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Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies and a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Most cancer cells display high rates of glycolysis with production of lactic acid, which is then exported to the microenvironment by monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). The main aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of MCT expression in a comprehensive series of primary CRC cases, lymph node and hepatic metastasis. Methods: Expressions of MCT1, MCT4, CD147 and GLUT1 were studied in human samples of CRC, lymph node and hepatic metastasis, by immunohistochemistry. Results: All proteins were overexpressed in primary CRC, lymph node and hepatic metastasis, when compared with non-neoplastic tissue, with exception of MCT1 in lymph node and hepatic metastasis. MCT1 and MCT4 expressions were associated with CD147 and GLUT1 in primary CRC. These markers were associated with clinical pathological features, reflecting the putative role of these metabolism-related proteins in the CRC setting. Conclusion: These findings provide additional evidence for the pivotal role of MCTs in CRC maintenance and progression, and support the use of MCTs as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in primary and metastatic CRC., This work was supported by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) grant ref. PTDC/SAU-FCF/104347/2008, under the scope of ‘Programa Operacional Temático Factores de Competitividade’ (COMPETE) of ‘Quadro Comunitário de Apoio III’ and co-financed by the Fundo Europeu De Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER). Ricardo Amorim was recipient of the fellowship SFRH/BD/98002/2013, from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT Portugal)., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

O câncer de pênis é uma doença rara em nações desenvolvidas, sendo mais comum em regiões em desenvolvimento figurando como um importante problema de saúde pública, por ter um caráter mutilante, que pode acarretar problemas psicológicos e sociais ao paciente acometido. O fator prognóstico mais importante do câncer de pênis é o comprometimento linfonodal e a presença de metástases à distância. Os pacientes que apresentam estas características raramente sobrevivem por cinco anos. Por outro lado, nos estadios iniciais da doença o prognóstico é bom, obtendo-se cura na maioria dos casos. Na busca por indicadores prognósticos mais confiáveis, inúmeros genes/proteínas associados à carcinogênese peniana têm sido avaliados vislumbrando um melhor entendimento deste processo, para que métodos mais precisos de diagnósticos identifiquem os pacientes com doenças mais agressivas e de modo mais confiável, e permitindo um tratamento primário mais eficaz e uma maior sobrevida. Algumas classes de marcadores epiteliais e mesenquimais têm sido utilizadas para determinar a presença de transição epitélio mesenquimal em tecidos neoplásicos. Essas classes abrangem proteínas de superfície como a E-caderina, e marcadores do citoesqueleto, como vimentina, β-catenina e fatores de transcrição como Snail, Slug e Twist1. Com este enfoque, realizamos um estudo retrospectivo, onde foram analisados um total de 109 pacientes do Hospital Ophir Loyola, no período de janeiro 2012 a novembro 2014. Foi investigada a expressão proteica do Twist1, Kai1 e E-caderina em tecidos de pênis com lesões benignas e malignas, buscando evidenciar o padrão de imunorreatividade destas, assim como correlacionar este padrão quanto às características de progressão e invasão do câncer de pênis bem como características clínico-patológicas deste tumor. Em relação a E-caderina, 48,6% dos pacientes com câncer de pênis apresentavam expressão reduzida ou ausente. Não houve associação da expressão diminuida da E-caderina com outros fatores clínicos ou patológicos, tendo este resultado significado estatistico A expressão aumentada do Twist1 também não esteve associada com fatores clínicos ou patológico, bem como o KAI1. Houve relação estatística entre diminuição de expressão E-caderina e Twist1. Obtivemos um resultado inconclusivo da entre a expressão diminuída de E-caderina e Kai1, e não houve significância estatística da análise entre as proteínas Twist1 e Kai1. Penile neoplasms are a rare disease in developed nations and occur more in the development areas, which states as a major problem of public health by its mutilating features that may lead to social and psychological problems for the patient. The most important prognosis factor are the lymph node involvement and the presence of distance metastasis. Those patiens who have these features rarely survive for five years. By the other side, the prognosis is good at the initial phases and the cure is obtained in most of the cases. In the search for more reliable prognosis indicators, countless of gens and proteins associated with the penile carcinogenesis have been evaluated for a better understanding of the process, in order to achieve more accurate diagnosis methods to identify patients with aggressive disease, then submit them to a more efficient primarily treatment and a better survive rate. Some groups of epithelial and mesenchymal markers have been used to determinate the transition of mesenchymal epithelium in neoplasm tissues. Those groups include surface proteins like E-cadherin and cytoskeleton markers, as vimentin and β-catenin, and transcription factors, as Snail, Slug and Twist1. With this approach, we did a retrospective study which was analyzed 109 patients from Ophir Loyola Hospital, between January 2012 to November 2014. It was investigated the protein expression of Twist1, Kai1 and E-cadherin in penile tissues with benign and malign lesions to look for evidence of the immunoreactivity pattern and correlate that immunoreactivity pattern with the progression and invasion features of the penile neoplasms and other clinicopathological features of the studied tumor. In relation to E-cadherin, 48,6% of the patients had lower expression of this protein when compared to non-neoplasms tissues, this result showed statistical significance. But the association of the abnormal expression of E-cadherin with others clinicopathoogical factors was not found. The higher expression of Twist1 it was not associated with clinicopathological factors and the KAI1. There was statistical significance when we simultaneously compared the defective expression of E-cadherin and Kai1 and we obtained an inconclusive outcome about the association between them and there was not statistical significance among the analysis of the Twist1 e Kai1 proteins.

