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Fungi are among the most diverse and ecologically important kingdoms in life. However, the distributional ranges of fungi remain largely unknown as do the ecological mechanisms that shape their distributions1,2. To provide an integrated view of the spatial and seasonal dynamics of fungi, we implemented a globally distributed standardized aerial sampling of fungal spores3. The vast majority of operational taxonomic units were detected within only one climatic zone, and the spatiotemporal patterns of species richness and community composition were mostly explained by annual mean air temperature. Tropical regions hosted the highest fungal diversity except for lichenized, ericoid mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi, which reached their peak diversity in temperate regions. The sensitivity in climatic responses was associated with phylogenetic relatedness, suggesting that large-scale distributions of some fungal groups are partially constrained by their ancestral niche. There was a strong phylogenetic signal in seasonal sensitivity, suggesting that some groups of fungi have retained their ancestral trait of sporulating for only a short period. Overall, our results show that the hyperdiverse kingdom of fungi follows globally highly predictable spatial and temporal dynamics, with seasonality in both species richness and community composition increasing with latitude. Our study reports patterns resembling those described for other major groups of organisms, thus making a major contribution to the long-standing debate on whether organisms with a microbial lifestyle follow the global biodiversity paradigms known for macroorganisms4,5.

Novel methods for sampling and characterizing biodiversity hold great promise for re-evaluating patterns of life across the planet. The sampling of airborne spores with a cyclone sampler, and the sequencing of their DNA, have been suggested as an efficient and well-calibrated tool for surveying fungal diversity across various environments. Here we present data originating from the Global Spore Sampling Project, comprising 2,768 samples collected during two years at 47 outdoor locations across the world. Each sample represents fungal DNA extracted from 24 m3 of air. We applied a conservative bioinformatics pipeline that filtered out sequences that did not show strong evidence of representing a fungal species. The pipeline yielded 27,954 species-level operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Each OTU is accompanied by a probabilistic taxonomic classification, validated through comparison with expert evaluations. To examine the potential of the data for ecological analyses, we partitioned the variation in species distributions into spatial and seasonal components, showing a strong effect of the annual mean temperature on community composition.

Abstract In pharmacometric modeling, it is often important to know whether the data is sufficiently rich to identify the parameters of a proposed model. While it may be possible to assess this based on the results of a model fit, it is often difficult to disentangle identifiability issues from other model fitting and numerical problems. Furthermore, it can be of value to ascertain identifiability beforehand. This paper compares four methods for parameter identifiability, namely Differential Algebra for Identifiability of SYstems (DAISY), the sensitivity matrix method (SMM), Aliasing, and the Fisher information matrix method (FIMM). We discuss the characteristics of the methods and apply them to a set of applications, consisting of frequently used PK model structures, with suitable dosing regimens and sampling times. These applications were selected to validate the methods and demonstrate their usefulness. While traditional identifiability analysis provides a categorical result [PLoS One, 6, 2011, e27755; CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol, 8, 2019, 259; Bioinformatics, 30, 2014, 1440], we argue that in practice a continuous scale better reflects the limitations on the data and is more informative. The methods were generally consistent in their evaluation of the applications. The Fisher information matrix method seemed to provide the most consistent answers. All methods provided information on the parameters that were unidentifiable. Some of the results were unexpected, indicating identifiability issues where none were foreseen, but could be explained upon further analysis. This illustrated the usefulness of identifiability assessment.

Abstract Novel methods for sampling and characterizing biodiversity hold great promise for re-evaluating patterns of life across the planet. The sampling of airborne spores with a cyclone sampler, and the sequencing of their DNA, have been suggested as an efficient and well-calibrated tool for surveying fungal diversity across various environments. Here we present data originating from the Global Spore Sampling Project, comprising 2,768 samples collected during two years at 47 outdoor locations across the world. Each sample represents fungal DNA extracted from 24 m3 of air. We applied a conservative bioinformatics pipeline that filtered out sequences that did not show strong evidence of representing a fungal species. The pipeline yielded 27,954 species-level operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Each OTU is accompanied by a probabilistic taxonomic classification, validated through comparison with expert evaluations. To examine the potential of the data for ecological analyses, we partitioned the variation in species distributions into spatial and seasonal components, showing a strong effect of the annual mean temperature on community composition.

Two genera (Chamaemyces and Hydropus) and 20 species of fungi were recorded for the first time for the Montenegrin funga (mycobiota), comprising 27 records from seven municipalities. Basic geographical and ecological data are given for all the records. Each species is shown with a photograph of the basidiomata in the field and is briefly annotated.

