17 km W Buena Vista, Cottonwood Pass Rd. (DEBC); Grand Co.: Elk Creek, Fraser (CNCI), Elk Creek, Fraser, Moffat Rd. (CSUC), Tabernash (CSUC), Williams Fork (CSUC); Gunnison Co.: 10 mi. E Almont (CSUC), Agate Cp. 6 mi. W Monarch Pass. (DEBC); Jackson Co.: Cameron Pass (CSUC); Jefferson Co.: (CSUC); Larimer Co.: 9.1 km W Bellvue, Rist Canyon (CSUC), Estes Park (CSUC), Fort Collins (CSUC); Teller Co.: Mueller State Park (CSUC). Connecticut: Litchfield Co.: Cornwall (CNCI). Idaho: Blaine Co.: Priest Rd. (CNCI); Cassia Co.: Minidoka NF (CSUC). Maine: Kennebec Co.: Monmouth (CNCI); Somerset Co.: Norridgewock (CNCI); Oxford Co.: Paris (CNCI); Penobscot Co.: Orono (UAIC, DEBC). Massachusetts: Middlesex Co.: Framingham (CNCI). Minnesota: Cook Co.: Grand Portage Natl. Mnmnt. 0.8 km N Cowboys Rd./ Co. Rd 89 (DEBC, CSUC); Itasca Co. (DEBC); St. Louis Co.: Duluth (CNCI). New Hampshire: Strafford Co.: Durham (CNCI). New Jersey: (no county) DaCosta (CNCI); New York: St. Lawrence Co.: Cranberry Lake (DEBC); Tompkins Co.: Ithaca (CNCI). North Carolina: Buncombe Co.: Ashville (CSUC); Macon Co.: near Cliffside Lake Cpgd. NW Highlands (CNCI). Oregon: (no county) Blue Mountains (CNCI); (no county) Ochoco NF (CNCI), Wallowa Co.: Minam NF (CNCI), Whitman NF (CNCI). Pennsylvania: Allegheny Co.: N Bloomfield (CNCI); Hemmlock Island Co.: Cooksburg (DEBC). Utah: Wasatch Co.: Lost Lake (DEBC), Wolf Creek Pass. (DEBC). Virginia: Montgomery Co.: Christiansburg (CSUC). Wisconsin: Ashland Co.: Apostle Islands (CSUC). Wyoming: Big Horn Co.: 34 mi. E Lovell, Porcupine Camp. (CNCI); Riverton Co.: Dubois (CSUC). Hosts: Picea glauca, Pinus albicaulis, P. balfouriana, P. banksiana, P. contorta, P. resinosa, P. s t ro b u s, P. virginiana, Larix laricina, L. occidentalis. Distribution (Fig. 19). NORTH AMERICA, CANADA, and USA. Transcontinental from eastern British Columbia to Nova Scotia, south to Central Colorado Rocky Mountains in the western populations. A record from western Arizona and one from north central New Mexico (Snow 1881) may be accidental. The eastern population occurs from Canada to the extreme north of Georgia and South Carolina in the Appalachian Mountains. The map point on Mobile, Alabama does not represent a naturalized population (Atkinson et al. 1991). Discussion. Asa Fitch (1858) described Hylastes pinifex from specimens collected in New York. Later, LeConte (1868) supported the placement of H. pinifex in the genus Hylastes under Erichson���s (1836) second division. LeConte (1876) placed H. pinifex in his genus Hylurgops. In the late 1800 s Hamilton (1889, 1891), Heyden (1890), Hopkins (1893 a, b), and Schwarz (1886) suggested that H. pinifex was the same species as the European H. glabratus, but that was not accepted by Blandford (1894, 1898). The Palearctic H. glabratus has more regularly sized pronotal punctures and shiny interspaces with some reticulation as does H. rugipennis, but it differs in that the first interstriae is wider than the second. Hylurgops glabratus differs from both H. pinifex and H. rugipennis in the complete lack of granules and the uniseriate row of hair-like setae on the second declivital interstriae. Hagedorn (1910) considered Hylurgops to be a subgenus of Hylastes, where he placed H. pinifex. Thereafter, the species has been placed in the genus Hylurgops. Wood (1982) reduced H. pinifex to a subspecies of H. rugipennis based on the apparent hybridization of the two (see Discussion section of H. rugipennis for details). The characters used by Wood are variable and occur outside the ���hybridization zone.��� However, those of the narrower second declivital interstriae missing granules [eastern population], whitish-yellow vestiture, distinctly different-sized pronotal punctures [eastern population], and glossy to granulate surface of the pronotal interspaces [western population] are constant along the species��� distribution and are not observed in H. rugipennis. Hylurgops pinifex is the only Nearctic species in this genus occurring in eastern North America (north of Mexico), where the main hosts are Pinus strobus and P. resinosa. The occurrence in both eastern and western North America (north of Mexico) may have been possible by using P. banksiana and Larix laricinia as a bridge across the North American boreal forest (see Fig. 19). The last two hosts extend to the Northern Rockies along Alberta���s and British Columbia���s southern border, where H. pinifex occurs in sympatry with H. rugipennis. The principal hosts in the west are P. contorta and P. ponderosa. Hylurgops pinifex is considered a valid species supported by the consistent diagnostic features mentioned above in the species key and the diagnostic section. As several external morphological differences exist between the eastern and western forms of H. pinifex, a molecular approach may be useful to clarify the taxonomic status of these two forms., Published as part of Mercado-V��lez, Javier E. & Negr��n, Jos�� F., 2014, Revision of the new world species of Hylurgops LeConte, 1876 with the description of a new genus in the Hylastini (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) and comments on some Palearctic species, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on pages 324-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/252614, {"references":["Fitch, A. (1858) Fourth report on the noxious, beneficial and other insects of the state of New York. Transaction of the New York State Agriculture Society, 17, 687 - 814.","LeConte, J. L. (1876) Family IX, Scolytidae. In: LeConte, J. L. & Horn, G. H. (Eds.), The Rhynchophora of America North of Mexico. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 15 (96), pp. 341 - 391.","Heyden, L. (1890) Europaisch-Nordamerikanische Coleopteren - Synonyma. Wiener Entomologische Zeittung, 9 (5), 131 - 132.","Riley, C. V. (1891) Corrections to Packard's report on forest tree insects. Insect Life, 4 (3 - 4), 92 - 94.","Hagedorn, M. (1910) Coleoptera Fam. Ipidae. In: Wytsman, P. (Ed.), Genera Insectorum, Fasc. 111. Brussels, pp. 1 - 178 + XIV plts.","Wood, S. L. (1982) The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, 6, 1 - 1359.","Blackman, M. W. (1919) Notes on forest insects I: On two bark-beetles attacking the trunks of white pine trees. Psyche, 26 (4), 85 - 96. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1919 / 30961","Snow, F. H. (1881) List of Coleoptera collected in Santa Fe Canon, New Mexico. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science (1872 - 1880), 7, 67 - 71.","Atkinson, T. H., Rabaglia, R. J., Peck, S. B. & Foltz, J. L. (1991) New records of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera) from the United States and the Bahamas. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 45 (2), 152 - 164.","LeConte, J. L. (1868) Synopsis of the Scolytidae of America North of Mexico, Appendix. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 2 (1), pp. 150 - 178.","Hamilton, J. (1889) Catalogue of the Coleoptera common to North America, northern Asia and Europe, with the distribution and bibliography. Transactions of the American Entomological Society and Proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 16 (2), 88 - 162.","Hamilton, J. (1891) Comments on the fifth report of the U. S. Entomological Division. Insect Life, 4 (3 - 4), 129 - 132.","Hopkins, A. D. (1893 a) Catalogue of the West Virginia Scolytidae and their enemies. West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 31, 3 (7), 121 - 168.","Hopkins, A. D. (1893 b) Catalogue of the West Virginia forest and shade tree insects. West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 32, 3 (8), 171 - 251.","Schwarz, E. A. (1886) Remarks on North American scolytids. Entomologica Americana, 2 (3), 54 - 56.","Blandford, W. F. H. (1894) The Rhynchophorus Coleoptera of Japan, Part III Scolytidae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 53 - 141.","Blandford, W. F. H. (1898) The identity of Xyleborus affinis, with some synonymical notes. Entomological News and Proceedings of the Entomological Section, 9 (1), 3 - 6."]}

Hylurgops longipennis (Blandford, 1896) (Figures 1 a, 7 f, 12 a, 15 f, 17 f, 21, 25) Hylastes longipennis Blandford, 1896: 143 (Rancho de Popocatepetl, Mexico) H. (Hylastes) longipennis , Hagedorn, 1910: 45 Hylurgops longipennis, Wood, 1982: 87 Diagnosis. Hylurgops longipennis is distinguished from the sympatric H. incomptus by the larger and fewer prothoracic punctures of two distinctly different sizes (Fig. 17 f), by the larger and coarser elytral punctures, and by the long, whitish versus yellowish setae. Description. Size. Length 3.8���4.8 (avg. 4.3 �� 0.3) mm long, 3 �� longer than wide. Color. Mature adult black, posterior face of abdominal ventrites reddish; remaining ventral sclerites black. Frons. Transverse impression indistinct, shallow; middle carina from epistomal margin to transverse impression, surface granulate, dull; vestiture whitish, hair-like setae, longer below middle impression, 3���6 �� frontal puncture diameter. Pronotum. Elongate 1.0��� 1.1 (1.09 �� 0.03), smoothly tapering anteriorly (Fig. 17 f), widest at middle; basal % of lateral margin roundly elevated, anterior fifth broadly constricted; middle line raised from base to % its length, its surface granulate, dull; discal punctures of two equally abundant sizes, larger twice diameter of smaller, punctures��� inner surface granulate, dull; interpuncture surface smooth to granulate; vestiture whitish, erect, long, length 1.5 �� width of a large discal puncture on disc, 2.5���5 �� on pronotal margins. Elytra. Bases slightly procurved, strial punctures deep, round (Fig. 12 a), half their diameter apart; interstriae as wide or slightly narrower than interstriae at disc, surface glossy, smooth to finely granulate, minutely punctured; vestiture consists of hair-like setae arising from punctures on posterior half of disc that become scale-like towards declivity and a single middle row of longer (1���5 �� width of discal puncture) hair-like setae. Declivity. The 1 st and 2 nd interstriae impressed (Fig. 15 f), with pointed granules, some ⅓ as high as declivital puncture diameter; strial punctures round, large, deep, diameter half of interstrial width; vestiture of scale-like setae on 3 to 4 rows, uniseriate setae, long, erect, slightly longer than interstrial width. Ventral sclerites. Sclerites finely reticulate. Legs. Third tarsal segment distinctly broader than 2 nd (Fig. 1 a). Aedeagus. Presenting a distinct ventral lobe (Fig. 7 f). Gallery: On the stem collar and roots of it host (Atkinson & Equihua-Mart��nez 1985 a). The pattern has not been described. Material examined. 17 specimens. MEXICO. Mexico City: Cruz Blanca, Parque Nal. Desierto los Leones (USNM). Nuevo Leon: Cerro Potosi nr. Galeana (DEBC), Mpio. Galeana NE slope Cerro Potosi (CNCI). Puebla: 11 mi. E Amecameca (USNM), Parque Nacional Iztaccihuatl-Popocatepetl, Popocateptl (USNM), Parque Nacional Zoquiapan (USNM). Hosts: Pinus hartwegii, P. leiophylla, P. patula, P. pseudostrobus. Distribution (Fig. 21). NORTH AMERICA: MEXICO. From two disjunct localities in the Sierra Madre Oriental, one northern in Nuevo Le��n and a southern from Hidalgo, to the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Discussion. Blandford (1896) described Hylastes longipennis from five specimens collected at Rancho Popocatepetl, Mexico. Hagedorn (1910) and Schedl (1940) treated H. longipennis as a species of Hylastes. Wood (1982) designated a female in Blandford���s series as the lectotype and placed the species in the genus Hylurgops based on its bilobed third tarsal segments and the intermixed large and small punctures on the pronotum. The species distribution appears limited to that of the primary hosts, P. hartwegii and P. montezumae, but this could be a result of insufficient collections. These pines occur discontinuously at high elevations in the Trans- Mexican Volcanic Belt, the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca, the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, and in other smaller patches. The previously known distribution of the species showed it was restricted to the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (Atkinson & Equihua-Mart��nez 1985 a, b). New records from the USNM collection expand the known distribution of this species, which seems to match that of P. hartwegii, as exemplified by its occurrence in a small population of P. hartwegii in the Cerro Potos��, Nuevo Le��n, in the Sierra Madre Oriental in Mexico., Published as part of Mercado-V��lez, Javier E. & Negr��n, Jos�� F., 2014, Revision of the new world species of Hylurgops LeConte, 1876 with the description of a new genus in the Hylastini (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) and comments on some Palearctic species, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on page 329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/252614, {"references":["Blandford, W. F. H. (1896) Scolytidae. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta, Coleoptera, 4 (6), pp. 81 - 144.","Hagedorn, M. (1910) Coleoptera Fam. Ipidae. In: Wytsman, P. (Ed.), Genera Insectorum, Fasc. 111. Brussels, pp. 1 - 178 + XIV plts.","Wood, S. L. (1982) The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, 6, 1 - 1359.","Atkinson, T. H. & Equihua-Martinez, A. (1985 a) Lista comentada de los coleopteros Scolytidae y Platypodidae del Valle de Mexico. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 65, 63 - 108.","Schedl, K. E. (1940) Fauna Mexicana, 1. Insecta Coleoptera, superfamilia Scolytoidea: Scolytidae, Coptonotidae y Platypodidae Mexicanos. Anales de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, 1 (3 - 4), 317 - 377.","Atkinson, T. H. & Equihua-Martinez, A. (1985 b) Notes on biology and distribution of Mexican and Central American Scolytidae (Coleoptera). I. Hylesininae, Scolytinae except Cryphalini and Corthylini. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 39 (3), 227 - 238."]}