A etiologia do carcinoma epidermóide do pênis (CEP) está relacionada a múltiplos fatores de risco como a presença de prepúcio, pobre higiene, dermatites crônicas e tabagismo. Entretanto, o fator de risco mais extensivamente estudado, éa infecção pelo papiloma vírus humano (HPV). Está bem estabelecido que esteexerce um importante papel etiológico em neoplasias da cérvice uterina; entretanto, sua associação com CEP tem sido foco de debates, demonstrando-se presença viral variando entre 15% a 80% dos casos, sugerindo que apenas um subgrupo desses tumores seja causado pelo HPV. O prognóstico da doença é influenciado negativamente principalmente pela presença de metástases em linfonodos inguinais. Desta forma, a abordagem cirúrgica destes, assume importância decisiva na cura da doença. Poroutro lado, os métodos disponíveis para o estadiamento desses linfonodos são imprecisos e as linfadenectomias são acompanhadas de morbidade significativa. A descrição de outros marcadores histológicos é escassa, devido a raridade desses tumores.O objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar a prevalência, distribuição e associação do HPV com parâmetros histológicos de pior prognóstico, no sentido de determinar seu possível valor preditivo para metástases inguinais, assim como avaliar os fatores prognósticos já descritos. Espécimes tumorais em parafina de 82 pacientes portadores de carcinoma epidermóide do pênis, foram testados para prevalência e distribuição do genótipo do HPV por PCR. O estado do HPV foi correlacionado com fatores histopatológicos e ocorrência de metástases inguinais. Foi também avaliada a influência de diversascaracterísticas histológicas tumorais, na sobrevida livre de doença inguinal em 5 anos. O seguimento variou entre 1 e 71 meses (média 20 meses). O DNA do HPV foi identificado em 60,9% da amostra, tendo maior prevalência dos tipos virais 11 e 6 (64% e 32%, respectivamente). Não houve correlação independente significativa das variáveis histológicas de pior prognóstico com o estado do HPV. A probalidade de sobrevida livre de doença inguinal em 5 anos, também não foi influenciada pelo HPV (log Rank teste=0,45). Os únicos fatores patológicos independentes para metástases inguinais foram estadiamento T≥T1b-T4 (p=0,02), invasão linfovascular (p=0,04) e fronte de invasão infiltrativa (p-0,03). O estado e a distribuição do HPV não mostrou correlação com fatores histológicos de pior prognóstico, nem mostrou importância na predição de metástases linfonodais em CEP. The etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (CEP) is related to multiple risk factors such as the presence of foreskin, poor hygiene, chronic dermatitis and smoking. However, the risk factor most extensively studied, is infection by human papilloma virus (HPV). It is well established that this plays an important etiologic role in cancers of the uterine cervix, however, its association with CEP has been the focus of debate, demonstrating viral presence ranging from 15% to 80% of cases, suggesting that only a subset of these tumors is caused by HPV. The prognosis is negatively influenced mainly by the presence of metastases in inguinal lymph nodes. Thus, the surgical aproach of them, is of vital importance in curing the disease. On the other hand, the available methods for staging these nodes are imprecise and lymphadenectomy are accompanied by significant morbidity. A description of other histological markers is scarce because of the rarity of these tumors. The objective of this study is to evaluate the prevalence, distribution and association between HPV and histological parameters of poor prognosis, in order to determine their possible predictive value for inguinal metastases, as well as prognostic factors already described. Paraffin tumor specimens from 82 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis were tested for prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV by PCR. The HPV status was correlated with histopathological factors and metastatic inguinal. It was also evaluated the influence of various histological tumor factors, in lymphonodal disease free survival at 5 years. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 71 months (mean 20 months). HPV DNA was detected in 60.9% of the sample having the most prevalent viral type 11 and 6 (64% and 32%, respectively). There was no significant correlation independent of the histological variables of poor prognosis with HPV status. The probability of lymphonodal disease free survival at 5 years, was not affected by HPV (log rank test = 0.45). The only independent factors for pathological inguinal metastases were T stage ≥ T1b-T4 (p = 0.02), lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.04) and infiltrative invasive front (p=0, 03). The status and distribution of HPV showed no correlation with histological factors of poor prognosis, nor showed significance in predicting lymph node metastases in CEP.

