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With advantages such as low cost, high stability, and ease of production, visible light photocatalytic C3N4 with a unique microscopic layered structure holds significant potential for development. However, its hydrogen production efficiency remains low due to the pronounced recombination of photo-generated charge carriers and limited surface reaction sites. Normally, the photocatalytic performance of C3N4 can be enhanced by loading noble metals with surface plasmon resonance. It is worth noting that the size of noble metal nanoparticles has a great influence on photocatalytic performance. In this study, accurate controlling of the size and distribution of Au nanoparticles was achieved on the surface of C3N4 by introducing amino groups to improve photocatalytic performance. Results show that uniformly distributed Au nanoparticles in the range of 2–6 nm can be obtained on C3N4 with a remarkable enhancement of hydrogen production efficiency, which is about 114 times the property of pure C3N4. The small-sized and uniformly distributed Au nanoparticles can provide more reaction sites and increase the separation of photo-generated charge carriers, in turn improving Au/NH3–C3N4 photocatalytic hydrogen release rate to 6.85 mmol g−1 h−1. This work offers a facile way to enhance photocatalytic performance by controlling the size of metal nanoparticles on C3N4 precisely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structures of metal nanoparticles (NPs) significantly influence their catalytic reactivities. Recent in situ experimental observations of dramatic structural changes in NPs underscore the need to establish a dynamic structure–property relationship that accounts for the reconstruction of NPs in reactive environments. Here, we present the MOSP, a free and open-source graphical user interface (GUI) package designed to simulate the structure and reactivity of metal NPs under operando conditions. MOSP integrates two models: the multiscale structure reconstruction model predicting equilibrium metal NP structures under specific reaction conditions and the kinetic Monte Carlo model simulating the reaction dynamics. This combination allows for the exploration of the dynamic structure–property relationships of NPs. MOSP enhances user accessibility through its intuitive GUI, facilitating easy input, post-processing, and visualization of simulation data. This article is the release note of MOSP, focusing on its implementation and functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elongation of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in a dielectric matrix after irradiation with swift heavy ions is a phenomenon that has been known for several years. However, the precise mechanism behind this deformation process is still not fully understood, primarily due to the dearth of information during intermediate stages of deformation. In this study, we report the continuation of our previous work [Peña-Rodríguez et al., Sci. Rep. 7(1), 922 (2017)], exploiting the strong dependence of the localized surface plasmon resonance on the aspect ratio of elongated metal NPs to study the elongation kinetics in situ. In situ optical absorption spectra were measured using a polarizing beam splitter to separate the longitudinal and transverse plasmon modes of the anisotropic NPs. Then, the detailed geometrical and compositional parameters were determined from a fit of these spectra. The use of linearly polarized light allowed for a more accurate analysis of the elongation kinetics, particularly useful in the first stages, where longitudinal and transverse modes overlap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Granular metals (GMs), consisting of metal nanoparticles separated by an insulating matrix, frequently serve as a platform for fundamental electron transport studies. However, few technologically mature devices incorporating GMs have been realized, in large part because intrinsic defects (e.g., electron trapping sites and metal/insulator interfacial defects) frequently impede electron transport, particularly in GMs that do not contain noble metals. Here, we demonstrate that such defects can be minimized in molybdenum–silicon nitride (Mo–SiNx) GMs via optimization of the sputter deposition atmosphere. For Mo–SiNx GMs deposited in a mixed Ar/N2 environment, x-ray photoemission spectroscopy shows a 40%–60% reduction of interfacial Mo-silicide defects compared to Mo–SiNx GMs sputtered in a pure Ar environment. Electron transport measurements confirm the reduced defect density; the dc conductivity improved (decreased) by 104–105 and the activation energy for variable-range hopping increased 10×. Since GMs are disordered materials, the GM nanostructure should, theoretically, support a universal power law (UPL) response; in practice, that response is generally overwhelmed by resistive (defective) transport. Here, the defect-minimized Mo–SiNx GMs display a superlinear UPL response, which we quantify as the ratio of the conductivity at 1 MHz to that at dc, Δ σ ω. Remarkably, these GMs display a Δ σ ω up to 107, a three-orders-of-magnitude improved response than previously reported for GMs. By enabling high-performance electric transport with a non-noble metal GM, this work represents an important step toward both new fundamental UPL research and scalable, mature GM device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computational modeling of plasmon-mediated molecular photophysical and photochemical behaviors can help us better understand and tune the bound molecular properties and reactivity and make better decisions to design and control nanostructures. However, computational investigations of coupled plasmon–molecule systems are challenging due to the lack of accurate and efficient protocols to simulate these systems. Here, we present a hybrid scheme by combining the real-time time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT) approach with the time-domain frequency dependent fluctuating charge (TD-ωFQ) model. At first, we transform ωFQ in the frequency-domain, an atomistic electromagnetic model for the plasmonic response of plasmonic metal nanoparticles (PMNPs), into the time-domain and derive its equation-of-motion formulation. The TD-ωFQ introduces the nonequilibrium plasmonic response of PMNPs and atomistic interactions to the electronic excitation of the quantum mechanical (QM) region. Then, we combine TD-ωFQ with RT-TDDFT. The derived RT-TDDFT/TD-ωFQ scheme allows us to effectively simulate the plasmon-mediated "real-time" electronic dynamics and even the coupled electron–nuclear dynamics by combining them with the nuclear dynamics approaches. As a first application of the RT-TDDFT/TD-ωFQ method, we study the nonradiative decay rate and plasmon-enhanced absorption spectra of two small molecules in the proximity of sodium MNPs. Thanks to the atomistic nature of the ωFQ model, the edge effect of MNP on absorption enhancement has also been investigated and unveiled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the anticipated foliar application of nanoparticles (NPs) as a potential strategy to improve crop production and ameliorate heavy metal toxicity, it is crucial to evaluate the role of NPs in improving the nutrient content of plants under Lead (Pb) stress for achieving higher agriculture productivity to ensure food security. Herein, Brassica napus L. grown under Pb contaminated soil (300 mg/kg) was sprayed with different rates (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L) of TiO2 and ZnO-NPs. The plants were evaluated for growth attributes, photosynthetic pigments, leaf exchange attributes, oxidant and antioxidant enzyme activities. The results revealed that 100 mg/L NPs foliar application significantly augmented plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, and leaf gas exchange attributes. Furthermore, 100 mg/L TiO2 and ZnO-NPs application showed a maximum increase in SPAD values (79.1%, 68.9%). NPs foliar application (100 mg/L TiO2 and ZnO-NPs) also substantially reduced malondialdehyde (44.3%, 38.3%), hydrogen peroxide (59.9%, 53.1%), electrolyte leakage (74.8%, 68.3%), and increased peroxidase (93.8%, 89.1%), catalase (91.3%, 84.1%), superoxide dismutase (81.8%, 73.5%) and ascorbate peroxidase (78.5%, 73.7%) thereby reducing Pb accumulation. NPs foliar application (100 mg/L) significantly reduced root Pb (45.7%, 42.3%) and shoot Pb (84.1%, 76.7%) concentration in TiO2 and ZnO-NPs respectively, as compared to control. Importantly, macro and micronutrient analysis showed that foliar application 100 mg/L TiO2 and ZnO-NPs increased shoot zinc (58.4%, 78.7%) iron (79.3%, 89.9%), manganese (62.8%, 68.6%), magnesium (72.1%, 93.7%), calcium (58.2%, 69.9%) and potassium (81.5%, 68.6%) when compared to control without NPs. The same trend was observed for root nutrient concentration. In conclusion, we found that the TiO2 and ZnO-NPs have the greatest efficiency at 100 mg/L concentration to alleviate Pb induced toxicity on growth, photosynthesis, and nutrient content of Brassica napus L. NPs foliar application is a promising strategy to ensure sustainable agriculture and food safety under metal contamination.

