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The nature of the magma plumbing system of Large Igneous Provinces is still poorly understood. Among these exceptional magmatic events from Earth's past, the end-Triassic Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) and the end-Cretaceous Deccan Traps (Deccan) coincided in time with two of the most catastrophic biotic crises during the Phanerozoic. In order to constrain the architecture of their magma plumbing system, glomerocrysts containing abundant bubble-bearing melt inclusions from basaltic lava flows of both CAMP and Deccan were investigated via in situ geochemical and microstructural analyses. The analysed glomerocrysts, dominated by augitic clinopyroxene crystals, represent fragments of a crystal mush entrained by basaltic magmas before eruption. The analysed melt inclusions, consisting of an intermediate to felsic composition glass and CO2-bearing bubbles, represent relics of interstitial melts and fluids within a porous crystal framework forming the crystal mush. The different volume proportions between bubbles and whole inclusions reveal that melt entrapment occurred after volatile exsolution. The minimum observed bubble/inclusion fraction indicates that the CO2 concentration in CAMP and Deccan melts was at least 0.3 wt.%, consistent with a maximum entrapment pressure of about 0.5 GPa at CO2-H2O fluid-saturated conditions. The MgO-rich composition of host clinopyroxene crystals and whole rocks is in contrast with the SiO2-rich composition of (trachy-) andesitic to rhyolitic glass of melt inclusions, pointing to disequilibrium conditions. Thermodynamic and geochemical modelling shows that fractional crystallization alone cannot explain the evolved composition of glass in melt inclusions starting from their whole rock composition. On one side, the oxygen isotope composition of clinopyroxene crystals in glomerocrysts ranges from +3.9 (± 0.3) to +5.8 (± 0.3) ‰ and their sample-averaged oxygen isotope composition spans from +4.4 (N = 10) to +5.6 (N = 10) ‰, imply

The chemical and isotopic characteristics of terrestrial basalts are constrained within the concept of mantle chemical geodynamics that explains the existing variety of basaltic rocks within a framework of several end-member reservoirs in Earth's mantle. In contrast, there is no comparable fully developed model explaining the isotopic composition of lunar basaltic rocks, in part owing to the lack of well-constrained age-isotope relationships in different groups of basalts identified on the Moon. Notably, the absence of agreement upon ages includes basalts from a unique group of meteorites collectively known as 'YAMM' (basalts Yamato-793169: Y-793169, Asuka-881757: A-881757, Miller Range 05035: MIL 05035 and regolith breccia Meteorite Hill 01210: MET 01210), which appear to show chemical signatures different from all other known lunar basaltic rocks. We present high-precision Pb-Pb ages and initial Pb isotopic ratios for two samples from this group, MIL 05035 and A-881757. These meteorites have Pb isotope ratios different from those of the other lunar basalts, suggesting they are derived from a distinct and depleted mantle source, with a U-238/Pb-204 ratio (mu value) lower than any other mantle source. Their depletion in rare earth elements, in conjunction with recalculated initial Nd and Sr isotopic ratios from published data and using our new age, appear to support this conclusion. The chemical and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic characteristics of this low-mu source appear to be the opposite of those of the KREEP reservoir and many, if not all, features described in other lunar basalts (such as low- and high-Ti mare basalts) can be explained by a binary mixing of material derived from low-mu and KREEP-like reservoirs. This mixing might be the result of a slow, convection-like mantle overturn.

Previous isotope studies of lunar samples have demonstrated that volatile loss was an important part of the early history of the Moon. The radiogenic U-Pb system, where Pb has a significantly lower T50% condensation temperature than U, has the capacity to both recognize and calibrate the extent of volatile loss but this approach has been hindered by terrestrial Pb contamination of samples. We employ a novel method that integrates analyses of individual samples by Ion Microprobe and Thermal Ionization mass spectrometry to correct for ubiquitous common Pb contamination, a method that results in significantly higher estimates for mu-values (238U/204Pb) than previously reported. Using this method, six of seven samples of low-Ti basaltic meteorites return mu-values between 1900 and 9600, values that are consistent with a re-evaluation of published results that return mu-values of 510-2900 for both low-and high-Ti basalts. While some degree of fractionation during partial melting may increase mu-values, we infer that the source region(s) for the basalts must also have had elevated mu-values by the time the lunar magma ocean solidified. Models to account for the available initial Pb isotopic compositions of lunar basalts in light of timing constraints from thermal modelling imply that their source regions had a mu-value of at least 280, consistent with the elevated mu-values of lunar basalts and that inferred for their sources. Such high mu-values are attributed to the preferential loss of more than 99% of the Pb over U relative to a precursor with a Mars-like composition in the aftermath of the giant impact. Such an extensive loss of Pb is consistent with previously reported losses of other elements with comparable volatility, namely Zn, Rb, Ga and CrO2. Finally, our modelling of highly-radiogenic lunar Pb isotopes assuming crystallization of the lunar magma ocean over 100s of millions of years shows that the elevated mu-values allows for, but does not require, a young Mo