Hylurgops rugipennis (Mannerheim, 1843) (Figures 5 a, 6 d, 7 c, 13 b, 15 c, 16 a, 17 c, 19) Hylurgus rugipennis Mannerheim, 1843: 297 (Sitka Island, Alaska, USA, lost) Hylastes rugipennis, Mannerheim, 1852: 385 (not previously documented) Hylurgops rugipennis, LeConte, 1876: 390 H. rugipennis rugipennis, Wood, 1982: 89 H. rugipennis pinifex, Wood, 1982: 90 Diagnosis. Hylurgops rugipennis is reddish brown above, usually darker ventrally and its pronotum is broad and strongly constricted anteriorly (Fig. 17 c). It is distinguished from H. pinifex at> 50 �� magnification by the distinct and complete pronotal reticulation (Fig. 16 a), by the regularly-sized pronotal punctures (Fig. 16 a), by the narrower metatibia, by the ventral lobe of the aedeagus (Fig. 7 c), and by its more restricted distribution (Fig. 19). Description. Size. Length 3.7���4.7 (avg. 4.2 �� 0.3) mm long, 2.4 �� longer than wide. Color. Mature adult reddish to brownish-red with dark spots on anterior margin of pronotum, ventrally dark reddish-brown to nearly black, ventrites light reddish-brown. Frons. Transverse impression strong (Fig. 5 a); inter-puncture areas reticulate, rarely shiny; carina broadly elevated, surface shiny; vestiture hair-like, longer on lower half, 2���7 �� the length of a puncture���s diameter. Pronotum. Broad, 0.9 ���1.0 (0.93 �� 0.02), slightly narrower than elytral base, distinctly constricted on anterior third, widest anterior to middle; lateral margin narrowly rounded on basal fourth, becoming broadly rounded on central two fourths and broadly constricted on anterior fourth; middle line slightly raised, extends from base sometimes across entire pronotal length, discal surface reticulate (Fig. 16 a), rarely glossy; discal punctures of two equally abundant sizes, small two-thirds the size of large, inner surface shiny, inter puncture area reticulate; vestiture short, recumbent, hair-like setae indistinct to the length of a large discal punctures on disc, 2 �� the length near margins. Elytra. Anterior margin moderately procurved, slightly raised dark margin; striae shallowly concave with round to keyhole-shaped, smooth, dark punctures, averaging half their diameter apart at disc; interstriae wide as first striae, wider than rest, smooth, shiny, minutely punctate (seen at> 50 �� magnification), each with a short, recumbent hair-like setae becoming scale-like on posterior half to declivity and a central punctate granule with a long, sub-erect hair-like setae as long as a strial puncture appearing as rugosities on disc, separated by length of 1.5 strial puncture diameter. Declivity. Striae slightly impressed, less than half as wide as interstriae, punctures oval and deep, some keyhole-shaped, smaller than at disc, separated by distance equal to their diameter, 2 nd interstriae slightly impressed, wider than 1 st, 3 rd widest to equal than 2 nd, usually intersecting 6 th (Fig. 13 b) all with regularly spaced pointed granules, 2 punctures width apart; vestiture scale-like, short, recumbent, confused and a central reddish, erect, hair-like setae as long as strial width. Ventral sclerites. Surface punctured, interspaces reticulate; recumbent setae hair-like, as long as size of three punctures or more; precoxal ridge acutely elevated. Legs. Tibia reddish, narrower than in other species; protibiae with 1 or 2 mid-sized socketed teeth before apical angle, mesotibiae with 2 mid-sized socketed teeth before apical angle, and metatibiae broad with 3 medium-sized socketed teeth before apical angle; third tarsal segments bilobed, broader than second. Aedeagus. Showing a distinct ventral lobe (Fig. 7 d). Male. Declivital hair-like setae longer. Gallery: Maternal gallery longitudinal, slightly sinuate, extending up and down from entrance hole (Bright & Stark 1973), usually just over the root collar of a dead tree or stump. Larval galleries extend perpendicular to brood gallery becoming confused at later stages. These galleries can extend into the roots, often at considerable distance from the brood gallery (Bright & Stark 1973). Material examined. 250 specimens. CANADA. Alberta: Red Rock Cny. Waterton Lakes NP (CNCI). British Columbia: Creston (CNCI), 8 mi. W Creston (CNCI), 21 mi. W Creston (CNCI), 2 mi. S Salmo River, Creston (CNCI), Glacier (CNCI), Inverness (CNCI), 12 mi. S Long Beach, Tofino (CNCI), Lorna (CNCI), Mainland (CNCI), Massett, Graham Is. QCI (CNCI), 4.7 km N Renell Sound Rd. Ghost Cr., Graham Is. (CNCI), Sicamous (CNCI), Skidegate, Graham Is. (CNCI), Stanley Park, Vancouver (CNCI), 1 mi. NW Tlell, Graham Is., QCI (CNCI), Tow Hill, Graham Is. (CNCI), Trinity Valley (CNCI, DEBC), Vancouver (CNCI), Laskeek Bay, Reef Island, QCI (CNCI). USA. Alaska: 15 km N Juneau, Chichagof Is. (DEBC), Douglas Is. (DEBC), N end Douglas Is (CNCI); 12 mi. N Juneau (DEBC), 41.5 km N Juneau (CNCI); Juneau (DEBC). California: Del Norte Co. (CNCI); El Dorado Co.: Blodgett Forest UC, 10 mi. E Georgetown (CNCI); Fresno Co. (CNCI); Humboldt Co.: Eureka (CNCI); Marin Co.: 1 mi. SE Inverness (CNCI); Mendocino Co.: Mendocino (DEBC); Monterey Co.: Carmel (CNCI), Monterey (CNCI); San Mateo Co.: A��o Nuevo, 28 km NNE of Santa Cruz (CNCI); Santa Cruz Co.: Swanton (CNCI); Sonoma Co.: Salt Point St. Park (DEBC); Tulare Co.: Kaweah R., Mid Fork (CNCI). Idaho: Kootenai Co.: Coeur d'Alene NF (CSUC). Oregon: Clatsop Co.: app. 3 mi. SE of Olney (CNCI); Lincoln Co.: Otis, Cascade Head Exp. For. (CNCI); Linn Co.: Santiam Pass (CNCI, DEBC); Tillamook Co.: Kiwanda viewpoint on Cape Lookout, 2.5 mi. N 1.5 mi. W Sand Lake (CNCI); Wasco Co.: Wapinitia (DEBC). Washington: (no county) Mount Rainier NP (CNCI, CSUC), (no county) Nisqually R. Mt. Rainier NP (CNCI); Grays Harbor Co.: Westport (CSUC); Jefferson Co.: Hoh Ranger Station, Olympic NP (CNCI); Pierce Co.: West Side Mt Rainier (CSUC); West Side Rd. 