The influence of a dielectric layer with an embedded 2D array of metal nanoparticles on the spectral characteristics of a distributed Bragg reflector is theoretically studied and numerically validated. A significant dependence of the reflectivity of the hybrid structure on the location of the nanoparticle array relative to the maxima and minima of the optical field in the surface dielectric layer is demonstrated. It is found that the application of a dilute ensemble of nanoparticles (the interparticle distance is from 2 to 5 times larger than the nanoparticle size) in the region of high optical field localization makes it possible to obtain a total suppression of reflection in the photonic bandgap range of distributed Bragg reflector. Contrariwise, if the optical field is almost zero at the nanoparticle array location, its impact on the scattered light is negligible, that is, the resonant nanoparticles are masked by a highly reflective photonic structure. The target wavelength can be tuned inside the photonic bandgap range by adjusting the shape of nanoparticles and interparticle distance in the array. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

InN holds great promise for a wide range of applications, including broadband optical devices, high-frequency electronic devices, and serving as a substrate for highly sensitive gas detectors and efficient catalysts. Nevertheless, production of high-quality InN thin films through epitaxy has remained a significant challenge. This is primarily due to complexities arising from the low dissociation temperature and the high N2 equilibrium pressure of InN, which lead to formation of numerous nitrogen vacancies and a propensity to generate indium metal nanoparticles. Efficacy of the indium bilayer pre-deposition method for InN film growth has been established in prior studies. In this work, we introduce a specialized hydrogen insertion method to further enhance nitridation of the indium bilayer. The corresponding kinetic mechanism has been demonstrated through theoretical simulations and practical epitaxy experiments, leading to the development of an optimized hydrogen insertion process. This research represents a substantial improvement over existing InN epitaxial methods that involve control of the indium bilayer and introduces a novel mechanism for enhancing InN heteroepitaxy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromagnetic shielding is a critical function in various technologies, which is ideally achieved using a metal that reflects all incident radiation below its plasma frequency. Using high-resolution finite difference frequency domain simulations at microwave/RF frequencies, we show that the same efficacy can be achieved using a disordered collection of metal nanoparticles embedded in a flexible material. The mechanism underlying the reflection in the composite material is wave localization, disallowing the propagation of radiation up to the plasma frequency of the metal that constitutes the particles. We realize such a biopolymer composite using DNA–CTMA (deoxyribonucleic acid–cetyltrimethylammonium complex) as a support structure for Ag nanoparticles. This biopolymer composite exhibits an extremely high shielding effectiveness, close to that of a metal slab, because of Anderson localization of the electromagnetic waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strong light–matter interactions significantly modify the optical properties of molecules in the vicinity of plasmonic metal nanoparticles. Since the dimension of the plasmonic cavity approaches that of the molecules, it is critical to explicitly describe the nanoparticle junctions. In this work, we use the discrete interaction model/quantum mechanical (DIM/QM) method to model the coupling between the plasmonic near-field and molecular excited states. DIM/QM is a combined electrodynamics/quantum mechanical model that uses an atomistic description of the nanoparticle. We extend the DIM/QM method to include the local field effects in the sum-over-state formalism of time-dependent density functional theory. As a test of the method, we study the interactions between small organic chromophores and metal nanoparticles. In particular, we examine how the inclusion of multiple electronic transitions and intermolecular interactions modify the coupling between molecules and nanoparticles. Using the sum-over-state formalism of DIM/QM, we show that two-state models break down when the plasmon excitation is detuned from the molecular excitations. To gain further insight, we compare the simple coupled-dipole model (CDM) with the DIM/QM model. We find that CDM works well for simple systems but fails when going beyond the single molecule or single nanoparticle cases. We also find that the coupling depends strongly on the site of the nanoparticle in which the chromophore couples to. Our work suggests the importance of explicitly describing the cavity to capture the atomistic level local field environment in which the molecule strongly couples to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Difficulty in heating tumors with high spatial selectivity while protecting surrounding healthy tissues from thermal harm is a challenge for cancer photothermal treatment (PTT). To mitigate this problem, PTT mediated by photothermal agents (PTAs) has been established as a potential therapeutic technique to boost selectivity and reduce damage to surrounding healthy tissues. Various gold nanoparticles (AuNP) have been effectively utilized as PTAs, mainly using strategies to target cancerous tissue and increase selective thermal damage. Meanwhile, imaging can be used in tandem to monitor the AuNP distribution and guide the PTT. Mainly, the parameters impacting the induced temperature can be determined using simulation tools before treatment for effective PTT. However, accurate simulations can only be performed if the amount of AuNPs accumulated in the tumor is known. This study introduces Photo-Magnetic Imaging (PMI), which can appropriately recover the AuNP concentration to guide the PTT. Using multi-wavelength measurements, PMI can provide AuNP concentration based on their distinct absorption spectra. Tissue-simulating phantom studies are conducted to demonstrate the potential of PMI in recovering AuNP concentration for PTT planning. The recovered AuNP concentration is used to model the temperature increase accurately in a small inclusion representing tumor using a multiphysics solver that takes into account the light propagation and heat diffusion in turbid media.

