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Background: Families with children who have or are at risk for obesity have differing needs and a one-size-fits-all approach can negatively impact program retention, engagement, and outcomes. Individually tailored interventions could engage families and children through identifying and prioritizing desired areas of focus. Despite literature defining tailoring as individualized treatment informed by assessment of behaviors, intervention application varies. This review aims to exhibit the use of the term "tailor" in pediatric obesity interventions and propose a uniform definition. Methods: We conducted a scoping review following PRISMA-ScR guidelines among peer-reviewed pediatric obesity prevention and management interventions published between 1995 and 2021. We categorized 69 studies into 6 groups: (1) individually tailored interventions, (2) computer-tailored interventions/tailored health messaging, (3) a protocolized group intervention with a tailored component, (4) only using the term tailor in the title, abstract, introduction, or discussion, e) using the term tailor to describe another term, and (5) interventions described as culturally tailored. Results: The scoping review exhibited a range of uses and lack of explicit definitions of tailoring in pediatric obesity interventions including some that deviate from individualized designs. Effective tailored interventions incorporated validated assessments for behaviors and multilevel determinants, and recipient-informed choice of target behavior(s) and programming. Conclusions: We urge interventionists to use tailoring to describe individualized, assessment-driven interventions and to clearly define how an intervention is tailored. This can elucidate the role of tailoring and its potential for addressing the heterogeneity of behavioral and social determinants for the prevention and management of pediatric obesity.

We surveyed pediatric primary care clinicians working in Federally Qualified Health Centers about their perceptions of children's social-emotional wellbeing. We identified clinician's current methods for assessing social-emotional wellbeing in practices, perceived implementation barriers to providing behavioral health care, and interest in adopting a validated, low-burden developmentally sensitive parent-report instrument for screening for social-emotional wellbeing in young children. We surveyed 72 PCCs working in FQHCs from 9 US states. Analyses included examining central tendencies, correlations, analysis of variance, and group differences via t-tests. Average PCC perceptions of social-emotional wellbeing importance for overall health were statistically significantly higher than their confidence in providing care for common social-emotional wellbeing concerns (mean difference = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.13-1.49). PCCs expressed low satisfaction with currently available screening measures for identifying concerns in social-emotional wellbeing. Fewer than half of clinicians reported using any standardized parent-reported measure for identifying concerns in social-emotional wellbeing. Assessment methods and decision tools that improve clinician confidence concerning risk indications are needed, particularly at the critical early childhood period. Policymakers and payers ought to facilitate funding mechanisms that support pediatric PCCs in identifying early concerns in social-emotional wellbeing and providing referral guidance to evidence-based interventions to support parents and caregivers., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Introduction: The Implementation Research Logic Model (IRLM) aids users in combining, organizing, and specifying the relationships between important constructs in implementation research. The goal of the IRLM is to improve the rigor, reproducibility, and transparency of implementation research projects. The article describing the IRLM was published September 25, 2020 ( Implement Sci , Vol 15); it has since been highly cited and included as a required element in multiple funding opportunity announcements from federal agencies. The proliferation of IRLM use across dissemination and implementation research projects and practice provides an excellent opportunity to examine applications across a variety of different contexts. This protocol will result in a description of the impact of the IRLM on the field of dissemination and implementation science and guidance on refinements to the IRLM to increase its utility and impact through (1) a citation analysis, (2) a scoping review, and (3) user surveys and interviews., Methods and Analysis: This protocol follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping review reporting guidelines (PRISMA-ScR). We plan to conduct a citation search and analysis of the Smith et al. 2020 article and a scoping review. The review search will be conducted in Medline, Embase, CINAHL Complete, Cochrane Library, APA PsycINFO4, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global, Scopus and Web of Science Core Collection., and grey literature will be searched to identify studies that use alternative logic models for implementation research. A survey will be developed from the findings of the scoping review and administered to individuals who used the IRLM. Semi-structured interviews will then be conducted with a sample of survey respondents to provide an opportunity for sequential mixed-methods analysis to achieve a deeper understanding of needed IRLM refinements and recommendations., Ethics and Dissemination: Ethics approval for the scoping review and citation analysis is not applicable as only data from published literature will be used and no original data will be collected. For the survey, IRB will be completed once items are developed from the results of the scoping review and citation analysis. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations, and via online tools., Registration Details: This protocol was registered with OSF, https://osf.io/y94bj (1)., Competing Interests: JDS, DHL, and MRR are the co-developers of the Implementation Research Logic Model (IRLM). The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2024 Merle, Sloss, Sanuade, Lengnick-Hall, Meza, Golden, Simmons, Velazquez, Hill, Estabrooks, McFarland, Rafferty, Li and Smith.)

