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Objective To study expression of NDRG3 in prostatic mesenchyma and effect of exogenous NDRG3 on prostatic stromal cells. Methods Immunohistochemical analysis was used to check expression of NDRG3 in prostate mesnenchyma. The WPMY-1 prostate immortalized mesenchyma cell line was stably-transfected with a NDRG3 gene expression vector. The NDRG3-stable transfected WPMY-1 sublines were studied along with parental and empty vector transfected WPMY-1 cells as controls. RT-PCR technology was applied to identity downstream gene expression under regulation of NDRG3 expression. Results Expression of DNRG3 was observed in prostate cancer mesenchyma, over-expression of NDRG3 in WPMY-1 cell up-regulated expression of chemotatic factors-CXCL3 and CXCL5. Conclusion Expression of stromal NDRG3 in prostate cancer specimens is significantly higher than that in benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) sample. There is a remarkable difference between the two groups of samples, NDRG3 may be related to angiogenesis in prostatic mesenchyma.

The localization of versican, a large hyaluronatebinding fibroblast proteoglycan, was studies in rat prenatal and postnatal development. In adult rat white matter and cerebellum, the distribution of versican was identical to that previously reported for brain-specific glial hyaluronate-binding protein (GHAP). Versican was also found in gray matter where it formed characteristic coats around large neurons. It was also found in peripheral tissues, namely, kidney medulla, myotendinous junctions, and endoneurial and endomysial sheaths. In rat embryo the most notable finding was the presence of large amounts of versican immunoreactive material in precartilaginous mesenchyma. In embryonal CNS, versican was mainly confined to the marginal zone on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres. Versican expression mainly occurred postnatally in brain and spinal cord. In spinal cord white matter, versican immunoreactivity was already present in 3-day-old rats and preceded the appearance of GHAP, which was first detected on day 13 after the onset of myelination. Versican expression was markedly delayed in gray matter. The characteristic perineuronal coats were first observed on day 21 in the cerebral cortex. It is concluded that, with the exception of hyaluronate, brain extracellular matrix (ECM) is mainly produced postnatally and that the ECM protein produced by brain cells, most likely astrocytes, is similar to that produced by precartilaginous mesenchyma. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

The human prostate is a heterogeneous tissue. The cause remains unknown. This riddle has become a major problem to modern medicine because it hinders the understanding of human prostatic diseases. I examined the progress recently made in research on urogenital tract development and pathology.A comprehensive review of all relevant literature was performed.During müllerian duct regression in males the epithelial cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition and enter the mesenchymal compartment. The caudal müllerian mesenchyma participates in the development of the rodent and human prostate under the induction of androgen receptor. It retains responsiveness to estrogenic stimulation. Heterogeneous distributions of different mesenchymas cause heterogeneity. This confirms the hypothesis of Price of homologies between rodent and human prostates.Like the gonad gland, the caudal müllerian duct has a sexual dimorphism of differentiation. It would develop into the vagina in females or the prostate in males, which is controlled by androgen receptor. The features of prostatic müllerian mesenchyma might shed light on the etiology of prostatic carcinogenesis.

Mice with Fgfr2 conditional deletion in metanephric mesenchyma (Fgfr2(Mes-/-)) have ureteral bud induction abnormalities. We determined whether Fgfr2(Mes-/-) mutants developed abnormally positioned ureters predisposing to vesicoureteral reflux.We measured common nephric duct length and assayed for apoptosis in embryonic day 11.5 mice. We performed 3-dimensional reconstruction of, and real-time polymerase chain reaction and whole mount in situ hybridization for Fgfr2 in urinary tracts in embryonic day 15.5 embryos. We also performed cystograms followed by 3-dimensional reconstruction in postnatal animals.Compared with controls Fgfr2(Mes-/-) embryos had increased common nephric duct length with no difference in apoptosis, indicating cranially displaced ureteral buds. Three-dimensional reconstruction at embryonic day 15.5 showed low ureteral insertion into the bladder near the bladder neck in Fgfr2(Mes-/-) mice. Postnatal Fgfr2(Mes-/-) mutants had a high rate of vesicoureteral reflux compared with controls (47.4% vs 4.0%, p = 0.00006). In postnatal mutants with unilateral reflux the refluxing ureters inserted closer to the bladder neck than nonrefluxing ureters. External ureteral insertional angles at the outer bladder wall formed by the ureteral insertion points and the bladder neck were greater in mutant refluxing ureters than in contralateral nonrefluxing ureters or control ureters. At embryonic day 15.5 Fgfr2 was decreased in Fgfr2(Mes-/-) kidneys compared with that in controls but not statistically different in ureters or bladders.Fgfr2(Mes-/-) mice have ureteral induction abnormalities associated with abnormal ureteral insertion in the bladder and subsequent vesicoureteral reflux, consistent with the Mackie and Stephens hypothesis.