Ordered porous materials can offer more accessible catalytic sites and large buffer space for discharge products, thus improving cell performance. In this paper, a simple down-top solution-precipitation method followed by pyrolysis was proposed to disperse active nickel–cobalt-NC sites in ZIF-derived porous carbon nanocages. It was found that these metal nanoparticles were confined in the N-enriched carbon nanocage with a total metal loading of about 8.74 at%. As expected, this porous structure not only enhances electron conductivity, but also provides a sufficient surface area to facilitate the triphasic cell reaction and create more space for the storage of discharge products. Experimental findings confirm that this interesting nanostructure manifests an increase in capacity (6682.6 mA h g−1), coulombic efficiency (∼100%) and cycling performance (∼80 cycles) over the control group for quasi-solid-state cells. Benefitting from the addition of Ni to modify the porous structure, the O2/ion diffusion pathway and accessible active sites are enriched, yielding faster redox kinetics and lower overpotential (high reversibility). Thus, our work demonstrates that this type of porous bimetallic nanocage is promising for fabricating efficient biomass quasi-solid-state Li–O2 batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study unveils a pioneering methodology that effectively distributes Pd species within a zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8). We demonstrate that Pd can be encapsulated within ZIF‐8 as atomically dispersed Pd species that function as an excited‐state transition metal catalyst for promoting carbon–carbon (C−C) cross‐couplings at room temperature using visible light as the driving force. Furthermore, the same material can be reduced at 250 °C, forming Pd metal nanoparticles encapsulated in ZIF‐8. This catalyst shows high rates and selectivity for carbon dioxide hydrogenation to methanol under industrially relevant conditions (250 °C, 50 bar): 7.46 molmethanol molmetal−1 h−1 and >99 %. Our results demonstrate the correlations of the catalyst structure with the performances at experimental and theoretical levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metal-support interaction is one of the most important pillars in heterogeneous catalysis, but developing a fundamental theory has been challenging because of the intricate interfaces. Based on experimental data, interpretable machine learning, theoretical derivation, and first-principles simulations, we established a general theory of metal-oxide interactions grounded in metal-metal and metal-oxygen interactions. The theory applies to metal nanoparticles and atoms on oxide supports and oxide films on metal supports. We found that for late-transition metal catalysts, metal-metal interactions dominated the oxide support effects and suboxide encapsulation over metal nanoparticles. A principle of strong metal-metal interactions for encapsulation occurrence is formulated and substantiated by extensive experiments including 10 metals and 16 oxides. The valuable insights revealed on (strong) metal-support interaction advance the interfacial design of supported metal catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of ultrafine metal nanoparticles and their integration onto 2D nanomaterials have attracted significant interest due to their outstanding chemical and electrochemical activity. Among 2D materials, MXenes have emerged as promising candidates for hybridization owing to their abundant surface nucleation sites and high electrical conductivity. However, achieving uniform growth of ultrafine metal nanoparticles on MXene surfaces remains a challenge due to non‐uniform metal nucleation and growth behaviors. In this study, a novel coordination‐assisted surface functionalization method is presented to graft organic ligands onto MXene, promoting the uniform growth of ultrafine metal nanoparticles. By leveraging the mutual attraction between metal ions, organic ligands, and MXene surface functional groups, MXene surfaces are efficiently functionalized through palladium coordination complexes. Subsequent ligand‐induced growth facilitated the uniform nucleation of ultrafine metal nanoparticles, resulting in densely anchored nanoparticles of 1–3 nm in size on MXene. Comprehensive characterizations reveal the effectiveness of the method, demonstrating exceptional properties of the MXene‐metal nanoparticle hybrid, particularly in hydrogen sensing applications. This study highlights the potential of coordination‐assisted surface functionalization for the controlled synthesis of MXene‐based nanomaterials with tailored properties for diverse applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low intrinsic electrocatalytic activity and inferior conductivity limit the application of Ni/NC in acidic electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, we prepared nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheet confined PtNi alloy electrocatalysts (PtNi/NC-10) using PtCl 6 2− electrostatic adsorption coupling melamine pyrolysis nitriding strategy. PtNi alloying was confirmed by the crystallinity decrease and lattice expansion of Ni/NC. The alloying and confinement effect of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) suppresses the oxidation and agglomeration of metal nanoparticles during pyrolysis, thus significantly reducing particle size, increasing specific surface area, and promoting the exposure of active sites. The strong electronic interaction between Pt and Ni optimizeds the surface charge distribution, enhancing the adsorption of H species on electron-rich Pt sites, thereby improving reaction kinetics. In addition, PtNi alloying improves the conductivity of the material, accelerating charge transfer and proton transport. Consequently, the prepared PtNi/NC-10 exhibits superior HER performance than Ni/NC in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 solution, even comparable to commercial 20 wt % Pt/C, with the overpotentials of 35 mV at 0.01 A cm−2. Furthermore, the electrocatalysts assembled PtNi/NC-10-CP‖RuO 2 -TFF proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer only requires 2.32 V cell voltage to achieve 1 A cm−2, presenting practical application prospects. Our work provides a novel idea for designing efficient and stable MOFs confined to alloy-based HER electrocatalysts. [Display omitted] • PtNi alloying reduces nanoparticle size and promotes active site exposure. • Surface charge distribution of Pt and Ni sites optimizes reaction kinetics. • Pt introduction enhances conductivity and accelerates surface charge exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomaterials with enzyme-like properties are known as 'nanozymes'. Nanozymes are preferred over natural enzymes due to their nanoscale characteristics and ease of tailoring of their physicochemical properties such as size, structure, composition, surface chemistry, crystal planes, oxygen vacancy, and surface valence state. Interestingly, nanozymes can be precisely controlled to improve their catalytic ability, stability, and specificity which is unattainable by natural enzymes. Therefore, tailor-made nanozymes are being favored over natural enzymes for a range of potential applications and better prospects. In this context, metal oxide nanoparticles with nanozyme-mimicking characteristics are exclusively being used in biomedical sectors and opening new avenues for future nanomedicine. Realising the importance of this emerging area, here, we discuss the mechanistic actions of metal oxide nanozymes along with their key characteristics which affect their enzymatic actions. Further, in this critical review, the recent progress towards the development of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices, cancer therapy, drug delivery, advanced antimicrobials/antibiofilm, dental caries, neurodegenerative diseases, and wound healing potential of metal oxide nanozymes is deliberated. The advantages of employing metal oxide nanozymes, their potential limitations in terms of nanotoxicity, and possible prospects for biomedical applications are also discussed with future recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, numerous studies have focused on the use of mixed ionic-electronic conducting oxides for coupled oxygen separation and catalytic reactions in membrane reactors. A promising strategy for the efficient fabrication of oxygen separation membranes involves modification of the membrane surface via exsolved metal nanoparticles decoration. Here, we present a detailed characterization of the structural and transport properties of a novel membrane material La 0.4 Sr 0.6 Fe 0.95 Nb 0.05 O 3−δ (LSFNb5). The exsolution of Fe nanoparticles was observed after heating of LSFNb5 in a reducing atmosphere (5 % Н 2 /Ar) and was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis, Mössbauer spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The