Uspješna aplikacija pesticida omogućuje učinkovitu zaštitu bilja, ali i sprečava kontaminaciju okoliša i operatera sredstvima za zaštitu bilja. Preduvjeti uspješne aplikacije pesticida su educirani operateri i ispravni strojevi za aplikaciju pesticida (prskalice, orošivači i dr.). Ispravni strojevi za aplikaciju pesticida ispunjavaju uvjete propisane standardom ISO 16122. Korištenje tehnički ispravnih strojeva za aplikaciju pesticida je i zakonska obveza. Strojno pogonjene prskalice i orošivači (bez leđnih prskalica) podliježu obvezi tehničkog pregleda svake tri godine. Za nove strojeve prvi pregled vrijedi pet godina. Pregled prskalica sastoji se od: pripremnih radnji, vizualnog pregleda ispravnosti pojedinih komponenti i mjerenja parametara neophodnih za uspješan rad prskalice

Prior to their application, most pesticide formulations should be mixed with water to form a spray of the required concentration. The efficiency of the active substance in the spray solutions could be affected by the quality of the used water, whose composition is related to its source (e.g., rain, river, stream, lake, tap and ground water) and sampling season (spring-autumn). Temperature and pH, as well as other water quality parameters, could significantly affect the pesticide stability in spray by promoting the pesticide degradation rate. This review aims to summarize and discuss degradation data of three widely used organophosphorus insecticides (malathion, diazinon and chlorpyrifos) in different types of water in order to emphasize the influence of different water types on their degradation. This review also reveals a lack of studies that can confirm the effect of other water quality parameters, except temperature and pH, on the stability of pesticides susceptible to hydrolysis.

Studien belyser utifrån ett arbetsmiljöperspektiv förändringar i lärarstudenters och universitetslärares arbetspraktiker under den oförutsedda övergången till distansutbildning. Studiens tematiska analys av kvalitativa enkäter förankras teoretiskt i Karaseks och Theorells (1990) tredimensionella modell bestående av komponenterna krav, kontroll och socialt stöd i det egna arbetet. Studien visar att övergången till distansundervisning har skapat svårigheter på grund av bristande kontroll över nya studie- och undervisningsrutiner samt minskad tillgång till olika former av kollegialt stöd. Deltagarna ser samtidigt vissa pedagogiska och effektiviseringsmässiga förtjänster med bruket av ny teknik. I båda grupperna poängteras därtill att tid sparas genom distansundervisningens frånvaro av resor och pauser på campus, vilket tycks minska kraven och öka kontrollen över arbetet. Svårigheten att väga dessa förtjänster och förluster mot varandra betonas i studien då positiva upplevelser av ökad arbetsflexibilitet kontrasteras av deltagarna med upplevelser av minskat stöd när campusstrukturen försvinner och ökade krav tillkommer i form av extraarbete, större ansvarstagande och ökad kognitiv arbetsbelastning. Studien fokuserar även distraktioner i hemmiljön och hur avsaknad av informella möten påverkar studiemotivationen och försämrar arbetsmiljön. I studien framhävs övergången till distansläge emellertid som en process där vissa studenter har utvecklat olika strategier för att öka kontrollen. ENGLISH ABSTRACT Remote Work Environment – A Qualitative Study of Teacher Students’ and University Teachers’ Experiences of Changed Educational Conditions During the COVID-19 Pandemic The study illuminates, from a work environment perspective, changes in teacher students’ and university teachers’ work practices during emergency remote teaching. The study’s thematic analysis of qualitative surveys is theoretically grounded in Karasek and Theorell’s (1990) threedimensional model consisting of the components demands, control, and social support. The study reveals that the transition has led to a lack of control due to new routines and reduced access to collegial support. However, the participants also recognize certain educational and efficiency benefits with the use of new technologies and emphasize that time is saved through the absence of travel and breaks on campus, which appears to reduce demands and increase the control over work. Balancing these benefits and losses is difficult, as positive experiences of increased flexibility are contrasted with experiences of reduced support and increased demands in the form of extra work, greater responsibility, and increased cognitive workload. The study also focuses distractions within the home environment and how the absence of informal meetings affects study motivation and degrades the work environment. However, the study also illustrates the transition as a process where some students have developed strategies resulting in increased control.