To study the effect of Kurarinone on renal tubular epithelial cell-mesenchyma (ECM) trans-differentiation in rats with renal interstitial fibrosis and to explore its possible mechanisms.The rat model of renal interstitial fibrosis was established by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, the sham-operated group, the UUO group and the Kurarinone treated group (KTG). Rats in the KTG were intraperitoneally injected with Kurarinone 100 mg/kg daily after modeling. Five rats of each group were killed respectively at day 7, 14 and 21 after UUO. The serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB), 24-h urinary protein excretion in rats were measured. Pathological changes of renal tissue were observed by PAS and Masson stain. The expression of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1), Smad3, alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and collagen I (Col I) in kidney were determined with immunohistochemistry. And the expressions of TGF-beta1 and alpha-SMA mRNA in renal tissue were determined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).The expression of TGF-beta1, Smad3, alpha-SMA and Col I in the KTG was significantly decreased as compared with that in the UUO group respectively, and the degree of tubular damage and renal interstitial fibrosis was also ameliorated more obviously in the KTG. The TGF-beta1 and alpha-SMA mRNA expressions in KTG were significantly lower than those in the UUO group determined at the corresponding time points (P0.05).Kurarinone could down-regulate the expression of TGF-beta1 and Col I, inhibit EC-M trans-differentiation, suppress the activation and proliferation of myofibroblast. The probable pathway may be by way of down-regulating Smad3 expression to interfere its induction on intercellular signal transduction and consequently ameliorate renal interstitial fibrosis.

Myxomas, and especially fibromyxomas of the head and neck are rare but when occurring are usually located in the mandible. Here we present the case of a 24-year old man with an unusual mesenchymal tumor in the frontal sinus. Microscopic and histomorphological aspects demonstrated a benign tumor with biphasic differentiation (a myxoid and an osteoid part). The tumor was therefore classified as fibromyxo-osteoma. The association of two different tumors is not probable because of the extremely narrow topographic link between soft tissue and osteoid tumor parts. Other arguments against a perifocal myxoid reaction of the osteoma are that myxoid degeneration of osteomas is unknown and that appropriate immunohistochemical methods were able to show a relatively high proliferation activity of the spindle-shaped cells in the myxoid tissue. Therapy consisted of complete resection of the well-delimited tumor. The patient has remained free of any recurrence 2 years after primary therapy.

Differentiation of respiratory epithelium (E) of 17-day old embryos of A and C57BL mice after partial removal of mesenchyme (M) was studied in organ culture. In control explants, tissue-specific growth and differentiation of epithelium were observed during long-term culturing. Ih both mouse strains, partial removal of mesenchyme prevented the development of alveolar-like structures in explants of distal part of respiratory tract. In most explants of proximal part of respiratory tract (65.1% in A mice and 85.7% in C57BL mice) with partially removed mesenchyme, we found atypical epithelial structures and foci of poorly differentiated cells with high proliferation rate.

Introduction During the period when the attention of laryngologists was chiefly focused on problems related to the structure and function of the epithelium of the mucous membrane, Schade 3 had already published his physicochemical works. He stressed the significance of the connective tissue layer and the importance of its relation to the cell. However, in our branch of medicine, his reasearch on the antagonisms in swelling between the basal substance and the collagen fiber, on the one hand, and between the cell and the connective tissue as a whole, on the other, has not met with the recognition it deserved. The same applies to his studies on the physiological cycle of mesenchyma transformations and on the change in mesenchyma reactivity connected with those phenomena. A greater interest in this matter was awakened by later experiments of other authors investigating the hyaluronic acid-hyaluronidase system (Duran Reynals, 1928; Kulonen, 1951 5 ; Zablocki

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