formation of Fe nanoparticles on the surface of LSFNb5 hollow fiber membrane in the reduction process leads to the enhancement of oxygen fluxes and reduces the apparent activation energy. Kinetic parameters for oxygen transport through LSFNb5 hollow fiber membrane estimated using two different models, are in good agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, LSFNb5 hollow fiber membrane demonstrates stable performance both before and after surface treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exciton–polariton condensates featuring collective coherence and large nonlinearities are promising for advancing coherent light sources and functional devices. Nevertheless, their reliance on planar cavities with large lateral device footprints and mode volumes hinders device integration. Plasmon–exciton–polaritons (PEPs), arising from the strong coupling between excitons and plasmons, provide an intriguing platform to explore emergent polariton condensation at the nanoscale due to their ultrasmall mode volumes in metal nanoparticles. However, the substantial radiative and Ohmic losses in metals hamper PEPs condensation, particularly in the short wavelength range (<600 nm). Here, a method is proposed to address metal losses by integrating organic semiconductor neat films onto plasmonic lattices. The use of organic semiconductors with large transition dipole moment and low non‐radiation loss enables efficient coupling between massive excitons and lattice plasmons, leading to high‐density PEPs. This ensures a macroscopic number of polaritons populating the low‐lying band edge at relatively low fluences to obtain bosonic stimulation, resulting in PEP condensation. By tailoring the band structures of plasmonic lattices, the condensation of PEPs are further manipulated into different energy states. These findings offer valuable insights for the design of PEP systems and all‐optical polaritonic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an investigation on the optoelectronic and photocatalytic properties of titanium-nitride (TiN) thin films, modified through the introduction of metal ions (Au, Ag, and Cu) during implantation, followed by thermal annealing. Employing high-resolution microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, we examined the microstructural and compositional features of the films in detail. The films exhibited a crystalline structure with distinct columnar patterns, attributed to defect release and recovery during annealing. Furthermore, metal nanoparticles were detected in samples implanted with gold and silver ions, indicating coalescence processes, while no such particles were observed in the case of Cu ions. Post-implantation annealing also led to surface oxidation and the formation of anatase TiO 2 , with a coexistence of TiO 2 , TiN, metallic Au and Ag, and CuO phases in subsurface regions. Comparative optical measurements revealed significant changes in photoluminescence efficiency and photocatalytic response of modified TiN. All implanted samples showed reduced photoluminescence intensity compared to pristine titanium-nitride, with the Au-implanted film exhibiting the most significant decrease, due to the presence of surface Au nanoparticles, thus resulting in the slower electron-hole recombination rates and enhanced photocatalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers are exploring sustainable methods for synthesizing metal oxide nanoparticles to address wastewater pollution, which poses a global threat to aquatic life and human health. The present research aims to biosynthesize recyclable Lemon peel‐extracted copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) to remove methylene blue dye via adsorption. Our approach involves a comprehensive range of techniques, such as FTIR, XRD, SEM‐EDX, Zeta potential, and UV‐VIS, to thoroughly characterize the NPs. SEM analysis confirmed that the CuO NPs, with an average size of 64.5 nm and a nearly spherical shape, exhibited a zeta potential value of – 16.34, indicating their relative stability. Optimized conditions for the 92.20% adsorption efficiency for methylene blue dye were pH at 6, contact time of 90 min, 0.06 g of adsorbent dose, 10 ppm dye conc., and Temp. 27 °C. Langmuir 1‐based maximum adsorption capacity (qm) was 617.28 mg/g for CuO NPs. Langmuir 1 and Freundlich are the most suitable isotherm models for experimental data, supporting Physi‐chemisorption and chemisorption as rate‐limiting steps in the exothermic adsorption process. A reusability study of up to three cycles proved the sustainability of the materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noble metal nanoparticles (NMNPs) are crucial for catalytic processes, but their recycling and aggregation present challenges. Immobilizing NMNPs on substrates often reduces their catalytic activity due to hindered diffusion and decreased surface area. This study presents a novel approach using silver (N-Isopropylacrylamide Co methyl acrylic acid) (Ag@PNM) nanoparticles, characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic light scattering transmission (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV–visible spectroscopy. A catalytic membrane with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) embedded in a three-dimensional (3D) network of hybrid microgels was fabricated. The microgels are filtered into a microporous membrane and expanded to secure the Ag NPs, enhancing catalytic efficiency for 4-nitrophenol reduction through improved mass transfer and exposure of the nanoparticles. The membrane shows high stability and performance, with a turnover frequency of 77.5 h−1 and an apparent rate constant (kapp) of 0.15 s−1. Additionally, the PES/Ag@PNM membrane demonstrated effective reduction of 4-nitrophenol. The straightforward synthesis and stability of this approach make it a promising and cost-effective solution for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the results of gas sensing using the fluctuation-enhanced sensing method in selected two-dimensional materials (2DMs). We claim that gas sensing selectivity can be improved further by considering semiconducting two-dimensional materials doped by noble metal nanoparticles. The 2DMs’ structures exhibit some imperfections defined by their structure, occurring repeatedly there. These imperfections are adsorption–desorption centers responsible for gas-sensing properties and generating flicker noise of various intensities. We consider how these imperfections can be modulated and utilized for fluctuations-enhanced gas sensing. We propose the decoration of 2DMs by noble metal nanoparticles that impact flicker noise. Additionally, we consider utilizing localized surface plasmonic resonance induced by irradiation at selected wavelengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen‐terminated 2D–Germanane (2D–GeH), a germanium‐based 2D material akin to graphene, is receiving enormous attention owing to its predicted optoelectronic characteristics. However, experimental research of 2D–GeH is still in an early stage, and therefore its real implementation for task‐specific applications will depend on the correct development of suitable chemical functionalization methods. Herein, a general and straightforward organometallic (OM) approach is provided for the robust functionalization of 2D–GeH with different 0D noble metal nanoparticles (M–NPs), resulting in 0D/2D M@GeH nanoarchitectonics. As a proof‐of‐principle, 0D/2D Pt@GeH and Au@GeH nanoarchitectonics have been successfully synthesized, characterized, and explored as unconventional electrocatalysts for boosting energy conversion reactions. While the hydrogen evolution reaction activity was evaluated for Pt@GeH, the oxygen reduction reaction was interrogated for Au@GeH. Interestingly, the implanted catalytic features of M–NPs yielded to 0D/2D M@GeH nanoarchitectonics with enhanced energy conversion activity comparing to pristine 2D–GeH counterpart. This work proves the suitability of 2D–GeH as unconventional substrates to stabilize nobleM−NPs, and the versatility of the OM approach for the custom design of a new family of 0D/2D M@GeH nanoarchitectonics to expand the implementation of monoelemental 