In public discourse, the social inclusion of migrants is often regarded as a challenge demanding migrants to increase their engagement in adapting to the new host country. Such imaginaries commonly declare migrants as being unwilling to acquire language skills and specific cultural values. In parallel, formal education is often proposed as the single most important remedy to inclusion, which generally solely implies labor market participation. However, there is a range of other, often neglected, practices that migrants themselves regard as important for their social inclusion in society. This article aims to analyze what practices are assigned meaning by newly arrived migrants in Sweden on their path toward social inclusion in the country. This is a longitudinal interview study with 19 newly arrived adult migrants that were interviewed on two occasions, three years apart. Drawing on a sociocultural perspective, we understand social inclusion as an ongoing process by which individuals become members of different communities. The result shows that important for social inclusion is access to valuable relationships and close social ties. These relations are important in all communities in which the migrants participate. The analysis illustrates three different communities, outside of formal education and employment, that migrants ascribe meaning to concerning language learning and social inclusion. These communities are sports, internships, and civil society engagements. Through its longitudinal design, this study also illustrates how migrants’ narratives and their meanings shift with time and how migrants relate to these communities over time.

The aim of this work is to investigate the impact of geometry on the mechanical stability of characteristic structural solutions of plates for internal bone fixation using the finite element method (FEM). Based on the realistic construction of plates for internal bone fixation, 3D geometric and FEM models were formed, and then structural analysis was carried out in the CAD/CAE system CATIA V5. Five different types of plates for internal bone fixation were tested under two types of loads: axial pressure and torque in the case of application to the femur. During the structural analysis, stresses and displacements were monitored at characteristic points of the structure. The most attention was paid to the relative displacements of the bone model fragments, because the stiffness of the plates for the internal fixation of the bone was determined based on them. At the end of the paper, the results of all analyzed plates are presented, their mutual comparison as well as the conclusion in which, based on everything done, it was stated which plate would be the most favorable solution for a given case of bone fracture.

Sekundarni metaboliti biljaka imaju važnu ulogu u reakciji biljaka na abiotički i biotički stres. Neke od bioaktivnih komponenti imaju izražena insekticidna svojstva, pa onda govorimo o insekticidnim biljkama poput dalmatinskog (Tanacetum cinerariifolium /Trevir./ Sch. Bip.) i kavkaškog buhača (Tanacetum coccineum (Willd.) Grierson) (aktivne komponente - piretrini), duhana (nikotin), neema (azadirahtin) i dr. Botanički insekticidi su uglavnom kraće perzistentnosti, pa su na osnovi njihove kemijske strukture razvijeni stabilniji sintetski insekticidi – piretroidi i neonikotinoidi, S ograničavanjem primjene kemijskih insekticida, botanički insekticidi dobivaju sve značajniju ulogu i u konvencionalnoj zaštiti bilja, ne samo ekološkoj. Posebno su značajni prirodni piretrini. Zbog brze razgradnje imaju kratku karencu što je često nedostatak, ali je i prikladno za zaštitu bilja prije same berbe, što je posebno prikladno kod suzbijanja octene mušice ploda.

Analysis of mechanical properties of external unilateral fixation device „Ultra X“, in the case of torque load, is presented in this paper. Fixation device is applied on lower leg in the case of unstable fracture. Computer aided design (CAD) model and finite element model (FEM) are developed according to the dimensions and material properties of real fixation device. In the next step principal stress and deformation analysis is performed in CATIA V5 software. During numerical analysis values of stresses at critical places are monitored and analyzed. In addition, values of displacements are measured on important places on fixation device and bone fracture. Using values of displacements at the place of bone fracture, stiffness of the fracture is calculated. The same methodology is used to calculate stiffness of the fixation device. Using obtained results, several conclusions about the mechanical properties of the fixation device “Ultra X” are formulated at the end of the paper.

Solid-state physics has important applications in the development of modern technologies. Although solid-state concepts, such as electric and thermal conductivity, are included in the curricula at all educational levels, even university students have many incorrect ideas about them. The incorrect ideas identified in previous studies are mainly related to macroscopic aspects of solid-state physics. With the aim of gaining a more comprehensive insight into students’ understanding of solid-state physics, we have developed a multiple-choice concept inventory on microscopic models of electric and thermal conductivity of solids (METCS). The inventory has been field-tested with a sample consisting of 233 first-year medical faculty and engineering students from the University of Rijeka (Croatia). METCS proved to have good psychometric features and it helped to uncover many incorrect ideas that have not been reported in the earlier physics education literature. The findings from this study could be a good starting point for the development of evidence-based, university-level tutorials on microscopic models of electric and thermal conductivity.