1.6 N Hwy 706 (CSUC). Hosts: Abies concolor, A. lasciocarpa, Callitropsis nootkatensis (see Patterson & Hatch 1945), Larix occidentalis, Picea engelmannii, P. sitchensis, Pinus attenuata, P. balfouriana, P. banksiana, P. contorta, P. lambertiana, P. monticola, P. muricata, P. ponderosa, P. radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla. Distribution (Fig. 19). NORTH AMERICA. CANADA and USA. Kodiak Island, Alaska to Monterey and Tulare in southern California; mostly east of the Rocky Mountains. Discussion. Mannerheim (1843) described Hylurgus rugipennis from the Sitka Peninsula in Alaska, and placed it in the genus Hylastes in 1852. LeConte (1868) and Chapuis (1869, 1873) supported the placement under Erichson���s (1836) second division of the genus Hylastes. LeConte (1876) placed H. rugipennis in his genus Hylurgops. Wood (1971 a) considered that H. rugipennis hybridized with H. pinifex in an area east of the Canadian Cascades to Vernon in British Columbia, later Bright (1976) considered this hybridization area to extend into Alberta. Wood (1982) reduced H. rugipennis to a subspecies because of the apparent intergrades in the above area, but the characters used to define the intergrades were not detailed by Wood (1971 a, 1982). Bright (pers. comm.) mentioned that the character used by Wood to determine the hybrids of the two species was the distribution of the scale-like setae cover in the elytra. This suggests that in the ���intergradation zone,��� H. rugipennis has scale-like setae extending anteriorly into the elytral disc as in H. pinifex, in contrast to the coastal forms of the species in which the scales are limited to the declivity. While considering it a subspecies, Wood (1982) described the phenotypes of H. r. rugipennis occurring throughout the Pacific Northwest as morphologically and biologically distinct from H. r. pinifex. Also, the distribution of the scale-like setae used in his subspecies determination represents a variation occurring across the two species��� distributions that was not observed by Wood (1982). Other characters such as the reticulate surface of the pronotal interspaces and the more regularly sized pronotal punctures of H. rugipennis are constant throughout the two species��� distributions. The fact that H. rugipennis was found in areas where its host Pinus monticola and some of the known hosts of H. pinifex co-occur, but apparently not in areas where these conditions are not met explains the species��� sympatry in areas in Alberta, British Columbia and the Sierra Nevada of California (see black arrows, Fig. 19). In this revision, H. rugipennis is treated as a distinct species from H. pinifex based on the characters specified in the key and other characters included in the description of the two species. Hylurgops rugipennis, as defined herein, is restricted to the coastal forests of the Pacific Northwest from Kodiak Island in Alaska to Monterey in California and east to the Northern Rockies in Alberta, British Columbia; Idaho; Washington; and the Sierra Nevada of California (Fig. 19). In its coastal range from Alaska to extreme northern California, the species occurs primarily in Picea sitchensis. South from there, the species��� range seems determined by the occurrence of the coastal ���closed cone pine��� species, Pinus attenuata, P. muricata, and P. radiata. The distribution of H. rugipennis east of the Canadian Cascade Mountains into the Northern Rockies primarily follows the distribution of P. monticola, which extends up to the Waterton Lakes National Park in Alberta. In the Sierra Nevada, the southernmost distribution of the species into central California appears delimited by this conifer host as well., Published as part of Mercado-V��lez, Javier E. & Negr��n, Jos�� F., 2014, Revision of the new world species of Hylurgops LeConte, 1876 with the description of a new genus in the Hylastini (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) and comments on some Palearctic species, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on pages 321-323, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/252614, {"references":["Mannerheim, C. G. (1843) Beitrag zur kaefer-fauna der Aleutischen Inseln, der Insel Sitkha und Neu-Californiens. Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 16, 3 - 142. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 37833","Mannerheim, C. G. (1852) Zweiter Nachtrag zur Kaefer-fauna der Nord-Amerikanischen Laender des Russischen Reiches. Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 25, 284 - 387.","LeConte, J. L. (1876) Family IX, Scolytidae. In: LeConte, J. L. & Horn, G. H. (Eds.), The Rhynchophora of America North of Mexico. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 15 (96), pp. 341 - 391.","Wood, S. L. (1982) The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, 6, 1 - 1359.","Bright, D. E. & Stark, R. W. (1973) The Bark and Ambrosia Beetles of California: Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 169 pp.","Patterson, G. K. & Hatch, M. H. (1945) An annotated list of the Scolytoidea of Washington. University of Washington Publications in Biology, 10 (4), 145 - 154.","LeConte, J. L. (1868) Synopsis of the Scolytidae of America North of Mexico, Appendix. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 2 (1), pp. 150 - 178.","Chapuis, F. (1869) Synopsis des Scolytides (Prodrome d'un travail monographique). Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege, Liege, Belgium, 61 pp.","Chapuis, F. (1873) Synopsis des Scolytides. Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege, 2 (3), 213 - 269.","Wood, S. L. (1971 a) Family Scolytidae (Ipidae). In: Hatch (Ed.), The Beetles of the Pacific Northwest: Part V: Rhipiceroidea, Sternoxi, Phytophaga, Rhynchophora, and Lamellicornia. University of Washington Press, Seattle, pp. 395 - 428.","Bright, D. E. (1976) The Insects and Arachnids of Canada, Part 2: The Bark Beetles of Canada and Alaska (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ontario, 241 pp."]}