A number of policies mandate that autistic transition-age youth receive employment services to prepare for the workforce before high school graduation. A key limitation to these services is the job interview component, which relies on non-standardized, resource-intensive, staff-led role-plays to help autistic transition-age youth improve their interview skills. The autism community has called for better job interview preparation. To address this gap in services, our team, collaborated with the autism community to adapt the intervention, Virtual Reality Job Interview Training ( VR-JIT ; effective among adults with serious mental illness), into Virtual Interview Training for Transition Age Youth ( VIT-TAY ). This adapted intervention was tailored to meet the needs of autistic transition age youth while maintaining the core components of VR-JIT (i.e., an online job interview simulator with four levels of automated feedback and e-learning content). A pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) demonstrated VIT-TAY 's feasibility and initial effectiveness at improving job interview skills, reducing anxiety, and increasing employment rates within six months when added to transition services or pre-employment transition services (Pre-ETS). Thus, the overarching goal of this Hybrid Type 1 effectiveness-implementation study protocol is to conduct a fully-powered RCT of VIT-TAY across 16 schools in various geographical locations. Our specific aims are to 1) Evaluate whether Pre-ETS (or transition services) with VIT-TAY , as compared to Pre-ETS (or transition services) with an active control intervention (i.e., job interview didactics/e-learning with a series of 3-5 min videos of employed autistic adults talking about their career pathways) enhances employment outcomes; 2) Evaluate mechanisms of employment by nine months post-randomization; and 3) Conduct a multilevel, mixed-method process evaluation of the initial implementation of VIT-TAY across settings (e.g., acceptability, feasibility, and barriers and facilitators of implementation)., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: SIMmersion LLC commercially licenses access to Virtual Reality Job Interview Training. Dr. Matthew Smith and his scientific and partners from the autism community adapted this original version into a new iteration called Virtual Interview Training for Transition Age Youth. Royalties from this new version (not the original version) will be shared with the University of Michigan, the University of Michigan's School of Social Work, and Dr. Matthew Smith. The University of Michigan's Conflict Management Office developed a conflict management plan for Dr. Matthew J. Smith that was reviewed and approved by a University of Michigan Conflict of Interest Committee. No other authors report competing interests., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Objective: To identify innovation and implementation determinants of HIV testing, diagnosis, and linkage-to-care in the U.S., Data Sources and Study Setting: Between November 2020 and January 2022, a broad search strategy was employed in three literature databases: Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science., Study Design: A systematic review guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement., Data Collection/extraction Methods: A team of master's and Ph.D.-level researchers screened eligible studies against the inclusion criteria and extracted the data using COVIDENCE software in pairs with consensus performed by a senior member of the team. Barriers and facilitators were extracted and analyzed according to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Frequency of determinants across studies was mapped according to CFIR, valence, study design, delivery setting, unit of analysis, population of interest, region of the U.S., and year., Results: We identified 1,739 implementation and innovation determinants from 186 articles. Most determinants were for HIV testing rather than linkage-to-care. Most determinants were identified in the inner setting and individuals domains of CFIR, with the fewest identified in the process and innovations domains. Determinants of providers were only slightly more frequently identified than determinants of recipients. However, determinants of organizations and systems were rarely identified., Conclusion: This review provides a synthesis of innovation and implementation determinants of HIV testing and linkage-to-care using the most-cited implementation science (IS) framework, CFIR. This synthesis enables the larger field of HIV science to utilize IS in efforts to end the HIV epidemic and positions IS to consider the application of IS frameworks to fields like HIV., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Introduction: The increasing rates of HIV among Latino men who have sex with men (MSM) necessitate innovative and rigorous studies to evaluate prevention and treatment strategies. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective tool in preventing HIV acquisition and plays a crucial role in the Ending the HIV Epidemic in the U.S. initiative. However, there is a scarcity of PrEP research specifically focused on Latino MSM, and the factors influencing its implementation remain largely unknown., Methods: To address this gap, we conducted a comprehensive review exploring the determinants (barriers and facilitators) of PrEP implementation among Latino MSM, as well as the change methods (implementation strategies and adjunctive interventions) that have been evaluated to promote its adoption. Our review encompassed 43 peer-reviewed articles examining determinants and four articles assessing change methods. Determinants were coded using the updated Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR 2.0) to understand the multilevel barriers and facilitators associated with implementation., Results: The majority of research has focused on PrEP recipients (i.e., patients), primarily