Brugada syndrome is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by distinct ECG findings, complex genetics, and a high risk of sudden cardiac death. Recognition of the syndrome is crucial as it represents a paradigm of sudden death tragedy in individuals at the peak of their lives. Notably, Brugada syndrome accounts for more than 20% of sudden cardiac deaths in individuals with structurally normal hearts. Although this syndrome follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, it is more prevalent and severe in males. Diagnosis is primarily based on the characteristic ECG pattern observed in the right precordial leads. Mutations in the SCN5A gene, resulting in loss of function, are the most common genetic cause. We presented a 36-year-old proband with a family history of sudden cardiac death. Although the patient was asymptomatic for Brugada syndrome, his father had experienced sudden death at the age of 36. The proband was admitted to St. Catherine's Specialty Hospital where blood was taken and subjected to next-generation sequencing (NGS) using a “Sudden cardiac death” panel. The analysis identified a pathogenic variant in the SCN5A gene [c.4222G > A(p.Gly1408Arg)], which is associated with autosomal dominant Brugada syndrome. Based on the positive genetic test result, the patient was referred for further examination. ECG with modified precordial lead positioning confirmed the presence of the Brugada phenotype, displaying the type-2 and type-1 ECG patterns. Therefore, we made the diagnosis and decided to implant an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) based on the results of broad genetic NGS testing, diagnostic criteria (ECG), and considering the high burden of sudden cardiac death in the patient's family, as well as his concerns that limited his everyday activities. This case shows that genetics and personalized medicine hold immense potential in the primary prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of Brugada syndrome and sudden cardiac death.

Timber-concrete composite beams are classified as modern constructions. They are created by connecting a timber and concrete element. They are designed in such a way that the concrete part of the beam is placed in the compressed zone, and the timber part is placed in the tension zone. Different types of fasteners can be used for connecting, from mechanical (screws, nails, perforated plates, parts of steel profiles, etc.) to chemical (various types of glues). In this work, the possibility of active strengthening for this type of beam by external prestressing, is examined. One way for applying an external prestressing force is shown. By experimental testing are determined results for prestressed and beam without prestressing. Obtained results are presented and compared.

In this research, an analysis of the mechanical behaviour for the Orthofix external fixation device under the impact of torque was performed. Research considers application of the Orthofix device on the tibia bone for the case of unstable fracture. 3D (Three Dimensional) model of the Orthofix device was created in the CATIA (Computer Aided Three-Dimensional Interactive Application) software, based on the real device construction. Structural analysis was used to monitor and analyse the stress magnitudes on the specific areas of the fixation device and fracture. With usage of the interfragmentary displacement data for the bone fragments, degrees of stiffness are introduced for the fracture and fixation device. Obtained results are used to specify the mechanical behaviour of the Orthofix fixation device.

The Herzegovina uprising in 1882, as the uprisings that preceded it, represent a specific period in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Numerous studies were conducted to clarify this topic and the significance of the Herzegovinian uprising for the entire Bosnian society and its position in world trends. We can find sources on this topic in heritage institutions throughout the country and outside its borders. This work aims to present the results of research and unification of materials from the legacy of Hamdija Kapidžić and documents about the Herzegovina Uprising in the funds of the NULB&H, Archive of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the funds of Austrian libraries and archives. The material is presented through a bibliography with accompanying registers and will serve as a starting point for all researchers and users dealing with this topic. At the same time, it will bring a significant overview of this part of our history.

Successful application of pesticides enables effective plant protection, but also prevents contamination of the environment and operators with plant protection products. Prerequisites for successful pesticide application are trained operators and correct devices for pesticide application (sprayers, mist blowers, etc.). Correct devices for pesticide application meet the conditions prescribed by the ISO 16122 standard. The use of technically correct devices for pesticide application is also a legal obligation. Sprayers (without knapsack sprayers) are subject to a technical inspection every three years. For new devices, the first inspection is valid for five years. Inspection of sprayers consists of: preparatory actions, visual inspection of the correctness of individual components and measurement of parameters necessary for the successful operation of the sprayer.