Introduction: Data on recurrence after operation for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) are limited. We sought to investigate rates and patterns of recurrence in patients after operative intervention for ICC. Methods: We identified 301 patients who underwent operation for ICC between 1990 and 2011 from an international, multi-institutional database. Clinicopathologic data, recurrence patterns, and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were analyzed. Results: During the median follow up duration of 31 months (range 1-208), 53.5% developed a recurrence. Median RFS was 20.2 months and 5-year actuarial disease-free survival, 32.1%. The most common site for initial recurrence after operation of ICC was intrahepatic (n = 98; 60.9%), followed by simultaneous intra- and extrahepatic disease (n = 30; 18.6%); 33 (21.0%) patients developed extrahepatic recurrence only as the first site of recurrence. Macrovascular invasion (hazard ratio [HR], 2.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.34-3.21; P

Orientador: Albina Messias de Almeida Milani Altemani Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas Resumo: Metástase em linfonodo é um importante indicador prognóstico em cânceres de cabeça e pescoço, incluindo carcinomas salivares. Nestes, o risco de metástases em linfonodos é variável e fortemente associado com o tipo histológico do tumor. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a densidade vascular linfática (DVL) e a expressão dos fatores de crescimento linfangiogênicos das células tumorais em diferentes tipos de carcinomas salivares subdivididos de acordo com o risco para metástases em linfonodos. Em 15 tumores de alto risco (indiferenciado, mucoepidermóide de alto grau e carcinomas de ducto salivar) e 60 de baixo/moderado risco (adenóide cístico, mucoepidermoide de grau baixo/intermediário, célula acinar, mioepitelial, carcinoma mioepitelial-epitelial e carcinoma polimórfico de baixo grau) foram examinadas as expressões do fator de crescimento do endotélio vascular-C (VEGF-C), fator de crescimento do hepatócito (HGF) e D2-40 (para avaliação da LVD). Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada entre carcinomas de alto e baixo/moderado risco, em relação a DVL e a expressão de VEGF-C ou HGF. Além disso, a expressão destas proteínas não teve correlação com a DLV. Invasão vascular linfática foi encontrada principalmente em carcinomas de alto risco. A DLV intratumoral foi significativamente mais baixa do que a peritumoral, independentemente do risco para metástases e do sítio primário da lesão. Em conclusão, os tipos histológicos dos carcinomas salivares que estão associados com alto risco para metástase em linfonodos não apresentam aumento da DVL ou expressão do VEGF-C e HGF. A maior tendência para metástases nestes carcinomas parece estar relacionada com a sua capacidade para invadir os vasos linfáticos. Estudos adicionais sobre a interação das células tumorais com as células endoteliais são necessários para aumentar a nossa compreensão sobre o potencial metastático dos carcinomas salivares Abstract: Nodal metastasis is an important prognostic indicator in head and neck cancers, including salivary carcinomas. In these, the risk for lymph node metastasis is variable and strongly associated with the tumor histologic type. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the lymphatic vessel density (LVD) and expressions of lymphangiogenic growth factors by tumor cells in different histologic types of salivary carcinomas subdivided according to the risk for nodal metastasis. In 15 high-risk (undifferentiated, high-grade mucoepidermoid and salivary duct carcinomas) and 60 low/moderate-risk tumors (adenoid cystic, low/intermediate-grade mucoepidermoid, acinic cell, myoepithelial, epithelial-myoepithelial and polymorphic low-grade carcinomas) the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and D2-40 (for assessing LVD) were examined. No significant differences were encountered between high and low/moderate/-risk carcinomas regarding LVD and VEGF-C or HGF expressions. Furthermore, the expression of these proteins did not correlate with LVD. Lymphatic vascular invasion was mainly found in high-risk carcinomas. Intratumoral LVD was significantly lower than peritumoral, regardless of the risk for metastasis and primary site of the lesion. The histologic types of salivary carcinomas which are associated with high-risk for nodal metastasis do not present increased LVD or VEGF-C and HGF expressions. The greater tendency for metastasis in these carcinomas seems to be related to their capacity to invade lymph vessels. Further studies on tumor cell interactions with lymphatic endothelial cells are needed to improve our understanding of the metastatic potential of salivary carcinomas Mestrado Anatomia Patologica Mestre em Ciências Médicas