examining their awareness and willingness to use PrEP. Fewer studies have explored the factors influencing clinicians and service delivery systems. Additionally, the evaluation of change methods to enhance clinician adoption and adherence to PrEP and recipient adherence to PrEP has been limited., Conclusion: It is evident that there is a need for culturally adapted strategies tailored specifically for Latino MSM, as the current literature remains largely unexplored in this regard. By incorporating principles from implementation science, we can gain a clearer understanding of the knowledge, skills, and roles necessary for effective cultural adaptations. Future research should emphasize factors influencing implementation from a clinician standpoint and focus on innovative change methods to increase PrEP awareness, reach, adoption, and sustained adherence among Latino MSM., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objectives: To report lessons from integrating the methods and perspectives of clinical informatics (CI) and implementation science (IS) in the context of Improving the Management of symPtoms during and following Cancer Treatment (IMPACT) Consortium pragmatic trials., Materials and Methods: IMPACT informaticists, trialists, and implementation scientists met to identify challenges and solutions by examining robust case examples from 3 Research Centers that are deploying systematic symptom assessment and management interventions via electronic health records (EHRs). Investigators discussed data collection and CI challenges, implementation strategies, and lessons learned., Results: CI implementation strategies and EHRs systems were utilized to collect and act upon symptoms and impairments in functioning via electronic patient-reported outcomes (ePRO) captured in ambulatory oncology settings. Limited EHR functionality and data collection capabilities constrained the ability to address IS questions. Collecting ePRO data required significant planning and organizational champions adept at navigating ambiguity., Discussion: Bringing together CI and IS perspectives offers critical opportunities for monitoring and managing cancer symptoms via ePROs. Discussions between CI and IS researchers identified and addressed gaps between applied informatics implementation and theory-based IS trial and evaluation methods. The use of common terminology may foster shared mental models between CI and IS communities to enhance EHR design to more effectively facilitate ePRO implementation and clinical responses., Conclusion: Implementation of ePROs in ambulatory oncology clinics benefits from common understanding of the concepts, lexicon, and incentives between CI implementers and IS researchers to facilitate and measure the results of implementation efforts., Competing Interests: The authors have no competing interests to report., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Medical Informatics Association.)

Background: There are no criteria specifically for evaluating the quality of implementation research and recommending implementation strategies likely to have impact to practitioners. We describe the development and application of the Best Practices Tool, a set of criteria to evaluate the evidence supporting HIV-specific implementation strategies., Methods: We developed the Best Practices Tool from 2022-2023 in three phases. (1) We developed a draft tool and criteria based on a literature review and key informant interviews. We purposively selected and recruited by email interview participants representing a mix of expertise in HIV service delivery, quality improvement, and implementation science. (2) The tool was then informed and revised through two e-Delphi rounds using a survey delivered online through Qualtrics. The first and second round Delphi surveys consisted of 71 and 52 open and close-ended questions, respectively, asking participants to evaluate, confirm, and make suggestions on different aspects of the rubric. After each survey round, data were analyzed and synthesized as appropriate; and the tool and criteria were revised. (3) We then applied the tool to a set of research studies assessing implementation strategies designed to promote the adoption and uptake of evidence-based HIV interventions to assess reliable application of the tool and criteria., Results: Our initial literature review yielded existing tools for evaluating intervention-level evidence. For a strategy-level tool, additions emerged from interviews, for example, a need to consider the context and specification of strategies. Revisions were made after both Delphi rounds resulting in the confirmation of five evaluation domains - research design, implementation outcomes, limitations and rigor, strategy specification, and equity - and four evidence levels - best, promising, more evidence needed, and harmful. For most domains, criteria were specified at each evidence level. After an initial pilot round to develop an application process and provide training, we achieved 98% reliability when applying the criteria to 18 implementation strategies., Conclusions: We developed a tool to evaluate the evidence supporting implementation strategies for HIV services. Although specific to HIV in the US, this tool is adaptable for evaluating strategies in other health areas., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Implementation of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV transmission is suboptimal in the United States. To date, the literature has focused on identifying determinants of PrEP use, with a lesser focus on developing and testing change methods to improve PrEP implementation. Moreover, the change methods available for improving the uptake and sustained use of PrEP have not been systematically categorized. To summarize the state of the literature, we conducted a systematic review of the implementation strategies used to improve PrEP implementation among delivery systems and