2D materials as promising electrocatalysts in energy conversion field and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While metal nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated their great potential in catalysis, introducing chiral microenvironment around metal NPs to achieve efficient conversion and high enantioselectivity remains a long‐standing challenge. In this work, tiny Rh NPs, modified by chiral diene ligands (Lx) bearing diverse functional groups, are incorporated into a covalent organic framework (COF) for the asymmetric 1,4‐addition reactions between arylboronic acids and nitroalkenes. Though Rh NPs hosted in the COF are inactive, decorating Rh NPs with Lx creates the active Rh−Lx interface and induces high activity. Moreover, chiral microenvironment modulation around Rh NPs by altering the groups on chiral diene ligands greatly optimizes the enantioselectivity (up to 95.6 % ee). Mechanistic investigations indicate that the formation of hydrogen‐bonding interaction between Lx and nitroalkenes plays critical roles in the resulting enantioselectivity. This work highlights the significance of chiral microenvironment modulation around metal NPs by chiral ligand decoration for heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Exsolution reactions enable the synthesis of oxide-supported metal nanoparticles, which are desirable as catalysts in green energy conversion technologies. It is crucial to precisely tailor the nanoparticle characteristics to optimize the catalysts' functionality, and to maintain the catalytic performance under operation conditions. We use chemical (co)-doping to modify the defect chemistry of exsolution-active perovskite oxides and examine its influence on the mass transfer kinetics of Ni dopants towards the oxide surface and on the subsequent coalescence behavior of the exsolved nanoparticles during a continuous thermal reduction treatment. Nanoparticles that exsolve at the surface of the acceptor-type fast-oxygen-ion-conductor SrTi0.95Ni0.05O3−δ (STNi) show a high surface mobility leading to a very low thermal stability compared to nanoparticles that exsolve at the surface of donor-type SrTi0.9Nb0.05Ni0.05O3−δ (STNNi). Our analysis indicates that the low thermal stability of exsolved nanoparticles at the acceptor-doped perovskite surface is linked to a high oxygen vacancy concentration at the nanoparticle-oxide interface. For catalysts that require fast oxygen exchange kinetics, exsolution synthesis routes in dry hydrogen conditions may hence lead to accelerated degradation, while humid reaction conditions may mitigate this failure mechanism. Exsolved metal nanoparticles are widely believed to exhibit an exceptional robustness against coarsening. Here, the authors demonstrate that the coarsening behavior depends on the surface defect chemistry of the respective oxide support as well as the oxophilicity of the exsolved metal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of electronics with net zero carbon emissions through more efficient and environmentally friendly materials and processes is still a challenge. Here, alternative chemical synthesis routes of metal conductive nanoparticles, based on biodegradable materials are explored, such as nickel, iron–nickel alloy and iron nanoparticles, to be used, in the long term, as fillers in inks for inject printing. Thus, Ni and FeNi metal nanoparticles of 25–12 nm, forming aggregates of 614–574 nm, respectively, are synthesized in water in the presence of a polyol and a reducing agent and under microwave heating that enables a more uniform and fast heating. Iron nanoparticles of 120 ± 40 nm are synthesized in polyol that limits the aggregation and the oxidation degree. Commercial metal nanoparticles of iron and nickel, are coated with ethylene glycol and used for comparison. The conductivity of nanoparticles when pressed into pellets remains similar for both commercial and synthesized samples. However, when deposited on a strip line and heated, synthesized Ni, FeNi, and Fe nanoparticles show significant conductivity and interesting magnetic properties. It is demonstrated that the nanosize facilitates sintering at reduced temperatures and the capping agents prevent oxidation, resulting in promising conductive fillers for printed electronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The design of super‐antimicrobially active multipurpose nanocarriers as polymeric nanocomposites embedded with metal oxides with sustained drug release is beneficial in medical treatment for controlling inflammation and targeting a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. Brilliant metal oxide nanoparticles (MOx) involving selenium dioxide, titanium dioxide, and vanadium pentoxide were well prepared in good yields, and their morphologies and structures were specified. Then they were embedded in copolymeric nanocomposites through in situ microemulsion polymerization of (E)‐2‐cyano‐N‐cyclohexyl‐3‐(dimethylamino)acrylamide (CHAA) with methyl methacrylate (MMA), dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), and acrylic acid (AA). In addition, ibuprofen was then loaded into the synthesized polymers and their nanocomposites to achieve high drug entrapment efficiency EE%, and its release behavior was studied in various simulated fluids. The produced drug‐loaded polymers and their nanocomposites were characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). Well‐defined nanospheres of polymeric‐metal oxide nanocomposites were generated in a size range of 50 nm, with ibuprofen loaded at a high encapsulation efficiency of approximately 97%. In vitro drug release was inspected for the polymer and its nanocomposites revealing that the presence of metal oxide nanoparticles resulted in prolonged and sustained release behavior for wound dressing. The antimicrobial study based on the zone of inhibition against various pathogenic microorganisms showed excellent activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Helicobacter pylori, and Candida albicans. These findings validate the potential of these nanocomposites to serve as a viable upcoming antimicrobial agent for the treatment of human ailments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalytic reduction of organic pollutants using metal nanoparticles (MNPs) as nanocatalyst is a promising approach. The widespread application of MNPs have led to an increase demand for their production. The green biosynthesis of MNPs using microbes is becoming increasingly important as they are benign and environmentally friendly. In this work, Deinococcus wulumuqiensis (D. wulumuqiensis) with high resistance to stresses was applied for the green preparation of different MNPs, including palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs), silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), and Pd−Ag bimetallic nanoparticles (Pd−Ag BNPs). The resultant MNPs exhibited a face‐centered cubic structure, with average size of 6.70 (Pd NPs), 6.24 (Ag NPs), and 6.13 nm (Pd−Ag BNPs), respectively. FT‐IR spectra indicated that the proteins and polysaccharides expressed by D. wulumuqiensis could potentially contributed to the formation of MNPs. The application of as‐prepared biocatalyst in catalytic degradation of pollutant dyes demonstrated that Pd−Ag BNPs had greater degradation ability of 4‐nitrophenol (95.1 %) and Rhodamine B (85.1 %) than monometallic nanoparticles. The pseudo‐first‐order kinetics results further indicated the superior catalytic ability of Pd−Ag BNPs, with rate constant of 0.450±0.009 (4‐nitrophenol) and 1.54×10−2 min−1 (Rhodamine B), respectively. Thus, the present study confirms that D. wulumuqiensis represents a promising candidate for the biosynthesis of Pd‐based nanoparticles with small size, which exhibited potential applications as bionanocatalyst in the degradation of water pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loading of cocatalysts, and especially noble metal nanoparticles, on the surface of photocatalysts has been proven to be an effective strategy to enhance H2 production, by facilitating charge separation and migration and acting as catalytically active sites. In this work, highly active Pt nanoparticles were loaded with an easy and