The most common histologic variant of colon cancer is adenocarcinoma and liver is the most frequent metastatic site. Supraclavicular lymph node metastases are rare. A few case reports describe supraclavicular lymph node metastases as the first clinical manifestation of colon cancer. The authors present the case report of a 41-year-old female patient with a conglomerate of lymph nodes in the left supraclavicular region. Biopsy confirmed metastases of a mucin-producing adenocarcinoma. Colonoscopy with biopsy revealed an obstructive invasive colorectal carcinoma probably of the transverse colon. The patient underwent explorative laparotomy which showed a carcinoma of the hepatic flexure that could not be removed with liver metastases and peritoneal carcinomatoses. Diagnostic approach and clinical evolution are discussed.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the diagnostic value of ultrasonography and colour Doppler combined with fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology for the detection of non-palpable axillary lymph node metastases in breast cancer patients. Forty patients with operable breast cancer (T1/T2), invasive carcinoma, not submitted to neo-adjuvant therapy, underwent axillary ultrasonography and colour Doppler preoperatively. FNA cytology was performed on axillary lymph nodes presenting ultrasonographic and/or Doppler suspicious features. A total of 542 lymph nodes were surgically removed from the 40 patients; 19 were metastatic lymph nodes. Ultrasound-guided FNA detected metastases in six out of 11 histologically node-positive patients. Sensitivity and specificity in this preliminary study was 55% and 100%, respectively. These are the preliminary results of a prospective study that has the purpose of reducing the sentinel node procedures in breast cancer patients with clinically negative axillae, but positive FNA cytology.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic ability of ultrasound and color Doppler in axillary lymph node metastases of patients with breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective study including 55 patients with primitive, invasive, node negative breast cancer who underwent preoperative axillary ultrasound and color Doppler. Doppler and morphologic ultrasound criteria were applied to the identification of axillary lymph node metastases. RESULTS: The imagery study of all 55 patients identified a total of 141 nodes; 44 were considered to be positive according to established criteria. The histological examination of the axillary dissection revealed a total of 989 nodes; 77 out of 989 presented metastases; all invaded nodes belonged to 21 patients. The previous imagiologic study was positive for axillary lymph node metastases in 15 out of these 21 patients. A sensitivity of 71.4%, a specificity of 71.4%, a negative predictive value of 80.6% and a positive predictive value of 60.0% were achieved. CONCLUSION: The imagery study of the axillary region through ultrasound and color Doppler might be useful in assessing axillary lymph node metastases in patients with breast cancer.

O encontro de fatores preditivos de metástase cervical seria de grande valia para o tratamento de pacientes com tumores de alto potencial metastatizante e com pescoço clinicamente negativo. Procuramos encontrar fatores clínicos e histológicos em tumores iniciais de língua e soalho de boca que pudessem indicar a realização de um esvaziamento cervical eletivo.Foram estudados os seguintes fatores: sexo, idade, tabagismo, etilismo, raça, tamanho da lesão, sítio primário, dor, tempo de queixa, primeira queixa, aspecto macroscópico da lesão, infiltrado inflamatório peritumoral, grau de diferenciação da biópsia, desmoplasia, invasão vascular, invasão perineural e número de mitoses por 10 campos de maior aumento. Nenhum dos fatores estudados foi capaz de predizer a ocorrência de metástase cervical no período pré-operatório. Acreditamos que outros fatores devam ser estudados e explorados para que se consiga indicar o esvaziamento cervical eletivo de modo criterioso para o tratamento destas lesões. The authors present a retrospective study of 54 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the fongue and floor of the mouth in stage II. The determination of clinical and hystological predictive factors of neck metastasis were the main proposal in T2 NO cases submitted to surgical approach at the Head and Neck Service of Heliópolis Hospital, Hosphel, from 1977 till 1993. The clinical aspects (location, size, alcohol, tabacco, sex, race, age, complain) and histological (macroscopy, injlammatory infiltration, differenciation degree, desmoplasia, mitoses number, vascular and perineural invasion) factors were analysed, using the K square statistical method with 2 x 2 tables and p less than 0.05. Concerning the outcomes for neck nodes metastases, 35.2% were positive coincident, 24.2% false negatives and 52.3% false positives. As conclusion, the main question of this paper were not obtained, due to the impossibility to determine the relation of predictive factors and natural history of the neoplasias of tongue and floor of the mouth.

