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A series of mono-functionalized core-modified expanded porphyrin building blocks such as thiasapphyrin, thiarubyrin, oxasmaragdyrin, and BF(2)-oxasmaragdyrin have been synthesized by simple condensation of readily available precursors. The mono-functionalized core-modified expanded porphyrin building blocks were used to synthesize the first three examples of covalently linked diphenylethyne-bridged dyads containing two different expanded porphyrin macrocycles, namely thaisapphyrin-BF(2)-oxasmaragdyrin, thiarubyrin-BF(2)-oxasmaragdyrin, and thiasapphyrin-thiarubyrin, by coupling appropriate mono-functionalized expanded porphyrin building blocks under mild Pd(0) coupling reaction conditions. The three dyads were freely soluble in common organic solvents and characterized by MS, NMR, absorption, electrochemical, and fluorescence techniques. The NMR, absorption, and electrochemical studies indicated that the two macrocycles in the dyads interact weakly with each other and maintain their independent characteristic features. The steady-state fluorescence studies of the dyads showed that the thiasapphyrin and thiarubyrin units are nonfluorescent but fluorescence was observed from the BF(2)-oxasmaragdyrin unit. However, the quantum yield of the BF(2)-oxasmaragdyrin unit in the dyads was less than that of monomeric BF(2)-oxasmaragdyrin because of an enhancement of nonradiative decay channels operating in the dyads. The potential use of two of the three dyads containing the BF(2)-smaragdyrin subunit as fluorescent sensors for anions was explored. The studies showed that the binding of the anion at the protonated sapphyrin and rubyrin sites in the respective dyads can be followed by the clear changes in the fluorescence band of the BF(2)-oxasmaragdyrin unit, which indicates that these dyads can be used as fluorescent anion sensors.

Mono-functionalized core-modified sapphyrin (with a N(2)S(3) core) and smaragdyrin (with a N(4)O core) containing a meso-iodophenyl functional group were synthesized by following a [3+2] condensation approach using appropriate precursors. The mono-functionalized sapphyrin and smaragdyrin building blocks were used to synthesize the first examples of diphenyl ethyne bridged porphyrin-sapphyrin and porphyrin/Zn(II)porphyrin-smaragdyrin dyads under mild Pd(0)-coupling conditions. The dyads are freely soluble in common organic solvents and were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. Photophysical studies indicated the possibility of energy transfer from the porphyrin/Zn(II) porphyrin sub-unit to the smaragdyrin sub-unit in porphyrin/ Zn(II)porphyrin-smaragdyrin dyads. The potential of these dyads as fluorescent sensors for anions was explored. The studies indicated that the porphyrin-sapphyrin dyad cannot be used as fluorescent sensors, whereas the porphyrin-smaragdyrin dyad was suitable.