quick photochemical way on SrTiO3 (STO) and the photocatalytic H2 production was tested under solar and visible irradiation. Characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to determine the physical properties of the samples. Additionally, a combination of UV-vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to gain insights into the photocatalytic mechanism and the variation in photocatalytic activity among the samples. Notably, the photocatalyst with the optimum Pt loading (i.e., sample STO-0.4Pt with 0.4 wt% Pt) reached a hydrogen evolution rate of 15,805 µmol g− 1 h− 1, which was found to be ~ 8 times higher than the pristine STO sample under solar irradiation. Highlights: Highly active Pt nanoparticles were loaded with an easy photochemical process on STO. Metallic Pt nanoparticles (2.44 nm) were decorated on STO. STO-xPt samples showed high photocatalytic activity under solar irradiation. High hydrogen evolution rate (15374.5 µmoles g-1 h-1) for low amount of Pt loading (0.4 wt%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selaginella willdenowii, a commonly used greenhouse fern, was often used as a biowaste to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in an eco-friendly and cost-effective way. UV–Visible spectra studies were carried out to confirm the synthesis of S. willdenowii-mediated ZnO NPs (SW-ZnO NPs), and a peak at 367 nm with a sharp band gap of 3.415 eV was observed. The X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the crystalline size of the synthesized SW-ZnO NPs was 11.971 nm. The phytochemicals present in the extracts and the compounds involved in the reduction of metal to nanoparticles were determined by Fourier Transform Infrared analysis. Scanning electron microscopy was utilized to analyze the surface morphology and size of the obtained SW-ZnO NPs. The examination revealed that they exhibited a hexagonal shape, with an average size falling within the range of 17–23 nm. Under ultra-violet light, reactive blue 220 and reactive yellow 145 dyes showed 78.06% and 60.14% degradation, showing potential photocatalytic degradation activity. The synthesized SW-ZnO NPs also exhibited antimicrobial activity against bacterial strains (Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis) and fungal cultures (Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans) showed cytotoxic activity against Hep-G2 cell lines. Our results suggest the green synthesized SW-ZnO NPs have potential photocatalytic, antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized in an eco-friendly and cost-effective way using Selaginella willdenowii. These nanoparticles showed multi-faceted environmental and biomedical applications especially photocatalytic potential for textile dye degradation, antimicrobial activity against tested bacterial and fungal strains, and anti-cancer properties against Hep-G2 cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huanglongbing is a severe citrus disease that causes significant tree and crop losses worldwide. It is caused by three Candidatus liberibacter species and spread by psyllids and infected budwood. Various methods have been used to diagnose and understand HLB, including recent advances in molecular and biochemical assays that explore the pathogen's mode of action and its impact on the host plant. Characterization is essential for developing sustainable HLB management strategies. Nanotechnology, particularly nano sensors and metal nanoparticles, shows potential for precise disease diagnosis and control. Additionally, antibiotics, nanomaterials, and genetic engineering techniques like transgenesis offer promising avenues for mitigating HLB. These diverse approaches, from conventional to cutting-edge, contribute to developing integrated HLB management strategies for sustainable citrus cultivation. The review highlights the significant advancements in conventional and advanced molecular and biochemical characterization of HLB, aiding in early detection and understanding of the infection mechanism. It emphasizes the multidimensional efforts required to characterize disease and devise innovative management strategies. As the citrus industry faces unprecedented challenges, exploring new frontiers in HLB research provides hope for sustainable solutions and a resilient future for global citrus cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as crucial components in precision drug delivery, presenting innovative opportunities to significantly enhance therapeutic efficacy and targeting accuracy. This review investigates recent developments in the engineering of metal NPs, emphasizing their distinctive properties and novel applications in drug delivery systems. A comprehensive analysis is performed on gold, silver, iron, and zinc oxide NPs, emphasizing their exceptional physicochemical properties and enhanced drug‐loading capacities. These features collectively enable the development and implementation of targeted and controlled drug delivery systems, indicating a new era of advanced therapeutic approaches. This review article accomplishes this by reflecting on the transformative potential of metal NPs, envisioning heightened efficacy, minimized side effects, and improved patient outcomes within the dynamic landscape of drug delivery platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and age-related lung disease that has few treatment options. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the introduction and development of IPF. In the present study, we developed multifunctional Cobalt (Co)–Manganese (Mn) complex oxide nanoparticles (Co-MnNPs), which can scavenge multiple types of ROS. Benefiting from ROS scavenging activities and good biosafety, Co-MnNPs can suppress canonical and non-canonical TGF-β pathways and, thus, inhibit the activation of fibroblasts and the productions of extracellular matrix. Furthermore, the scavenging of ROS by Co-MnNPs reduce the LPS-induced expressions of pro-inflammatory factors in macrophages, by suppressing NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, Co-MnNPs can reduce the excessive extracellular matrix deposition and inflammatory responses in lungs and, thus, alleviate pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin (BLM) in mice. Taken together, this work offers an anti-fibrotic agent for treatment of IPF and other ROS-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have garnered immense attention in recent years due to their outstanding optoelectronic properties and cost-effective fabrication methods, establishing them as promising candidates for next-generation photovoltaic technologies. Among the diverse strategies aimed at enhancing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs, the incorporation of plasmonic nanoparticles has emerged as a pioneering approach. This review summarizes the latest research advancements in the utilization of plasmonic nanoparticles to enhance the performance of PSCs. We delve into the fundamental principles of plasmonic resonance and its interaction with perovskite materials, highlighting how localized surface plasmons can effectively broaden light absorption, facilitate hot-electron transfer (HET), and optimize charge separation dynamics. Recent strategies, including the design of tailored metal nanoparticles (MNPs), gratings, and hybrid plasmonic–photonic architectures, are critically evaluated for their efficacy in enhancing light trapping, increasing photocurrent, and mitigating charge recombination. Additionally, this review addresses the challenges associated with the integration of plasmonic elements into PSCs, including issues of scalability, compatibility, and cost-effectiveness. Finally, the review provides insights into future research directions aimed at advancing the field, thereby paving the way for next-generation, high-performance perovskite-based photovoltaic technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review explores electrochemical sensing strategies for synthetic orange dyes, addressing the growing need for sensitive and selective detection methods in various industries. We examine the fundamental principles underlying the electrochemical detection of these compounds, focusing on their redox behavior and