Despite the intense cratering history of the Moon, very few traces of meteoritic material have been identified in the more than 380 kg of samples returned to Earth by the Apollo and Luna missions. Here we show that an similar to 200-mu m-sized fragment collected by the Luna 16 mission has extra-lunar origins and probably originates from an LL chondrite with similar properties to near-Earth stony asteroids. The fragment has not experienced temperatures higher than 400 degrees C since its protolith formed early in the history of the Solar System. It arrived on the Moon, either as a micrometeorite or as the result of the break-up of a bigger impact, no earlier than 3.4 Gyr ago and possibly around 1Gyr ago, an age that would be consistent with impact ages inferred from basaltic fragments in the Luna 16 sample and of a known dynamic upheaval in the Flora asteroid family, which is thought to be the source of L and LL chondrite meteorites. These results highlight the importance of extra-lunar fragments in constraining the impact history of the Earth-Moon system and suggest that material from LL chondrite asteroids may be an important component.

Glass beads formed by ejection of impact-melted lunar rocks and soils are an important component of lunar soils. These glasses range from 100s of microns to up to a few cm in diameter and contain variable, but usually relatively low (several hundred ppb to a few ppm), quantities of U. Because Pb is a volatile element, it tends to be lost from the melts, so individual impact glasses can be dated by the U-Th-Pb isotopic systems. The presence of two additional Pb components in lunar glasses, likely linked to addition of lunar Pb to the beads during their residence on the lunar surface and from terrestrial laboratory contamination, require corrections to the data before accurate formation ages of the glasses can be determined. Here we report a U-Th-Pb isotopic and geochemical study of impact glasses from the Apollo 14 soil 14163, which documents multiple impacts into chemically diverse targets that can be linked to the main groups of rocks found on the Moon, i.e., mare basalts, highlands plagioclase-rich rocks, and KREEP (from high contents of K, REE and P) enriched rocks. The impact ages show a bimodal distribution with peaks at ~3500-3700 Ma and < 1000 Ma, similar to that obtained previously by Ar-40-Ar-39 dating of other suites of lunar regolith glasses. Our data suggest two predominant age peaks at ~100 Ma and ~500 Ma, with other statistically definable clusters of ages also possible. As Pb is relatively resistant to subsolidus diffusive loss in these glasses, the age clusters probably represent primary formation ages during impact events, although processes such as preferential preservation of young glasses and impact conditions necessary for production of regolith glasses need further quantification. (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

In this paper we describe experiments on two enriched K-40 solutions to accurately determine decay data. The first solution was measured in 2004/2005 by means of a gamma-ray spectrometer with low background and a liquid scintillation (LS) counter to apply the CIEMAT/NIST efficiency tracing method. A combination of results yields an emission probability of the 1461 keV gamma-rays of P-gamma = 0.1030(11) which is lower than current results of data evaluations. The activity concentration of the second solution was also determined by means of LS counting, but here, the CIEMAT/NIST efficiency tracing method as well as the TDCR method were applied. Again, the result was combined with that of independent gamma-ray spectrometry and the gamma-ray emission probability was found to be P-gamma = 0.1029(9) in good agreement with the result obtained from the first solution. A combination of both experiments yields P-gamma = 0.1029(9). The spectra of a TriCarb LS counter were carefully analyzed and a beta minus emission probability P beta- = 0.8954(14) was determined. The new results for P-gamma and P-beta-indicate that the overall probability of the decay via EC in recent data evaluations is overestimated. The LS counting efficiencies were computed with a stochastic model and up-to-date calculations of the beta spectrum and fractional EC probabilities were used. The final activity result of the second solution is combined with the outcome of a comprehensive isotopic analysis to determine the half-life of K-40 which is found to be 1.2536(27) .10(9) years. All above-stated uncertainties are standard uncertainties (k = 1).