Key to the New World Hylurgops 1 Pronotum slightly wider than long (0.92 �� 0.4, N= 109), distinctly constricted anteriorly (Fig. 14 a); mature color reddish-brown to dark brown, never black............................................................................. 2 - Pronotum slightly longer than wide (1.04 �� 0.4, N= 118), not constricted but smoothly tapering anteriorly (Fig. 14 b); mature color dark reddish-brown to black........................................................................ 5 2 (1) Smaller species (2.5���3.4 mm); declivital apex upturned (Fig. 15 a); elytral striae more distinctly impressed; granules larger; mature color brown to reddish-brown................................................. palliatus (Gyllenhal, 1813) - Larger species (3.7���5.6 mm); declivital apex rounded, not upturned; elytral striae less distinctly impressed; declivital granules smaller; mature color brown to black...................................................................... 3 3 (2) Dorsal surfaces dull; pronotal interspaces coarse, punctures deep; mature color brown, reddish brown to black; distribution Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt to high mountains in southern Honduras..................... planirostris (Chapuis, 1869) - Dorsal surfaces lustrous to semi lustrous; pronotal interspaces smooth, punctures shallow; mature color reddish-brown to deep dark-reddish brown; distribution Alaska to New Mexico...................................................... 4 4 (3) Pronotum interspaces distinctly reticulate (Fig. 16 a), large punctures less than twice the diameter of small; declivital interstriae granules evenly separated, declivital granules vested with a long, hair-like setae; averaging shorter (4.2 mm); distribution coastal from Alaska to southern California......................................... rugipennis (Mannerheim, 1843) - Pronotum interspaces smooth to granulate (Fig. 16 b), large punctures more than double the diameter of small; several declivital interstriae granules absent or very small, declivital granules vested with a short, hair-like setae; averaging longer (4.6 mm); distribution transcontinental, from northern British Columbia to Nova Scotia south to Arizona and North Carolina............................................................................................. pinifex (Fitch, 1858) 5 (1) Pronotum with distinct, long, erect, hair-like setae........................................................... 6 - Pronotum with indistinct, short, recumbent hair-like setae.................................................... 7 6 (5) Pronotum base nearly as wide as body, diameter of large punctures only twice diameter of smaller middle line not raised; hairlike setae yellow to reddish-yellow; distribution Arizona and New Mexico to northern Honduras and El Salvador....................................................................................... incomptus (Blandford, 1897) - Pronotum base distinctly narrower than body, diameter of large punctures more than twice diameter of smaller, middle line raised; hair-like setae whitish; distribution Central Mexico............................. longipennis (Blandford, 1896) 7 (5) Pronotum with abundant, similar sized punctures, large less than twice diameter of small punctures; ventral vestiture short...................................................................................... knausi Swaine, 1917 - Pronotum with few, differently sized punctures, large twice diameter of small; ventral vestiture long................... 8 8 (7) Elytral surfaces dull, entirely, distinctly reticulate, visible at 30 �� magnification; pronotum longer (1.07 �� 0.03); body length averaging longer (4.5 mm)............................................................ reticulatus Wood, 1971 - Elytral surfaces smooth and glossy, varying from granulate to reticulate on basal third of elytra; pronotum shorter (1.03 �� 0.04); body length averaging shorter (4.0 mm)........................................... porosus (LeConte, 1868), Published as part of Mercado-V��lez, Javier E. & Negr��n, Jos�� F., 2014, Revision of the new world species of Hylurgops LeConte, 1876 with the description of a new genus in the Hylastini (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) and comments on some Palearctic species, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on pages 315-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/252614, {"references":["Gyllenhal, L. (1813) Insecta Svecica Descripta. Clasis I, Coleoptera sive, Scolytidae. F. J. Leverentz, Scaris, 730 pp.","Chapuis, F. (1869) Synopsis des Scolytides (Prodrome d'un travail monographique). Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege, Liege, Belgium, 61 pp.","Mannerheim, C. G. (1843) Beitrag zur kaefer-fauna der Aleutischen Inseln, der Insel Sitkha und Neu-Californiens. Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 16, 3 - 142. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 37833","Fitch, A. (1858) Fourth report on the noxious, beneficial and other insects of the state of New York. Transaction of the New York State Agriculture Society, 17, 687 - 814.","Blandford, W. F. H. (1897) Scolytidae. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta, Coleoptera, 4 (6), pp. 145 - 184.","Blandford, W. F. H. (1896) Scolytidae. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta, Coleoptera, 4 (6), pp. 81 - 144.","Swaine, J. M. (1917) Canadian bark beetles, Part 1. Description of new species. Canada Department of Agriculture, Entomological Branch, Bulletin, 14 (1), 1 - 32.","LeConte, J. L. (1868) Synopsis of the Scolytidae of America North of Mexico, Appendix. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 2 (1), pp. 150 - 178."]}

Hylurgops knausi Swaine, 1917 (Figures 7 g, 14 b, 15g, 17g, 18) Hylurgops knausi Swaine, 1917: 17 (Cloudcroft, New Mexico, USA) = Hylurgops planirostris Wood, 1971 c: 146 Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from the similar and sympatric H. reticulatus by the short, recumbent, hair-like ventral setae and by the overall smaller sized (thus more numerous) pronotal punctures (Fig. 17 g���i). The presence of short pronotal setae distinguishes it from H. longipennis and H. incomptus in northern Mexico. The absence of a distinct anterior pronotal constriction, the straighter anterior margin of the elytra, the more elongated habitus, reduced elytral disc vestiture, more regularly sized small and large pronotal disc punctures, and the aedeagus with a moderate ventral lobe separate it from H. planirostris of southern Mexico to Honduras. Description. Size. Length 4.2���5.6 (avg. 4.7 �� 0.3) mm long, 2.7 �� longer than wide. Color. Mature adult dark brown to black, ventral sclerites dark brown to black with tarsi dark reddish. Frons. Transverse impression moderately strong; median carina extends from above epistomal margin to middle of convex area below frontal impression; vestiture short, recumbent, hair-like, 2 �� as long as the diameter of a one frontal puncture, 3 �� as long immediately above epistoma. Pronotum. As long as wide 1.0��� 1.1 (1.0 ��0.0) narrower than elytral margin at base, evenly or slowly widening to or slightly anterior to middle, where appears wider than elytral margin, then smoothly tapering anteriorly (Fig. 14 b); basal �����⅓ of lateral margin narrowly constricted, slightly rounded at middle; middle line low, sometimes indicated only by a lack of punctures; discal punctures small, numerous, appearing regularly sized at low magnification, small ⅔ the size of large at magnifications> 100 ��, discal interpuncture surface shiny, with scattered reticulation; vestiture short, nearly indistinct, recumbent, hair-like setae the length of a puncture���s diameter on pronotal sides. Elytra. Interstriae glossy, 1.5 �� wider than striae on disc, surface rugose, with two to three rows of confused punctures, each with a short, recumbent, whitish hair-like seta, becoming semiplumose towards discal end; strial punctures small, keyhole-shaped (Figs. 12 b���c), moderately impressed. Declivity. 