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Terna plants are used by Indonesians as raw materials for herbal and traditional medicine, including Phyllantus niruri L. and Phyllantus urinaria L. Therefore, this study aimed to explore, analyze and compile the activities and potential of Phyllantus niruri L. and Phyllantus urinaria L. as agents of hepatitis B virus (HBV) inhibitors using a narrative review approach. It was conducted based on the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA) by establishing inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study selected and reviewed 15 out of 38 articles. The Phyllantus genus is a group of seasonal herbs containing bioactive compounds and activity as HBV Inhibitors. In this study, 23 compounds were identified in the two species, including Nirtetralin, Phyllanthin, Niranthin, Hinokinin, Ellagic acid, Ethanol, Phyllanthosterol, Ethyl brevifolincarboxylate, Tenofovir, Quercetin, Quercitrin, Astragalin, Repanducinic acid, Corilagin, Gallic acid, Aloe-emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, Catechin, D-glucopyranoside, Ethyl gallate, Protocatequatic acid, Chebulanin, Albibrissinoside B, and (-)-Epicatechin. Meanwhile, the activity in inhibiting cells infected with HBV was reported in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, and in silico. The mechanism of bioactive compounds as HBV inhibitors focuses on suppression, blocking, and inhibiting the synthesis, secretion, and expression of HBsAg, HBcAg, and HbeAg in test media. The results showed that Meniran red and green bioactive compounds have the potential to be developed as raw materials as herbal medicine with promising prospects as commercial drug candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant content of Baper tea was determined using phytochemical testing, and the potential of these contents as immunomodulatory agents and candidates for standardized herbal medications was investigated. A randomized design was used in this experimental study. Phytochemical assays are used to determine the antioxidant content of Baper tea, whereas organoleptic studies are performed using hedonic tests. A literature review was used to assess the content's potential as an immunomodulatory agent and candidate for standardized herbal medicine. The study lasted four months at the Biology and National Food and Drug Agency Laboratory in Bali Province. Data analysis is based on descriptive methods. Baper tea is prepared in a 2.1.1 ratio. According to the hedonic test results, 41 panelists (87.23 %) prefer Baper tea products based on their color assessment, flavor, aroma, community reception, and acceptability. The matrix and security test revealed a water content of 4.43 %, an IC50 of 24.27 ppm, α-glucosidase inhibitors of 12.18 ppm, a total phenolic content of 28.00 %, and a total flavonoid content of 15.57 %. Baper tea raw materials contain components that have the potential to act as immunomodulatory agents and candidates for standardized herbal medications based on local wisdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term control of Aedes aegypti larvae with temephos has led to resistance and side effects. Therefore, natural agents have been developed to eradicate the vector that causes dengue fever. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of Parasayu incense ash as a larvicide to eradicate Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. In this experimental study, a completely randomized design was used and the test was conducted by exposing 25 fourth instar larvae to Parasayu incense ash for two, four, six, eight and 24 hours, with five replicates for a total sample of 875 tails in the Entomology and Parasitology Laboratory for three months. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and a probit test. One test showed that different exposure times to Parasayu incense ash significantly affected the death of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae at p = 0.000 (p< 0.01). The ash toxicity test yielded a lethal time (LT50) value of 57.4539, which is 5 h, 37 min, and 32 s in the extremely hazardous category. In addition, the LT90 value was 4.632736, which is 3 h, 21 min, and 48 s in the super toxic category. The coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.9552 (95.52%), and the correlation coefficient (r) was 0.9773 (97.73%). Therefore, to eradicate the vector causing dengue virus infection, Parasayu incense ash should be used, which has been shown to be effective, efficient, and toxic to Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae at exposure times of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dengue hemorrhagic fever cases increased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic phase. Purpose: This study defines, describes, and evaluates the dengue hemorrhagic fever incidence in Bali Province from 2015 to 2020 and in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The various types of descriptive study with case series design. The study used an environmental epidemiology approach to analyze the health profile of Bali Province. The number of DHF cases in 2015-2020, DHF-related morbidity and death rates, larva-free rates, climate, population and population density, and gender were variables in this study. The study took place in May and June 2021. Results: The prevalence of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the province of Bali fluctuated between 2015 and 2020. The highest number of dengue cases in 2016 was 20,306, and they fell from 2017 to 2019. Cases doubled in 2020, up by 12,173. The endemic areas with the highest prevalence of cases are in the districts of Buleleng and Badung. The highest incidence rate was in 2016 at 483/100,000 population, and for the last five years, it has not met the national target of 49/100,000 population. The highest CFR figure in 2020 was 0.43%, an increase of 1.5 times during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: The prevalence of dengue hemorrhagic fever cases in Bali in 2015 - 2020 fluctuated significantly, and mortality due to dengue during the COVID-19 pandemic experienced a significant increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community-based DHF vector control has been implemented in Indonesia but has not yet obtained optimal results. Thus, in the community choosing synthetic insecticides to control disease vectors. Long term and excessive using of insecticides enable a toxic effect and resistance to mosquitoes. Burning of mosquitoes coils and incense containing synthetic dyes and fragrances have the potential to reduce environmental quality. This research was conducted to analyze the toxicity of Legiayu incense as an insecticide and larvicide against Aedes aegypti mosquito mortality. The research design is experimental with a completely randomized design. Testing was conducted by providing exposure to smoke and ash of Legiayu incense five times on twenty-five Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Statistical analysis used one-way ANOVA, and probit test. The result showed that insecticides effective exposure for 20 minutes with a durability of 6 hours (p=0.000), while as larvicide effective exposure for 24 hours (p=0.000). Exposure Legiayu incense smoke obtained an LT50 value of 09012 ≤ 5 (super toxic category) with a time of 15 minutes 39 seconds, R2 of 99.24%, and r of 99.62% while exposure to the ash of Legiayu incense obtained LT50 value of 0,05896 ≤ 5 (super toxic category) with time 19 hours 15 minutes 34 seconds, R2 and r of 100%. Histopathological test results showed that Legiayu incense smoke did not cause tissue degeneration, necrosis, hyperplasia, and metaplasia in the lung tissue of mice (Mus musculus) in 12 weeks period. Thus, Legiayu incense is effective as insecticides and larvicides against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and potential substitute for mosquito repellent synthetic incense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]