Ar-40/Ar-39 geochronology is one of the most important techniques for constraining the timing of basaltic events due to the paucity of suitable minerals in basalts for other geochronological techniques such as U-Pb (e.g., zircon, baddeleyite). Among a variety of materials from basaltic rocks that have been used for Ar-40/Ar-39 dating, plagioclase is the most important due to its common presence in basalts as a primary crystallizing phase, and its transparency so that fresh grains can be selected during sample preparation. However, plagioclase Ar-40/Ar-39 geochronology has often been compromised by alteration (e.g., sericitization by hydrothermal events), which, in practice, is difficult to identify using a petrographic microscope when the amount of alteration is low (e.g., <1%). We used laboratory step-heating experiments and theoretical simulations to characterize the Ar-40/Ar-39 age and Ca/K spectra of altered plagioclase so that Ar-40/Ar-39 dating results on altered samples can be identified and better interpreted. The step-heating experiments and theoretical simulations yielded consistent results, and show that with the presence of even a tiny amount of sericite (similar to 0.01% for K-poor samples and similar to 0.1% for K-rich samples), the plagioclase samples yielded alteration plateau ages that are 3%-4% younger than the crystallization age. The difference between the alteration age of sericitized plagioclase and its crystallization age is primarily controlled by the time lapse between the crystallization and sericitization events, but also by the Ca/K ratios of the plagioclase. For plagioclase samples that experienced the same alteration event, the higher the Ca/K ratio is, the more sensitive the Ar-40/Ar-39 age is to alteration. We propose that the alteration signatures of plagioclase can be effectively identified through inspecting the Ar-40/Ar-39 age spectra, the Ca/K spectra, and the degassing curves. We also investigated the effect of sericitization

Large igneous provinces (LIPs) typically form in one short pulse of ∼1–5 Ma or several punctuated ∼1–5 Ma pulses. Here, our 25 new 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages for the main construct of the Kerguelen LIP—the Cretaceous Southern and Central Kerguelen Plateau, Elan Bank, and Broken Ridge—show continuous volcanic activity from ca. 122 to 90 Ma, a long lifespan of >32 Ma. This suggests that the Kerguelen LIP records the longest, continuous high-magma-flux emplacement interval of any LIP. Distinct from both short-lived and multiple-pulsed LIPs, we propose that Kerguelen is a different type of LIP that formed through long-term interactions between a mantle plume and mid-ocean ridge, which is enabled by multiple ridge jumps, slow spreading, and migration of the ridge. Such processes allow the transport of magma products away from the eruption center and result in long-lived, continuous magmatic activity.

The Macquarie Ridge Complex (MRC) on the Australia‐Pacific plate boundary south of New Zealand is an extinct mid‐ocean ridge that has experienced a complex tectonic history and produced highly heterogeneous mid‐ocean ridge basalts (MORBs). When and how seafloor spreading ceased along the proto‐Macquarie mid‐ocean ridge remain elusive, and it is unclear how the mantle source of MORBs is affected by the gradual cessation of seafloor spreading at mid‐ocean ridges. To constrain the tectonic evolution of the MRC, the mantle source variations for MORBs at dying mid‐ocean ridges, and the mechanisms of mantle enrichment and asthenospheric heterogeneities, we report 11 pyroxene, plagioclase, basaltic glass, groundmass, and sericite 40Ar/39Ar and one zircon U‐Pb ages for the MRC MORBs. Our data reveal that basalts from the MRC seamounts were erupted between 25.9 and 1.6 Ma and Macquarie Island at ∼10 Ma. Combined age and plate reconstruction results reveal that the cessation of seafloor spreading at the MRC generally propagated from south to north along the ridge. Basalts produced by the then dying Macquarie mid‐ocean ridge at different times on different seamounts/island show a large variation in isotopic compositions and there is no clear correlation between ages and isotopic ratios. The heterogeneity of mantle source for MORBs from the proto‐Macquarie mid‐ocean ridge suggests that the upper asthenospheric mantle is heterogeneous, and such heterogeneity becomes most obvious at dying mid‐ocean ridges where the degrees of partial melting are low and a large range of melt compositions are produced.