providers, as well as the adjunctive interventions used to improve the uptake and persistent adherence to PrEP among patients. Between November 2020 and January 2021, we searched Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science for peer reviewed articles. We identified 44 change methods (18 implementation strategies and 26 adjunctive interventions) across a variety of clinical and community-based service settings. We coded implementation strategies and adjunctive interventions in accordance with established taxonomies and reporting guidelines. Most studies focused on improving patient adherence to PrEP and most conducted pilot trials. Just over one-third of included studies demonstrated a positive effect on outcomes. In order to end the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in the U.S., future, large scale HIV prevention research is needed that develops and evaluates implementation strategies and adjunctive interventions for target populations disproportionately affected by HIV., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Implementation of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV transmission is suboptimal in the United States, particularly among people who use drugs (PWUD). PrEP research among PWUD is scarce, and the factors that impact implementation are largely unknown. Therefore, we conducted a scoping review of implementation determinants (i.e., barriers and facilitators), as well as the change methods (implementation strategies and adjunctive interventions) that have been evaluated to increase PrEP implementation and use among PWUD. We identified 32 peer-reviewed articles assessing determinants and five that evaluated change methods. Determinants were coded using the updated Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), which is an established framework to understand the multilevel barriers and facilitators associated with implementation. Findings indicate that most research was conducted among PrEP recipients (i.e., patients), focusing on awareness and willingness to use PrEP, with less focus on factors impacting clinicians and service delivery systems. Moreover, very few change methods have been evaluated to improve clinician adoption and adherence to CDC guidelines for PrEP provision and/or recipient uptake and adherence to PrEP. Future research is needed that focuses on factors impacting implementation from a clinician standpoint as well as innovative change methods to increase PrEP awareness, reach, adoption, and sustained adherence to guidelines. Implementation Science offers a wealth of knowledge to speed up the effort to end the HIV epidemic in the United States., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objectives: Hypertension affects 1 in 3 adults in the United States and disproportionately affects African Americans. Kaiser Permanente demonstrated that a "bundle" of evidence-based interventions significantly increased blood pressure control rates. This paper describes a multiyear process of developing the protocol for a trial of the Kaiser bundle for implementation in under-resourced urban communities experiencing cardiovascular health disparities during the planning phase of this biphasic award (UG3/UH3)., Methods: The protocol was developed by a collaboration of faith-based community members, representatives from community health center practice-based research networks, and academic scientists with expertise in health disparities, implementation science, community-engaged research, social care interventions, and health informatics. Scientists from the National Institutes of Health and the other grantees of the Disparities Elimination through Coordinated Interventions to Prevent and Control Heart and Lung Disease Risk (DECIPHeR) Alliance also contributed to developing our protocol., Results: The protocol is a hybrid type 3 effectiveness-implementation study using a parallel cluster randomized trial to test the impact of practice facilitation on implementation of the Kaiser bundle in community health centers compared with implementation without facilitation. A central strategy to the Kaiser bundle is to coordinate implementation via faith-based and other community organizations for recruitment and navigation of resources for health-related social risks., Conclusions: The proposed research has the potential to improve identification, diagnosis, and control of blood pressure among under-resourced communities by connecting community entities and healthcare organizations in new ways. Faith-based organizations are a trusted voice in African American communities that could be instrumental for eliminating disparities., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: S.T.L. discloses that she is founder and co-owner of NowPow LLC, a company acquired in 2021 by Unite Us LLC, where she is currently an advisor and stockholder. She is president of MAPSCorps, a 501c3 nonprofit organization, and serves on other nonprofit boards. Neither the University of Chicago nor the University of Chicago Medicine endorses or promotes any NowPow, Unite Us, or MAPSCorps product or service. S.T.L. holds debt in Glenbervie Health LLC and owns health care-related investments managed by third parties. S.T.L. is a contributor to UpToDate, Inc. The University of Chicago receives royalties from UpToDate, Inc. In addition to the acknowledged funding for the CIRCL study, S.T.L., E.M.A., and E.A.P. are also supported by R01MD012630, R01AG064949, R01DK127961, R01HL150909, and P30CA014599. T.L.W. receives research funding from Gilead Sciences for work related to coronavirus disease (COVID) in immunosuppressed populations. O.A.S. is supported by an Administrative Supplement to Promote a Diverse Research Community from the Office of the Vice President for Research at the University of Utah, awarded to J.D.S. F.S.A. was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K23HL155970) and the American Heart Association (AHA number 856917).