3 rd interstriae widest (Fig. 15 g), slightly impressed, all with a single row of granules as tall as half as half size of a puncture; vestiture semi-erect, whitish hair-like setae as long as one (females) to four times (males) a discal puncture���s diameter, ground vestiture of four to five rows of short, recumbent, scale-like setae. Ventral sclerites. Finely reticulate; vestiture short, recumbent hair-like setae. Legs. Third tarsal segment slightly broader than second, bilobed. Aedeagus. Presenting a moderate ventral lobe (Fig. 7 g). Male. Declivital hair-like setae longer than in female. Gallery: On stem collar and roots (Livingstone 1980). Material examined. 235 specimens. MEXICO. Chihuahua: Arroyo Mesteno, Sierra del Nido (DEBC). Durango: 3 mi. E El Salto (CNCI), 7 mi. W El Salto (CNCI), 9 mi E El Palmito (CNCI), 10 mi. SW El Salto (CNCI), 10 mi. W El Salto (CNCI, DEBC), 11 mi. SW El Salto (CNCI), Buenos Aires 10 mi. W La Ciudad (CNCI), Buenos Aires 10 mi. W El Salto (CNCI, DEBC), Buenos Aires 37 mi. W La Ciudad (CNCI), 24 mi. E El Salto (CNCI), 24 mi. W La Ciudad (CNCI), Ciudad (CNCI). Nuevo Leon: Cerro Potosi (CNCI, DEBC), NE slope Cerro Potosi, Mpio. Galeana (CNCI). USA. Arizona: (no county) S. Arizona (CNCI); Apache Co.: Alpine (CNCI), Big Bonito Creek, White Mts. (UAIC); Cochise Co.: Carr Canyon (CNCI), Onion Saddle, Chiricagua Mountains (CNCI), Paradise (CNCI), Rustler ���Park��� Camp., Chiricagua Mountains (CNCI); Graham Co.: Pinale��o Mountains (CNCI, UAIC), Pinale��o Mountains, Soldier Creek (UAIC); Gila Co.: Globe (CNCI); Greenlee Co.: Buffalo Crossing, East Fork Black R., White Mts. (UAIC), Hannagan Camp. (CNCI); Pima Co.: Bear Wallow, Santa Catalina Mountains (CNCI, DEBC), Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains (CNCI), Florida Cny. Sta. Rita Range Res. (UAIC), Green Spg., Mt. Lemmon (UAIC), Mt. Bigalow (UAIC), Santa Rita Mountains (CNCI), Sierra Vista, Huachuca Mountains (CNCI), Sta. Catalina Mts. (DEBC), Sta. Catalina Mts. near Summerhaven (UAIC); Santa Catalina Mountains (CNCI), Santa Cruz Co.: Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains (CNCI), Santa Rita Mountains (CNCI). New Mexico: Grant Co.: McMillan Camp. 13 mi. N Silver City (CNCI), McMillan Camp., 14 mi. N Silver City (CNCI); Otero Co.: Cloudcroft (CNCI, DEBC), Cloudcroft, Lectoparatypes 9243 (CNCI), Lincoln NF 1 mi. SE Cloudcroft (CNCI), Pine Camp., 2 mi. NE Cloudcroft (CNCI); San Miguel Co.: near hot springs, Las Vegas (CNCI); Socorro Co.: Bear Trap Camp., 28 mi. SW Magdalena (CNCI). Hosts. Picea engelmannii, Pinus arizonica, P. arizonica var. cooperi, P. duranguensis, P. hartwegii (new host, Cerro Potosi, Nuevo Leon, MX, Seybold 1993), P. leiophylla, P. ponderosa, P. pseudostrobus, P. strobiformis. Distribution (Fig. 18). NORTH AMERICA: MEXICO and USA. Arizona and New Mexico to Durango and Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Discussion. Swaine (1917) described H. knausi from specimens collected in Cloudcroft, Otero County in New Mexico, and in 1918 placed the species under Hylurgops based on tarsal characters. Wood (1971 c) compared Chapuis��� syntypes of H. planirostris with his homotypes of H. knausi and found them to be identical, and so treated them as synonymous. In his monograph���s key to Hylurgops, Wood (1982) placed the synonymized species under those lacking a distinct anterior constriction of the pronotum. Wood (1982) suggested that a slight intergrade of ���characters��� of this species with H. porosus occurred north of central Arizona and central New Mexico where the northern distribution limit of H. knausi and the southern of H. porosus (as suggested by Wood) meet. Although, no specimens of H. porosus from central AZ and none from any part of NM were examined, and Wood does not mention which were these characters, we can only speculate that confusion may have arisen when he examined males of H. knausi with long declivital setae or that he might have confused specimens of the sympatric H. reticulatus. Nevertheless, the two specimens upon which he based his comments may represent aberrant specimens. The full species designation given by Swaine (1917) is considered valid by the characters discussed in the specific key, diagnosis, and description., Published as part of Mercado-V��lez, Javier E. & Negr��n, Jos�� F., 2014, Revision of the new world species of Hylurgops LeConte, 1876 with the description of a new genus in the Hylastini (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) and comments on some Palearctic species, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on pages 330-331, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/252614, {"references":["Swaine, J. M. (1917) Canadian bark beetles, Part 1. Description of new species. Canada Department of Agriculture, Entomological Branch, Bulletin, 14 (1), 1 - 32.","Wood, S. L. (1971 c) New synonymy in American bark beetles (Scolytidae: Coleoptera). The Great Basin Naturalist, 31 (3), 140 - 152.","Livingstone, W. H. (1980) Bark Beetle-Root Relationships, Workshop. Proceedings Thirty First Annual Western Forest Insect Work Conference, El Paso, Texas, 29 pp.","Wood, S. L. (1982) The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, 6, 1 - 1359."]}