Aim A standardized assessment for the optimal repair of hypospadias remains elusive. The aim of this study was to assess a postoperative cosmetic outcome of hypospadias repair using a validated questionnaire, Hypospadias Objective Scoring Evaluation (HOSE). Methods During the period between January 2016 and May 2019, 40 patients who underwent hypospadias repair were identified and they agreed to a follow-up using the HOSE. Distal hypospadias repairs underwent a cross-sectional assessment of the cosmetic outcome. Cosmetic assessment was performed by an independent physician using the HOSE scoring system. Results The native meatus was coronal in 10 (25%), subcoronal in eight (20%), and distal penile in 22 (55%) patients. Mean followup was 35.90 months (SD ±29.58) postoperatively (range 12–162 months). Complications occurred in one (2.5%) patient. Out of 40 uncomplicated repairs, 39 (97.5%) were satisfactory. A vertical slit-like meatus located at the distal glans was created in 33 (82.5%) boys, and at the proximal glans in seven (17.5%). The urinary stream was single and straight in 39 and spray in one patient. A straight erection was observed in 39 (97.5%) boys. The median HOSE score was 16 (range 12–16). One patient had a small, single coronal fistula. The technique used included tubularised incised plate urethroplasty. Conclusion The HOSE score is simple, easy, non-invasive and non-expensive tool for objective assessment of long-term outcomes of hypospadias repair.

The paper analyzes the stiffness of the Orthofix external fixation system at axial pressure load, applied to the lower leg in case of an unstable fracture. Based on the actual construction of the Orthofix fixator, its 3D model was formed, and then a structural analysis was performed in the CATIA V5 software system. The aim of this paper is to investigate the mechanical properties of Orthofix fixator. FEM analysis of the fixator revealed displacements at characteristic points of the structure and fractures. During the FEM analysis, it is possible to change the load values, all with the aim of obtaining the best possible information about the behavior of the fixator during installation and use by the patient. Based on the results obtained from the FEM analysis, it can be concluded that the Orthofix fixative shows very good stiffness, but also that it can be improved by using newer materials, such as composite or some alloys of titanium and aluminum.

Analysis of mechanical stability for external fixation device Orthofix in the case of anterior-posterior bending is carried out in this paper. Device is applied to the lower leg for the case of unstable fracture. Real device is measured and 3D CAD model is developed. CAD model is used for numerical structural stress analysis which is carried out using CATIA V5 software. Results for displacements are obtained for selected critical places on the device and for the place of fracture. In addition, values of principal and von Misses stresses are obtained and analyzed. Using obtained results, conclusions about mechanical stability of device are formulated.

This article scrutinises the European Asylum Dactyloscopy Database (EURODAC) as a research object for social science. EURODAC serves as an important part of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) infrastructure by registering dig‐ italised fingerprints of asylum seekers, which facilitates the allocation of responsibility following the Dublin Regulation. In this article, we explore the role of EURODAC from its implementation in 2003 until April 2021 through a scoping review that maps and analyses existing social science research in the field. In total, 254 scholarly publications—identified in Scopus, Academic Search Complete, and Web of Science—were reviewed. The article seeks to answer three research questions: What is the accumulated knowledge within social science research on EURODAC? What gaps and trends exist in this research? What are the possible implications of this knowledge, gaps, and trends for other areas of the CEAS such as asylum evaluations and reception of asylum seekers? Based on a qualitative thematic analysis, our review shows that research on EURODAC can be divided into three broad categories: research that focuses on the reconfiguration of borders; research that focuses on migration governance and resistance; and research that emphasises fundamental rights and discrimination. In our final discussion, we highlight the lack of ethnographic studies, of gender and intersectional perspectives, and of in‐depth studies on national legal frameworks including asylum evaluations and reception practices across the EU. The article concludes that social science needs to address the socio‐political underpinnings of EURODAC and acknowledges its centrality to all areas of the CEAS.

Biostimulants are (non-nutrient) substances or microorganisms that improve plant nutrition processes and help reduce the effects of stress caused by abiotic and biotic influences. They can be microbial (beneficial bacteria and fungi) and non-microbial (humic acids, amino acids, seaweed extracts, chitosan and inorganic biostimulants). Through their various mechanisms of action, biostimulants enhance the efficiency of nutrient utilization, the stress resistance of plants and have a positive effect on the qualitative characteristics of plants. Due to the limitation of applicable pesticides and fertilizers, biostimulants are also a part of the alternative solutions.