interaction with electrode surfaces. The review covers a range of sensor designs, from unmodified electrodes to advanced nanomaterial-based platforms. Chemically modified electrodes incorporating polymers and molecularly imprinted polymers are discussed for their enhanced selectivity. Particular attention is given to nanomaterial-based sensors, including those utilizing carbon nanotubes, graphene derivatives, and metal nanoparticles, which have demonstrated exceptional sensitivity and wide linear ranges. The potential of biological-based approaches, such as DNA interaction sensors and immunosensors, is also evaluated. Current challenges in the field are addressed, including matrix effects in complex samples and long-term stability issues. Emerging trends are highlighted, including the development of multi-modal sensing platforms and the integration of artificial intelligence for data analysis. The review concludes by discussing the commercial potential of these sensors in food safety, environmental monitoring, and smart packaging applications, emphasizing their importance in ensuring the safe use of synthetic orange dyes across industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles is frequently regarded as a potential solution to the issue of bacterial antibiotic resistance. Among the proposed range of nanoparticles with antibacterial properties, copper oxide nanoparticles are of particular interest. Although the antibacterial properties of copper have been known for a considerable period of time, studies on the effects of copper oxide nanomaterials with respect to biological systems have attracted considerable attention in recent years. This review presents a summary of the antibacterial properties of copper oxide nanoparticles, the mechanisms by which the antibacterial effect is realized, and the key reported methods of modifying these nanoparticles to improve their antibacterial activity. A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of these nanoparticles is presented depending on the type of microorganism, the shape of the nanoparticles, and the Gram classification of bacteria based on data from published sources. In addition, the review addresses the biological activities of copper oxide nanoparticles, including their antifungal and cytotoxic properties, as well as their "antioxidant" activity. According to the conducted analysis of the literature data, it can be concluded that copper oxide nanoparticles have a significant bacteriostatic potential with respect to a wide range of microorganisms and, in some cases, contribute to the inhibition of fungal growth. At the same time, the sensitivity of Gram-positive bacteria to the effect of copper oxide nanoparticles was often higher than that of Gram-negative bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-priming is a relatively new seed treatment technique using metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), and such application of NPs may support the plants' immunity. Recently we have shown that the that biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (bio-AgNPs) used as short-term foliar treatment protect pea seedlings against D. pinodes and F. avenaceum. In the present study, the protection of peas against both fungal pathogens via seed priming with bio-AgNPs was analyzed. Moreover, the changes in the polar metabolic profiles of the seedlings caused by priming and infection were also compared. Seed priming with bio-AgNPs at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/L considerably reduced the symptoms and infection levels of both pathogens by over 70% and 90% for F. avenaceum and D. pinodes, respectively. Pathogens infection and nano-priming affected the metabolic profile of pea seedlings. The major changes in the primary metabolism were observed among carbohydrates and amino acids. In turn, this may result in changes in the expression and accumulation of secondary metabolites. Therefore, further investigation of the effect of nano-priming should focus on the changes in the secondary metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bimetallic nanomaterials have shown great potential across various fields of application. However, the synthesis of many bimetallic particles can be challenging due to the immiscibility of their constituent metals. In this study, we present a synthetic strategy to produce compositionally tunable silver–copper (Ag-Cu) bimetallic nanoparticles using plasma-driven liquid surface chemistry. By using a low-pressure nonthermal radiofrequency (RF) plasma that interacts with an Ag-Cu precursor solution at varying electrode distances, we identified that the reduction of Ag and Cu salts is governed by two "orthogonal" parameters. The reduction of Cu2+ is primarily influenced by plasma electrons, whereas UV photons play a key role in the reduction of Ag+. Consequently, by adjusting the electrode distance and the precursor ratios in the plasma–liquid system, we could control the composition of Ag-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles over a wide range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interactions between gold metallic nanoparticles and molecular dyes have been well described by the nanometal surface energy transfer (NSET) mechanism. However, the expansion and testing of this model for nanoparticles of different metal composition is needed to develop a greater variety of nanosensors for medical and commercial applications. In this study, the NSET formula was slightly modified in the size-dependent dampening constant and skin depth terms to allow for modeling of different metals as well as testing the quenching effects created by variously sized gold, silver, copper, and platinum nanoparticles. Overall, the metal nanoparticles followed more closely the NSET prediction than for Förster resonance energy transfer, though scattering effects began to occur at 20 nm in the nanoparticle diameter. To further improve the NSET theoretical equation, an attempt was made to set a best-fit line of the NSET theoretical equation curve onto the Au and Ag data points. An exhaustive grid search optimizer was applied in the ranges for two variables, 0.1 ≤ C ≤ 2.0 and 0 ≤ α ≤ 4 , representing the metal dampening constant and the orientation of donor to the metal surface, respectively. Three different grid searches, starting from coarse (entire range) to finer (narrower range), resulted in more than one million total calculations with values C = 2.0 and α = 0.0736 . The results improved the calculation, but further analysis needed to be conducted in order to find any additional missing physics. With that motivation, two artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) algorithms, multilayer perception and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression, gave a correlation coefficient, R 2 , greater than 0.97 , indicating that the small dataset was not overfitting and was method-independent. This analysis indicates that an investigation is warranted to focus on deeper physics informed machine learning for the NSET equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a novel in situ liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM) approach to study the behavior of metal nanoparticles under high-energy electron irradiation. By utilizing a radically-inert liquid environment, we aim to minimize radiolysis effects and explore the influence of charge-induced transformations. We observed complex dynamics in nanoparticle behavior, including morphological changes and transitions between amorphous and crystalline states. These transformations are attributed to the delicate interplay between charge accumulation on the nanoparticles and enhanced radiolysis, suggesting a significant role for charge-assisted processes in nanoparticle evolution. Our findings provide valuable insights into the fundamental mechanisms driving nanoparticle behavior at the nanoscale and demonstrate the potential of liquid-cell TEM for studying complex physicochemical processes in controlled environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green nanotechnology comprises the use of natural sources such as plant extracts as both reducing and stabilizing agents thereby reducing the reliance