Background: Implementation science groups change methods into two categories: (1) clinical, behavioral, or biomedical intervention targeting recipient's health outcomes and (2) implementation strategies targeting the delivery system. Differentiating interventions from strategies based on their intended functions is critical to accurately attributing their effects to health or implementation outcomes. However, in coordinating 200+ HIV implementation research projects and conducting systematic reviews, we identified change methods that had characteristics of both interventions and strategies that were inconsistently categorized. To alleviate confusion and improve change method specification, we propose that implementation science should adopt an extant but rarely used term-adjunctive interventions-to classify change methods that are distinct from the common intervention/strategy taxonomy., Main Text: Adjunctive interventions as change methods that target recipients (e.g., patients, participants) of a health intervention but are designed to increase recipients' motivation, self-efficacy, or capacity for initiating, adhering to, complying with, or engaging with the health intervention over time. In two of our published reviews on implementation of HIV interventions, 25 out of 45 coded change methods fell into this gray area between strategy and intervention. We also noted instances in which the same change method was labelled as the intervention ("the thing"), as an adjunctive intervention, or an implementation strategy in different studies-further muddying the waters. Adjunctive interventions are distinguished from other change methods by their intended targets, desired outcomes, and theory of action and causal processes. Whereas health interventions target recipients and have a direct, causal effect on the health outcome, adjunctive interventions enhance recipients' attitudes and behaviors to engage with the intervention and have an indirect causal link to the health outcome via increasing the probability of recipients' utilization and adherence to the intervention. Adjunctive interventions are incapable of directly producing the health outcome and will themselves require implementation strategies to effectively impact sustained uptake, utilization, and adherence. Case examples, logic modeling, and considerations (e.g., relationship to consumer engagement strategies) for adjunctive intervention research are provided., Conclusion: Conceptualizing adjunctive interventions as a separate type of change method will advance implementation research by improving tests of effectiveness, and the specification of mechanisms and outcomes., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately affected by HIV, accounting for two-thirds of HIV cases in the United States despite representing ∼5% of the adult population. Delivery and use of existing and highly effective HIV prevention and treatment strategies remain suboptimal among MSM. To summarize the state of the science, we systematically review implementation determinants and strategies of HIV-related health interventions using implementation science frameworks. Research on implementation barriers has focused predominantly on characteristics of individual recipients (e.g., ethnicity, age, drug use) and less so on deliverers (e.g., nurses, physicians), with little focus on system-level factors. Similarly, most strategies target recipients to influence their uptake and adherence, rather than improving and supporting implementation systems. HIV implementation research is burgeoning; future research is needed to broaden the examination of barriers at the provider and system levels, as well as expand knowledge on how to match strategies to barriers-particularly to address stigma. Collaboration and coordination among federal, state, and local public health agencies; community-based organizations; health care providers; and scientists are important for successful implementation of HIV-related health innovations.

As the most common setting where youth access behavioral healthcare, the education sector frequently employs training and follow-up consultation as cornerstone implementation strategies to promote the implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs). However, these strategies alone are not sufficient to promote desirable implementation (e.g., intervention fidelity) and youth behavioral outcomes (e.g., mitigated externalizing behaviors). Theory-informed pragmatic pre-implementation enhancement strategies (PIES) are needed to prevent the lackluster outcomes of training and consultation. Specifically, social cognitive theory explicates principles that inform the design of PIES content and specify mechanisms of behavior change (e.g., "intentions to implement" (ITI)) to target increasing providers' responsiveness to training and consultation. This triple-blind parallel randomized controlled trial preliminarily examined the efficacy of a pragmatic PIES based on social cognitive theories (SC-PIES) to improve implementation and youth behavioral outcomes from universal preventive EBPs in the education sector. Teachers from a diverse urban district were recruited and randomly assigned to the treatment (SC-PIES; n treatment  = 22) or active control condition (administrative meeting; n control  = 21). Based on the condition assigned, teachers received the SC-PIES or met with administrators before their EBP training. We assessed teachers' ITI, intervention fidelity, and youth behavioral outcome (academic engagement as an incompatible behavior to externalizing disorders) at baseline, immediately after training, and 6 weeks afterward. A series of ANCOVAs detected sizeable effects of SC-PIES, where teachers who received SC-PIES demonstrated significantly larger improvement in their ITI, intervention fidelity, and youth behaviors as compared to the control. Conditional analyses indicated that teachers' ITI partially mediated the effect of SC-PIES on intervention fidelity, which in turn led to improved youth behaviors. Findings suggest that theory-informed pragmatic PIES targeting providers' ITI can boost their responsiveness to implementation strategies, as reflected in improved implementation behaviors and youth behavioral outcomes. The results have implications for targeting motivational mechanisms of behavior change and situating preventive implementation strategies at the intersection between the preparation and active implementation stages of an implementation process. Limitations and implications for research and practice are discussed. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT05240222. Registered on: 2/14/2022. Retrospectively registered.  https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05240222., (© 2022. Society for Prevention Research.)