Hylurgops planirostris (Chapuis, 1869) (Figures 2 b, 7 b, 12 c, 14 a, 15 b, 17 b, 18) Hylastes planirostris Chapuis, 1869: 21 (Rachos de Suapam, near Cordoba, Veracruz, Mexico) Hylurgops planirostris, Hopkins, 1905: 81 Diagnosis. Hylurgops planirostris is distinguished from the sympatric H. incomptus by the wider than long pronotum which is distinctly constricted anteriorly (Fig. 14 a), by the larger and coarser pronotal punctures, and by the procurved anterior margin of each elytron. It can be distinguished from H. knausi occurring north of the Trans- Mexican Volcanic Belt, by the distinct constriction of the anterior margin of the pronotum and. It differs from the Nearctic H. rugipennis and H. pinifex by the brown coloration and by the coarse and dull interpuncture surface of the pronotum. Description. Size Length 3.8���5.2 (avg. 4.6 �� 0.4) mm long, 2.6 �� longer than wide. Color. Mature adult black to brown, dark reddish-brown to black. Frons. Vertex convex or with shallow, short, vertical impression, if present with raised central rounded area below; shallow to moderately deep and slight procurved transverse mid-frontal impression, vestiture hair-like setae, longer below mid-impression 2���7 �� length diameter of average frontal puncture; epistomal brush with reddish-brown setae. Pronotum. Broad 0.9 ���1.0 (0.93 �� 0.03), distinctly constricted anteriorly, widest anterior to middle; lateral margin rounded especially anterior to middle, constricting near apical edge; dorsal middle line distinctly elevated, extending from base up to anterior impression, surface granulate to reticulate, dull to semi glossy; small discal punctures abundant, large slightly less than twice diameter of small; inter-puncture area granulate or with minute reticulation; vestiture distinct, consisting of short, recumbent, reddishbrown hair-like setae, 2 �� the diameter of a large puncture. Elytra. Anterior margin procurved; striae slightly concave, punctures keyhole-shaped (Fig. 12 c), half their diameter apart; interstriae 1.5 �� wider than striae, surface minutely punctured (visible at> 100 ��), each with a short, recumbent hair-like setae and an uniseriate row of erect bristles rising from a central puncture, separated by 1.5 the width of a strial puncture, slightly longer than a discal strial puncture. Declivity. Second interstriae slightly impressed with conical granules, 3 rd interstriae widest not intersecting 4 th; vestiture of dense reddish-brown scale like setae and longer that declivital puncture, thick, erect reddish-brown hair-like setae rising from each granule. Ventral sclerites. Surfaces granulate to reticulate; mesoventrite anterior margin straight; tarsi dark reddish-brown, tibiae with 3 short socketed teeth before apical angle. Aedeagus. Lacking a ventral lobe (Fig. 7 b). Gallery: Longitudinal, biramous with irregular branches, extending downward from the entrance hole (Schwerdtfeger 1957). Material examined. 124 specimens. GUATEMALA. Baja Verapaz: 39 mi. SE Coban (DEBC). Totonicapan: 7 mi. SE Totonicapan (DEBC), 8 mi. SE Totonicapan (DEBC). HONDURAS: El Paraiso: Cerro Montserrat, 7 km Yuscaran (USNM); Francisco Morazan: Cerro Uyuca Morazan 30 km E Tegucigalpa (DEBC). MEXICO. Chiapas: 5 mi. S San Carlos (DEBC), 5 mi. E San Cristobal (CNCI), 5 mi. NE San Cristobal (CNCI), 5 mi. SW San Cristobal (CNCI), 5 mi. SW El Bosque (CNCI), 8 mi. NE San Cristobal (CNCI), San Cristobal (CNCI). Hidalgo: km 181 Rd Mexico-Tuxpan (CNCI). Mexico State: Mexico City (CNCI), Izta-Popo (CNCI). Michoacan: 33 mi. E Morelia (DEBC). Oaxaca: 32 mi. S Valle Nacional (CNCI), 37 mi. S Valle Nacional (CNCI), 40 mi. S Valle Nacional (CNCI), 52 mi. N Valle Nacional (CNCI), 53 mi. S Valle Nacional (CNCI), Hwy 175, 3 mi. N Suchixtepec (CNCI), Juquila Mixes, Yautepec (DEBC). Puebla: 6 mi. W Teziutlan (CNCI), Iztaccihuatl (CNCI). Veracruz: 7 mi. SE Las Vigas (DEBC). Hosts: Abies religiosa, Pinus ayacahuite, P. hartwegii, P. caribaea var. hondurensis, P. leiophylla, P. montezumae, P. tecunumanii, Pinus pseudostrobus var. apulcensis, P. chiapensis. Distribution (Fig. 18). NORTH AMERICA-CENTRAL AMERICA: From the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt in Mexico in the north to the Sierra Madre de Chiapas in southern Honduras. Discussion. Chapuis (1869) described Hylastes planirostris as being from Mexico without specifying a locality. The determination of the type locality has remained unclear and has been suggested to be Choapan in Oaxaca, Mexico, by Dampf after the label ���Suapam��� (Schedl 1940) and later by Wood (1971 c) as ���Suapan��� (State undetermined) Mexico. The collector of the type specimen was Auguste Sall��, who collected in Ranchos de Suapam, near Cordoba in Veracruz, Mexico; therefore, this is the most likely type locality for this species. Both Chapuis (1873) and Blandford (1896) placed H. planirostris under Erichson���s (1836) second division for having the third tarsal segments bilobed. Blandford (1896) examined specimens from Alta Vera Paz in Guatemala that he thought were different from H. planirostris (knausi, present designation) specimens of Mexico. He considered the Guatemalan specimens to resemble H. rugipennis, differing from it by the closer and more rugose pronotal punctures. However, he could not define characters to separate the Guatemalan specimens from the Mexican. Hopkins (1905) agreed with Blandford���s (1896) observations and found similarities between a specimen of H. planirostris from Mexico City and H. rugipennis. Hopkins (1905) mentioned the specimen could be separated from the Nearctic H. rugipennis by the ���obscure punctures��� and ���fine rugosities��� of the pronotum, and placed H. planirostris under Hylurgops based on the characters of the bilobed third tarsal segments. Wood (1971 c) studied all Chapuis��� syntypes and his homotypes of H. knausi Swaine and considered it identical to H. planirostris, placing them in his key (Wood 1982) under the species with longer than wide pronota and obscure anterior pronotal constrictions. The possibility that Wood did not study the forms with wider pronotum occurring from the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt to the south should be considered. Unlike specimens previously placed under H. knausi (Swaine 1917) occurring north of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, specimens of H. planirostris have a wider than long pronotum that is distinctly constricted on the anterior third, with deeper and closer punctures, and dull interpuncture spaces, in addition to a reddish-yellow vestiture., Published as part of Mercado-V��lez, Javier E. & Negr��n, Jos�� F., 2014, Revision of the new world species of Hylurgops LeConte, 1876 with the description of a new genus in the Hylastini (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) and comments on some Palearctic species, pp. 301-342 in Zootaxa 3785 (3) on pages 319-321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/252614, {"references":["Chapuis, F. (1869) Synopsis des Scolytides (Prodrome d'un travail monographique). Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege, Liege, Belgium, 61 pp.","Hopkins, A. D. (1905) Notes on some Mexican Scolytidae, with descriptions of some new species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 7 (2 - 3), 71 - 82.","Schwerdtfeger, F. (1957) Scolytidae (Col.) an Pinus - Arten in Mittelamerika III. Die Gattungen Hylastes Erichson und Hylurgops Leconte: (6. Beitrag zur Forstentomologie Mittelamerikas). Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Angewandte Entomologie, 41 (2 - 3), 363 - 367. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0418.1957. tb 01300. x","Schedl, K. E. (1940) Fauna Mexicana, 1. Insecta Coleoptera, superfamilia Scolytoidea: Scolytidae, Coptonotidae y Platypodidae Mexicanos. Anales de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, 1 (3 - 4), 317 - 377.","Wood, S. L. (1971 c) New synonymy in American bark beetles (Scolytidae: Coleoptera). The Great Basin Naturalist, 31 (3), 140 - 152.","Chapuis, F. (1873) Synopsis des Scolytides. Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege, 2 (3), 213 - 269.","Blandford, W. F. H. (1896) Scolytidae. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta, Coleoptera, 4 (6), pp. 81 - 144.","Wood, S. L. (1982) The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, 6, 1 - 1359.","Swaine, J. M. (1917) Canadian bark beetles, Part 1. Description of new species. Canada Department of Agriculture, Entomological Branch, Bulletin, 14 (1), 1 - 32."]}

Se evaluaron tres tratamientos profilácticos, a tres dosis diferentes cada uno, para desinfectar huevos de botete diana Sphoeroides annulatus y determinar su efecto en la reducción de la carga bacteriana y el porcentaje de eclosión. Los huevos fueron tratados con enzima proteolítica para desgomarlos. Los tratamientos se realizaron por triplicado: acriflavina (A) a concentraciones de 2,5, 5, y 10 ppm por 1 min, formalina (F) a 10, 50 y 100 ppm por 30 min y glutaraldehído (G) a 50, 100 y 200 ppm por 5 min y un grupo control sin tratamiento (C). Se inoculó por duplicado una muestra de huevos de cada réplica en agar TCBS y marino para evaluar el crecimiento bacteriano (UFC mL-1); los huevos se incubaron y se determinó el porcentaje de eclosión. Los resultados del recuento en todos los tratamientos fueron negativos para Vibrio spp.; sin embargo, las bacterias heterótrofas se presentaron en todos los tratamientos; en G-100 ppm se observó la menor cantidad de UFC (4,00 ± 2,8 x 10² mL-1) y las más altas se obtuvieron en A-2,5 y F-50 (3,45 ± 0,4 x 10(4) y 5,73 ± 0,3 x 10(4) UFC mL-1, respectivamente). El porcentaje de eclosión más alto se obtuvo en los huevos sin desinfectar (96,1 ± 6,2%), a pesar de la cantidad de bacterias presentes (1,22 ± 0,1 x 10(4) UFC mL-1) y el porcentaje de eclosión más bajo se presentó en los huevos desinfectados con A-5 (12,3 ± 6,3%). Por lo tanto, se recomienda solo eliminar la capa adherente de los huevos antes de la incubación. Three prophylactic treatments using three dosages each were used as surface disinfectants in bullseye puffer Sphoeroides annulatus eggs to study their effect on bacterial load reduction and hatching rate. Eggs were treated with proteolytic enzyme to remove stickiness. Tested treatments were: acriflavine (A) at a concentration of 2.5, 5 and 10 ppm for 1 min; formalin (F) at 10, 50 and 100 ppm for 30 min and glutaraldehyde (G) at 50, 100 and 200 ppm for 5 min, as well as a control group with no treatment (C), using three replicates per treatment. After disinfection, an egg sample from each replicate was inoculated in duplicate on TCBS and marine agar culture media to assess bacterial growth (CFU mL-1). The eggs were incubated and their hatching rate determined. Culture media tested negative for Vibrio spp. in all treatments. However, the growth of heterotrophic bacteria was present in all experimental groups; G-100 showed a significant reduction in CFU (4.00 ± 2.8 x 10² mL-1), whereas A-2.5 and F-50 had significantly higher CFU values (3.45 ± 0.4 x 10(4) and 5.73 ± 0.3 x 10(4) mL-1 respectively). By not disinfecting the eggs, a higher hatching rate was obtained (96.1 ± 6.2%), however relatively high CFU counts (1.22 ± 0.1 x 10(4) mL-1) were observed in this treatment, while the lowest hatching rate was found in eggs disinfected with A-5 (12.3 ± 6.3%). Thus, the use of stickiness removal procedures prior to incubation of bullseye puffer eggs seems to be enough to produce good hatching rates.

This paper presents a summary of the element test simulations (calibration simulations) submitted by 11 numerical simulation (prediction) teams that participated in the LEAP-2017 prediction exercise. A significant number of monotonic and cyclic triaxial (Vasko, An investigation into the behavior of Ottawa sand through monotonic and cyclic shear tests. Masters Thesis, The George Washington University, 2015; Vasko et al., LEAP-GWU-2015 Laboratory Tests. DesignSafe-CI, Dataset, 2018; El Ghoraiby et al., LEAP 2017: Soil characterization and element tests for Ottawa F65 sand. The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 2017; El Ghoraiby et al., LEAP-2017 GWU Laboratory Tests. DesignSafe-CI, Dataset, 2018; El Ghoraiby et al., Physical and mechanical properties of Ottawa F65 Sand. In B. Kutter et al. (Eds.), Model tests and numerical simulations of liquefaction and lateral spreading: LEAP-UCD-2017. New York: Springer, 2019) and direct simple shear tests (Bastidas, Ottawa F-65 Sand Characterization. PhD Dissertation, University of California, Davis, 2016) are available for Ottawa F-65 sand. The focus of this element test simulation exercise is to assess the performance of the constitutive models used by participating team in simulating the results of undrained stress-controlled cyclic triaxial tests on Ottawa F-65 sand for three different void ratios (El Ghoraiby et al., LEAP 2017: Soil characterization and element tests for Ottawa F65 sand. The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 2017; El Ghoraiby et al., LEAP-2017 GWU Laboratory Tests. DesignSafe-CI, Dataset, 2018; El Ghoraiby et al., Physical and mechanical properties of Ottawa F65 Sand. In B. Kutter et al. (Eds.), Model tests and numerical simulations of liquefaction and lateral spreading: LEAP-UCD-2017. New York: Springer, 2019). The simulated stress paths, stress strain responses, and liquefaction strength curves show that majority of the models used in this exercise are able to provide a reasonably good match to liquefaction strength curves for the highest void ratio (0.585) but the differences between the simulations and experiments become larger for the lower void ratios (0.542 and 0.515).