Neoproterozoic siliciclastic-dominated sequences are widespread along the eastern margin of Laurentia and are related to rifting associated with the breakout of Laurentia from the supercontinent Rodinia. Detrital zircons from the Moine Supergroup, NW Scotland, yield Archean to early Neoproterozoic U-Pb ages, consistent with derivation from the Grenville-Sveconorwegian orogen and environs and accumulation post–1000 Ma. U-Pb zircon ages for felsic and associated mafic intrusions confirm a widespread pulse of extension-related magmatism at around 870 Ma. Pegmatites yielding U-Pb zircon ages between 830 Ma and 745 Ma constrain a series of deformation and metamorphic pulses related to Knoydartian orogenesis of the host Moine rocks. Additional U-Pb zircon and monazite data, and 40Ar/39Ar ages for pegmatites and host gneisses indicate high-grade metamorphic events at ca. 458–446 Ma and ca. 426 Ma during the Caledonian orogenic cycle. The presence of early Neoproterozoic siliciclastic sedimentation and deformation in the Moine and equivalent successions around the North Atlantic and their absence along strike in eastern North America reflect contrasting Laurentian paleogeography during the breakup of Rodinia. The North Atlantic realm occupied an external location on the margin of Laurentia, and this region acted as a locus for accumulation of detritus (Moine Supergroup and equivalents) derived from the Grenville-Sveconorwegian orogenic welt, which developed as a consequence of collisional assembly of Rodinia. Neoproterozoic orogenic activity corresponds with the inferred development of convergent plate-margin activity along the periphery of the supercontinent. In contrast in eastern North America, which lay within the internal parts of Rodinia, sedimentation did not commence until the mid-Neoproterozoic (ca. 760 Ma) during initial stages of supercontinent fragmentation. In the North Atlantic region, this time frame corresponds to a second pulse of extension represented by u

Precise crystallisation ages have been determined for a range of Apollo basalts from Pb-Pb isochrons generated using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) analyses of multiple accessory phases including K-feldspar, K-rich glass and phosphates. The samples analysed in this study include five Apollo 11 high-Ti basalts, one Apollo 14 high-Al basalt, seven Apollo 15 low-Ti basalts, and five Apollo 17 high-Ti basalts. Together with the samples analysed in two previous similar studies, Pb-Pb isochron ages have been determined for all of the major basaltic suites sampled during the Apollo missions. The accuracy of these ages has been assessed as part of a thorough review of existing age determinations for Apollo basalts, which reveals a good agreement with previous studies of the same samples, as well as with average ages that have been calculated for the emplacement of the different basaltic suites at the Apollo landing sites. Furthermore, the precision of the new age determinations helps to resolve distinctions between the ages of different basaltic suites in more detail than was previously possible. The proposed ages for the basaltic surface flows at the Apollo landing sites have been reviewed in light of these new sample ages. Finally, the data presented here have also been used to constrain the initial Pb isotopic compositions of the mare basalts, which indicate a significant degree of heterogeneity in the lunar mantle source regions, even among the basalts collected at individual landing sites.

Precise crystallisation ages have been determined for a range of Apollo basalts from Pb-Pb isochrons generated using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) analyses of multiple accessory phases including K-feldspar, K-rich glass and phosphates. The samples analysed in this study include five Apollo 11 high-Ti basalts, one Apollo 14 high-Al basalt, seven Apollo 15 low-Ti basalts, and five Apollo 17 high-Ti basalts. Together with the samples analysed in two previous similar studies, Pb-Pb isochron ages have been determined for all of the major basaltic suites sampled during the Apollo missions. The accuracy of these ages has been assessed as part of a thorough review of existing age determinations for Apollo basalts, which reveals a good agreement with previous studies of the same samples, as well as with average ages that have been calculated for the emplacement of the different basaltic suites at the Apollo landing sites. Furthermore, the precision of the new age determinations helps to resolve distinctions between the ages of different basaltic suites in more detail than was previously possible. The proposed ages for the basaltic surface flows at the Apollo landing sites have been reviewed in light of these new sample ages. Finally, the data presented here have also been used to constrain the initial Pb isotopic compositions of the mare basalts, which indicate a significant degree of heterogeneity in the lunar mantle source regions, even among the basalts collected at individual landing sites.