Introduction: Despite decreased rates of new infections, HIV/AIDS continues to impact certain US populations. In order to achieve the goals laid out in the Ending the HIV Epidemic (EHE) in the US initiative, implementation science is needed to expand the sustained use of effective prevention and treatment interventions, particularly among priority populations at risk for and living with HIV/AIDS. Over 200 HIV-related implementation studies have been funded by the US National Institutes of Health. Therefore, a comprehensive review of the literature identifying implementation determinants (barriers and facilitators) and categorising implementation strategies across the continuum of HIV prevention and care in the USA is appropriate and needed to enhance current knowledge and help achieve the goals laid out in the EHE national strategic plan., Methods and Analysis: This systematic review protocol follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Between November 2020 and January 2022, a broad database search strategy of Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Web of Science was conducted to capture implementation-related studies along the HIV prevention and care continuum. Articles were eligible for inclusion if they were: conducted in the USA, published after the year 2000, written in English, related to HIV/AIDS, focused on outcomes related to dissemination and implementation (ie, did not test/evaluate/explore implementation determinants or strategies) and were behavioural studies (ie, not basic science). We plan to conduct three systematic reviews to identify and categorise determinants and strategies associated with three HIV focus areas: pre-exposure prophylaxis, testing/diagnosing and linkage to care, and treatment. Determinants will be coded according to an adapted Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research 2.0. Implementation strategies and outcomes will be categorised in accordance with existing taxonomies and frameworks., Ethics and Dissemination: Ethics approval is not applicable. No original data will be collected. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations and via online tools., Prospero Registration Number: CRD42021233089., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: The Evidence-Based Practice Attitudes Scale (EBPAS) is widely used in implementation research, but it has not been adapted and validated for use among general education teachers, who are most likely to deliver evidence-based prevention programs in schools, the most common setting where youth access social, emotional, and behavioral health services., Method: School-based stakeholders and a research team comprised of experts in the implementation of evidence-based practices in schools adapted the EBPAS for teachers (the S-EBPAS). The adapted instrument was administered to a representative sample ( n  = 441) of general education teachers (grades K-5) to assess the reliability and internal consistency via factor analyses. The S-EBPAS included two forms (i.e., EBP-agnostic and EBP-specific item referents), therefore, a multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was also performed to establish measurement invariance between the two forms., Results: After adaptation and refinement, a 9-item, 3-factor structure was confirmed, with the final model supporting three first-order factors that load onto a second-order factor capturing attitudes toward adopting evidence-based practices. Multiple-group CFA analyses of measurement invariance indicated there were no significant differences between the two forms., Conclusions: Overall, this study provides a brief, flexible instrument capturing attitudes toward adopting EBPs that has high reliability and internal consistency, which support its use among general education teachers in school settings implementing evidence-based practices., Plain Language Summary: The Evidence-Based Practice Attitudes Scale (EBPAS) is a popular instrument for measuring attitudes toward evidence-based practices (EBPs). This instrument provides valuable information during implementation initiatives, such as whether providers or front-line implementers have favorable attitudes toward a given practice. The EBPAS has been used in many different settings, such as in community-based mental health clinics, medical hospitals, and in child welfare. However, it's use in schools has been limited, and it has not yet been tested with general education teachers, who are key implementers of evidence-based practices in schools. In order to trust that the scores from an instrument are accurate, it needs to be evaluated when scaling it out to new populations and settings. One popular method to determine this is to use factor analysis, which was employed in this study. This study fills the identified gap by assessing the reliability (i.e., accuracy) and internal consistency of the EBPAS among a representative sample of general education teachers. Findings from this study indicate that the school-adapted EBPAS (S-EBPAS) is a brief, nine-item instrument that provides a reliable estimate of teachers' attitudes toward evidence-based practices. Our results also provide evidence that the S-EBPAS can be used to capture attitudes toward specific EBPs as well as attitudes toward EBP -agnostic. This study provides a flexible instrument that can be used by school-based implementation researchers, practitioners, and intermediaries at multiple phases of implementation projects, such as when exploring a new EBP to adopt., Competing Interests: The authors declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Dr. Lyon is an associate editor at Implementation Research and Practice, but he had no role in the review or editorial decision making of this paper., (© The Author(s) 2023.)