Biostimuatori su (ne-hranjive) tvari ili mikroorganizmi koji pospješuju procese hranidbe biljaka i doprinose smanjenju posljedica stresa uzrokovanog abiotičkim i biotičkim čimbenicima. Mogu biti mikrobni (korisne bakterije i gljive) i nemikrobni (huminske kiseline, aminokiseline, ekstrakti morskih algi, kitozan i anorganski biostimulansi). Različitim mehanizmima djelovanja biostimulatori potiču učinkovitije iskorištavanje hraniva, otpornost biljaka na stres i povoljno djeluju na kvalitativna svojstva biljaka. Uslijed restrikcija u primjeni sredstava za zaštitu bilja i gnojiva, kao dio alternativnih rješenja pojavljuju se biostimulatori.

Proizvodi na bazi kaolinske gline sve više se koriste u proizvodnji voća, a posebice onoj ekološkoj. Posljednjih godina prisutan je trend značajnog smanjenja broja dozvoljenih konvencionalnih sredstava za zaštitu bilja od štetnih organizama, što za posljedicu ima i postupni prijelaz s konvencionalne na ekološku proizvodnju voća. U ovom radu prikazane su mogućnosti korištenja proizvoda na bazi kaolinske gline u voćarstvu. Predstavljene su mogućnosti korištenja kaolinske gline u zaštiti od štetnika i bolesti, smanjenju ekološkog stresa uzrokovanog visokim temperaturama, zaštiti od ožegotina, povećanju uroda, poboljšanom obojenju i kvaliteti ploda. Kaolinska glina ima velike mogućnosti za unaprjeđenje voćarske proizvodnje u Republici Hrvatskoj, napose u ekološkoj proizvodnji, gdje zbog svoje široke primjene i učinkovitosti postaje praktički nezaobilazna.

Kaolin clay-based products are increasingly used in fruit growing, especially in organic farming. In recent years, the emphasis has been on a significant reduction in the number of conventional protective measures against diseases and pests. The gradual transition from conventional to organic fruit production is also noticeable. This paper presents the possibilities of using kaolin-clay based products in fruit growing. The possibilities of using kaolin clay to protect against pests and diseases, reduce environmental stress from high temperatures, protect against burns, increase yield, improve color and fruit quality are presented. Kaolin clay has great potential for improving fruit production in the Republic of Croatia, especially in organic farming, where its wide application and efficiency make it practically unavoidable.

The Logistics Performance Index (LPI) performed by the World Bank is an indicator of the logistics environment quality of a country in which logistics operators act. The LPI is an interactive tool designed to help countries identify challenges, innovative solutions, and opportunities they face in their work in the field of trade and logistics. The aim of this paper is to conduct a comparative analysis and ranking of the LPI of the countries in the Western Balkans (Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Albania, Serbia and Montenegro), calculated by the World Bank for 2018, using an integrated Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC)-Measurement Alternatives and Ranking according to Compromise Solution (MARCOS) model and thus show the real picture of the logistics environment. In order to determine the performance of countries and show the overall logistics performance, six key dimensions are used: customs, infrastructure, international transport, logistics capability, tracking and tracing of goods and shipment delivery within scheduled or expected times. Using the CRITIC method, the weight values of the previously mentioned six criteria were calculated, whereby the criterion related to shipment delivery within scheduled times was singled out as the most significant criterion. Then, by applying the MARCOS method, the countries of the Western Balkans were ranked on the basis of the six defined criteria. Based on the results obtained, the best-ranked country is Serbia. The analysis of the sensitivity of the results to changes in the significance of the criteria does not show significant changes in the ranking.

Extreme events have produced more rain and became more frequent in many regions around the world, and these trends will rise with the warming of the planet. The vulnerable agricultural sectors, directly dependent on the climate, is predicted to be significantly affected by climate change, with an expected decline in future crop yields. We provide data on the effects of floods, because of excessive rain, on the agricultural sector in Croatia, with emphasis on its northern Pannonian region. Data collected for the period 2015-2020 are based on a 34-question survey, conducted among farmers previously reporting on climate-related damages to their crops. With almost 80% of farmers having experienced flooding on their field plots in the last 5 years (mostly short-term flooding, i.e. waterlogging of up to seven days), it is clear that this type of investigation needs further attention. Data suggested that floods most often occurred in the plant germination phase (before the 5th leaf) representing a risk for plant damage and consequent reduction in yields. A combination of mitigation and adaptation measures could minimize water retention in the fields and reduce damage, however, our survey implied that farmers scarcely use such measures. Knowledge gained in this study represents the first step toward understanding potential negative effects of the extreme events on the fragile agricultural sector in Croatia and could help authorities in decision making with the aim to reduce the degree of uncertainty associated with climate change effects.