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Increases in human-wildlife conflict globally threaten human wellbeing and biodiversity conservation. Sustainable solutions that promote coexistence of people and wildlife are needed, especially in human-dominated landscapes surrounding protected areas. People’s attitudes toward wildlife influence their behaviours, including tolerance for human-wildlife interactions, poaching, and habitat degradation. Better understanding of how to improve people’s attitudes toward wildlife is instrumental to promoting coexistence between people and wildlife in shared spaces. Efforts to promote coexistence often fail because they are based on the inaccurate assumption that people’s attitudes towards wildlife are directly and proportionally related to wildlife-based financial incentives and costs. In reality, people’s attitudes towards wildlife are far more complex. We analysed surveys (n=237) from Mozambique to examine people’s attitudes toward wildlife in the buffer zones surrounding protected areas using logistic regression and Getis-Ord hot-spot analysis (GI*). Mozambique, which is under-represented in the wildlife-based research literature, is characterized by extreme poverty and rewilding efforts. We found that most respondents were tolerant of wildlife and tolerance was positively correlated with people’s age, gender, and agreement with rules governing wildlife conservation. People’s tolerance for wildlife was also reinforced if they receive benefits from wildlife and are situated further from the park fence. Predation, human harm, and crop loss were not significant predictors of tolerance. We found no evidence of spatial patterns in tolerance for wildlife. Our results suggest that wildlife conservation programs are more likely to be successful if benefits are distributed equitably and community members are actively involved in decision making.

A combination of targeted molecular methods and phenotypic drug-susceptibility testing is the most widely used approach to detect drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. We report the delay in the introduction of an efficient anti-tuberculous drug regimen because of a M. tuberculosis strain displaying a high level of resistance to isoniazid, in the absence of the common mutations associated with isoniazid-resistance, including katG mutations and inhA promoter mutations. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) identified a large loss-of-function insertion (>1000 pb) at the end of katG in the isolate together with a -57C>T ahpC mutation, a resistance mechanism that would have remained undetected by a conventional molecular targeted approach. A retrospective search using publicly available WGS data of more than 1200 isoniazid-resistant isolates and a similar sized control dataset of isoniazid-susceptible isolates revealed that most (22/31) isoniazid-resistant, KatG loss-of-function mutants had an associated rare ahpC promoter mutation. In contrast, only 7 of 1411 isoniazid-susceptible strains carried a rare ahpC promoter mutation, including shared mutations with the 31 isoniazid-resistant KatG loss-of-function mutants. These results indicate that rare ahpC promoter mutations could be used as a proxy for investigating simultaneous KatG loss-of-function or missense mutations. In addition, WGS in routine diagnosis would improve drug susceptibility testing in M. tuberculosis clinical isolates and is an efficient tool for detecting resistance mechanisms undetected by conventional molecular methods.