Group-based didactic training is a cornerstone implementation strategy used to support the adoption and delivery of evidence-based prevention programs (EBPP) by teachers in schools, but it is often insufficient to drive successful implementation. Beliefs and Attitudes for Successful Implementation in Schools for Teachers (BASIS-T) is a theory-based, motivational implementation strategy designed to increase the yield of EBPP training and consultation. The purpose of this study was to examine the longitudinal effects of BASIS-T on hypothesized mechanisms of behavior change (e.g., attitudes toward EBPP, self-efficacy, intentions to implement) and implementation and student outcomes associated with a well-established universal prevention program-the good behavior game (GBG). This pilot trial included 82 elementary school teachers from nine public elementary schools who were randomly assigned at the school-level to the BASIS-T ( n  = 43) or active comparison ( n  = 39) condition, with both conditions receiving training and consultation of the good behavior game by a third-party purveyor. Analyses included mixed-effects and multilevel growth modeling of adoption, mechanisms of behavior change, and student behavior outcomes. Meaningful effects were found favoring BASIS-T on immediate adoption of the GBG within the first month of school (74% vs. 40%) and self-efficacy ( p  < 0.05). These findings advance our understanding of the type of implementation strategies that complement pre-implementation training and post-training consultation in schools by identifying the importance of task self-efficacy as a mechanism of behavior change related to adoption for prevention programming., Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12310-022-09536-z., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Institutional Review Board approval was obtained by the university human subjects committee and the school district research department, and all procedures complied with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Prior informed consent was obtained for all participants involved., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2022, Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

Background: Longitudinal tracking of implementation strategies is critical in accurately reporting when and why they are used, for promoting rigor and reproducibility in implementation research, and could facilitate generalizable knowledge if similar methods are used across research projects. This article focuses on tracking dynamic changes in the use of implementation strategies over time within a hybrid type 2 effectiveness-implementation trial of an evidence-based electronic patient-reported oncology symptom assessment for cancer patient-reported outcomes in a single large healthcare system., Methods: The Longitudinal Implementation Strategies Tracking System (LISTS), a timeline follow-back procedure for documenting strategy use and modifications, was applied to the multiyear study. The research team used observation, study records, and reports from implementers to complete LISTS in an electronic data entry system. Types of modifications and reasons were categorized. Determinants associated with each strategy were collected as a justification for strategy use and a potential explanation for strategy modifications., Results: Thirty-four discrete implementation strategies were used and at least one strategy was used from each of the nine strategy categories from the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) taxonomy. Most of the strategies were introduced, used, and continued or discontinued according to a prospective implementation plan. Relatedly, a small number of strategies were introduced, the majority unplanned, because of the changing healthcare landscape, or to address an emergent barrier. Despite changing implementation context, there were relatively few modifications to the way strategies were enacted, such as a change in the actor, action, or dose. Few differences were noted between the trial's three regional units under investigation., Conclusion: This study occurred within the ambulatory oncology clinics of a large, academic medical center and was supported by the Quality team of the health system to ensure greater uptake, uniformity, and implementation within established practice change processes. The centralized nature of the implementation likely contributed to the relatively low proportion of modified strategies and the high degree of uniformity across regions. These results demonstrate the potential of LISTS in gathering the level of data needed to understand the impact of the many implementation strategies used to support adoption and delivery of a multilevel innovation., Clinical Trial Registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04014751, identifier: NCT04014751., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Smith, Merle, Webster, Cahue, Penedo and Garcia.)

Objectives: We conducted a mixed-method focus group study to (a) assess the appropriateness and likely effectiveness of strategies that target individual behavior change mechanisms associated with perceived barriers of lack of time and unsupportive leadership and (b) identify recommendations regarding strategies for overcoming the barriers., Method: Sample included 39 school-based staff (80% female, 77% White) across two districts in the Midwest. Mixed methods included a simultaneous approach., Results: Lack of time and supportive leadership continue to pervade school-based implementation efforts. Recommendations centered around the need for school leaders to give teachers the power to re-prioritize how they spend their time as well as providing protected, facilitated time for teachers to collaborate and learn practical skills targeting self-advocacy., Conclusion: Our findings provide compelling evidence for the use of implementation methodology to strategically target mechanisms of individual behavior change during the process of incorporating new and innovative practices in schools., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest associated with this manuscript.