Orientador: Carlos Frazatto Jr Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas Resumo: Estudo prospectivo de 115 pacientes consecutivos portadores de carcinoma epidermóide da laringe ou da hipofaringe, atendidos no período de maio de 1981 a janeiro de 1988, no Serviço de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço do Complexo Hospitalar Heliópolis, São Paulo, Brasil. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a tralamento cirúrgico que compreendia um esvaziamento cervical completo e laringectomia ou faringolaringectomia. Os casos foram dirigidos alealóriamente para um dos dois tipos de esvaziamento: com ou sem conservação da veia jugular interna, do músculo esternocleidomaslóideo e do nervo espinal acessório. O principal pré-requisito para a inclusão do caso neste estudo era que, no linfonodo metastático, a neoplasia deveria estar confinada ao seu interior e não deveria apresentar transposição macroscópica da cápsula. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar: 1. a importância da recidiva cervical homolateral; 2. a influência da conservação da veia jugular interna, do músculo esternoclei domastóideo e do nervo espinal acessório sobre os índices de recidivas e de sobrevida; 3. quais os fatores que devem ser considerados na escolha de uma cirurgia mais conservadora. Os cálculos da sobrevida atuarial foram feitos através da técnica de KAPLAN & MEIER (1958) e as comparações entre as distribuições de sobrevida para categorias de urna mesma variável foram feitas através do teste de Mantel-Cox (MANTEL, 1966; COX, 1972). Os resultados observados mostraram que o esvaziamento cervical oferece uma taxa de controle das metástases cervicais homolaterais em 95.1 % dos casos. A conservação de estruturas não linfáticas (veia músculo e nervo) não compromete a radicalidade oncológica da cirurgia mas deve-se estar a tento à cadeia da veia jugular interna que é preferencial para o desenvolvimento de metástases homo ou contralateral. A idade do paciente, a sede da lesão primária, o grau de diferenciação histológica do tumor, o estadiamento clínico, o diâmetro e o número dos linfonodos comprometidos e o estado microscópico da cápsula linfonodal não estiveram correlacionadas aos resultados observados para os dois lipos de esvaziamento. Abstract: A prospective study of 115 consecutive patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the larynx or hypopharynx aclmitted to the Head and Neck Service of the Heliópolis Hospital Complex, São Paulo, Brasil, from May 1981 through January 1988. All patients underwent surgical treatment which consisted of comprehensive neck dissection and laryngectomy or pharyngolaryngectomy. The cases were chosen at random to undergo one of two types of neck dissection: with or without internal jugular vein, sternocleidomastoid muscle and spinal accessory nerve preservation. The main condition to be included in this protocol was: no patient with macroscopic extracapsular spread of carcinoma in cervical lymph nodes should be admitted. The purpose of this study was to analyze: 1. the importance of homolateral cervical relapse; 2. the influence of preservation of the interna I jugular vein, sternocleidomastoid muscle and spinal accessory nerve on the rates of reccurences and survival; 3. which factors should be considered in order to indicate a more conservative surgery. The actuarial survival was determined by the KAPLAN & MEIER (1958) method and the Mantel-Cox test was used to compare the .distribution of survival for categoJi'ies of the same variable (MANTEL, 1966; COX, 1972). The rates of homolateral cervical metastasis control were 95.1%. The preselvation of nonlymphatic structures (vein, muscle and nerve) do not compromise the oncologycal radicality and we should be careful with the dissection of jugular nodes that are regularly involved with homolateral or contralateral metastatic carcinoma. This study showed no statistically significant differences for the patients treated by one of the two types of neck dissection as the rates were adjusted for age, primary site, histologic differentiation, stage, size and number of metastatic nodes and degree of microscopic capsular involvement. Doutorado Doutor em Cirurgia