Educational researchers have produced a variety of evidence-based practices (EBP) to address social, emotional, and behavioral (SEB) needs among students. Yet, these practices are often insufficiently adopted and implemented with fidelity by teachers to produce the beneficial outcomes associated with the EBP, leaving students at risk for developing SEB problems. If ignored, SEB problems can lead to other negative outcomes, such as academic failure. Therefore, implementation strategies (i.e., methods and procedures designed to promote implementation outcomes) are needed to improve teachers' uptake and delivery of EBPs with fidelity. This meta-analysis sought to examine the types and magnitude of effect of implementation strategies that have been designed and tested to improve teacher adherence to SEB EBPs. Included studies (a) used single case experimental designs, (b) employed at least one implementation strategy, (c) targeted general education teachers, and (d) evaluated adherence as a core dimension of fidelity related to the delivery of EBPs. In total, this study included 28 articles and evaluated 122 effect sizes. A total of 15 unique implementation strategies were categorized. Results indicated that, on average, implementation strategies were associated with increases in teacher adherence to EBPs above baseline and group-based pre-implementation trainings alone (g = 2.32, tau = 0.77). Moderator analysis also indicated that larger effects were associated with implementation strategies that used a greater number of unique behavior change techniques (p < .001). Implications and future directions for research and practice regarding use of implementation strategies for general education teachers are discussed., (Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Training and consultation are core implementation strategies used to support the adoption and delivery of evidence-based prevention programs (EBPPs), but are often insufficient alone to effect teacher behavior change. Motivational interviewing (MI) and related behavior change techniques (e.g., strategic education, social influence, implementation planning) delivered in a group format offer promising supplements to training and consultation to improve EBPP implementation. Beliefs and Attitudes for Successful Implementation in Schools for Teachers (BASIS-T) is a theoretically informed, motivational implementation strategy delivered in a group format prior to and immediately after EBPP training. The purpose of this study was to examine the proximal effects of BASIS-T on hypothesized mechanisms of behavior change (e.g., attitudes, subjective norms, intentions to implement) in the context of teachers receiving training and consultation to implement the Good Behavior Game. As part of a pilot trial, 83 elementary school teachers from 9 public elementary schools were randomly assigned (at the school-level to reduce contamination across participants) to a BASIS-T (n = 44) or active comparison control (n = 39) condition, with both conditions receiving Good Behavior Game (GBG) training and consultation. A series of mixed effects models revealed meaningful effects favoring BASIS-T on a number of hypothesized mechanisms of behavior change leading to increased motivation to implement GBG. The implications, limitations, and directions for future research on the use of MI with groups of individuals and other behavior change techniques to increase the yield of training and consultation are discussed., (© 2020. Society for Prevention Research.)

Aim: To evaluate knowledge and perception of hepatitis B, including prevention, among Moroccan health care workers (HCWs) and to estimate seroprevalence of hepatitis B and vaccine coverage (VC)., Methods: Four hundred and twenty HCWs were randomly selected and stratified by site: 120 in Rabat, 140 in Taza and 160 in Témara-Skhirat. The study included an anonymous questionnaire about knowledge of hepatitis B and its prevention and a serological survey. Oral statements and vaccine registers were used to analyse the VC of the HCWs. Serological testing and VC were analysed according to the occupational exposure., Results: Participation rates in the questionnaire and serological tests were 68% (285/420) and 66% (276/420), respectively. Fifteen (5%) HCWs had a history of hepatitis B. All HCWs considered that hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection may be acquired through blood exposure. Vaccination was acknowledged as a necessary means against HBV transmission by 276 (98%) HCWs. Forty-two per cent HCWs had no HBV serological markers. The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen was 1%. The mean prevalence of hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) was 28% and was significantly higher (P < 0.05) among nursing auxiliaries (57%), nurses (30%), medical physicians (31%) and midwives (25%) than among laboratory technicians (13%). According to the vaccination registers (available in two sites), VC (> or =3 doses) was 55%. VC was 75% among midwives, 61% among nurses, 53% among nursing auxiliaries and 38% among medical staff. Of the fully vaccinated HCWs without anti-HBc, 51% had serological evidence of protection., Conclusion: HBV vaccines should be more readily available for Moroccan HCWs by reinforcing current vaccination programmes.

Objective: As in other countries, Moroccan health-care workers are exposed to occupational blood exposure (OBE) hazards. The purpose of this study was to estimate the occupational safety and hygiene conditions determining the OBE risk for health-care workers. WORKERS AND METHODS: In March 2000, a multicentric study was carried out in Morocco on 420 health-care workers, with an anonymous questionnaire. The study included health-care workers in the Taza and Temara hospitals and health centers, as well as in a Rabat public medical analysis laboratory., Results: The participation rate was 67.8% (285/420). The population was mainly female (61%) with a mean age of 41.4 years (+/-7 years). Health-care workers answered that: occupational hygiene and safety were inadequate (55.1%); wearing single-use gloves was rare (34.5%); resheathing used needles was frequent (74.5%); safe containers were often missing (67%). In 1999, the annual average incidence of OBE was 1.5 (+/-4.3) per capita. If we consider the whole career of health-care workers, the incidence reached about 14.3+/-28.1 per capita. The absence of post-exposure chemoprophylaxis was the rule., Conclusion: The study shows that there is a need to improve occupational hygiene and safety conditions for Moroccan health-care workers in order to reduce OBE hazards.