on hazardous chemicals. Recent breakthroughs in nanotechnology involve the incorporation of various metals to create mono and bimetallic nanoparticles, catalyzing transformative shifts. However, concerns arise due to the environmental impact of traditional synthesis methods. An alternative approach focuses on biosynthesized metal nanoparticles using clay, specifically Bentonite, MMT (Montmorillonite) and Kaolinite as supportive materials, emphasizing the prevention of agglomeration with clay and the use of plant extracts. The integration of clay, especially Bentonite, MMT and Kaolinite enhances the stability and functionality. The review emphasizes mitigating environmental impact by reducing metal ions and explores the use of phytochemicals fro environmentally friendly nanoparticle synthesis. Incorporating clay minerals not only improves synthesis efficiency but also minimizes the ecological footprint. Future research is expected to focus on integrative approaches in plant nanotechnology, particularly in agriculture and broader plant science. The comprehensive review covers literature from 2015 to 2023, providing systematic and interpretative data, highlighting progress and potential in eco-friendly metal nanoparticles synthesis supported on clay minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene oxide (GO) has recently gained significant attention in electrocatalysis as a promising electrode material owing to its unique physiochemical properties such as enhanced electron transfers due to a conjugated π-electron system, high surface area, and stable support for loading electroactive species, including metal nanoparticles. However, only a few studies have been directed toward the structural characteristics of GO, elaborating on the roles of oxygen-containing functional groups, the presence of defects, interlayer spacing between the layered structure, and nonuniformity in the carbon skeleton along with their influence on electrochemical performance. In this work, we aim to understand these properties in various GO materials derived from different graphitic sources. Both physiochemical and electrochemical characterization were employed to correlate the above-mentioned features and explore the effect of the location of the palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) on various GO supports for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The interaction of the functional groups has a crucial role in the Pd dispersion and its electrochemical performance. Among the different GO samples, Pd supported on GO derived from graphene nanoplate (GNP), Pd/GO-GNP, exhibits superior HER performance; this could be attributed to the optimal balance among particle size, defect density, less in-plane functionalities, and higher electrochemical surface area. This study, thus, helps to identify the optimal conditions that lead to the best performance of Pd-loaded GO, contributing to the design of more effective HER electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing high-efficiency, high-stability, and low-cost deoxygenation and hydrocracking catalysts could be considered one of the most significant breakthroughs in catalytic hydroprocessing. The present study utilized aluminophosphate (AlPO4-18), a zeolite-like molecular sieve, as catalyst support for producing carbon-coated β-Mo2C, Ni3C, and WC nanoparticles. The synthesis used an incipient wetness impregnation followed by a temperature-programmed reduction-carburization approach which involved cracking a hydrocarbon gas, propane, in a hydrogen environment. The synthesis parameters were a 1:7 propane/hydrogen reductive-carburizing gas stream, 15 wt.% metal loading, an 800 °C carburization temperature ramped-up at a heating rate of 10 °C min−1, a 2-h holding time, and a 1-h holding time in hydrogen. The synthesized catalysts were characterized using thermogravimetry mass spectroscopy/temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO TG-MS), nitrogen physisorption at 77 K, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM EDS). TPO TG-MS, nitrogen physisorption, TEM, and XRD characterization results proved that atomic carbon was successfully incorporated into the lattice interstitials, resulting in thermally stable, well-dispersed, crystalline and mesoporous β-Mo2C/AlPO4-18, Ni3C/AlPO4-18, and WC/AlPO4-18 nanoparticles. XRD analysis showed structural evolution during reduction-carburization, with average crystallite sizes of metal-containing particles of 8.2–9.22, 6.64–8.50, and 6.03–7.56 nm for β-Mo2C/AlPO4-18, Ni3C/AlPO4-18, and WC/AlPO4-18, respectively. These values did not significantly deviate from high-resolution TEM analysis. The surface areas of the nanoparticles were categorized in decreasing order as WC/AlPO4-18 > Ni3C/AlPO4-18 > β-Mo2C/AlPO4-18, with values of 193.79, 169.05, and 66.57 m2 g−1, respectively. In conclusion, these carbon-coated metal carbide nanoparticles with excellent thermal, structural, microscopic, and textural properties can be viable alternatives to noble metal catalysts for producing bio-jet fuel using the hydroprocessing pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) in skincare products has significantly increased human skin exposure, raising safety concerns. Whilst NP's ability to penetrate healthy skin is minimal, studies have demonstrated that metal oxide NPs can induce toxicity in keratinocytes through direct contact. Moreover, NP's effect on common skin disorders like psoriasis, where barrier impairments and underlying inflammation could potentially increase NP penetration and worsen nanotoxicity is largely unstudied. In this paper, we investigated whether psoriasis-like human keratinocytes (Pso HKs) would exhibit heightened toxic responses to titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and/or silica (SiO2) NPs compared to healthy HKs. Cells were exposed to each NP at concentrations ranging between 0.5 and 500 µg/ml for 6, 24, and 48 h. Amongst the metal oxide NPs, ZnO NPs produced the most pronounced toxic effects in both cell types, affecting cell viability, inducing oxidative stress, and activating the inflammasome pathway. Notably, only in ZnO NPs-treated Pso HKs, trappin-2/pre-elafin was cleaved intracellularly through a non-canonical process. In addition, tissue remodelling-related cytokines were upregulated in ZnO NP-treated Pso HKs. The full impact of the observed outcomes on psoriatic symptoms will need further evaluation. Nonetheless, our findings indicate the importance of understanding the sub-lethal impacts of NP exposures on keratinocytes, even though direct exposure may be low, particularly in the context of skin disorders where repeated and long-term exposures are anticipated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibacterial products have gained considerable attention from both the academic and industrial communities due to the transmission of several infectious diseases which has raised public awareness of the disinfection pathways of such highly infectious bacteria. Among the materials that have raised public awareness are rubber composite materials as they are present in many different applications, such as medical apparatus, health care products, food packaging, and house furnishings Therefore, the development of rubber‐composite‐based materials with antibacterial activity is crucial to avoid the propagation of pathogens. In this regard, researchers have directed their focus toward the development of innovative additives with antibacterial properties to enhance the antibacterial activities of rubber composites. Several promising additives have emerged, most notably metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, biopolymers, plant‐derived materials, and synthetic organic compounds. The studies have shown that the incorporation of these additives endows the rubber composites with antibacterial properties, making them applicable in a range of biomedical uses. In light of these findings, the present review aims to cover recent works to improve the antibacterial properties of rubber composites using different additives. Highlights: Rubber composite materials, found in various applications like medical apparatus and food packaging, have raised public awareness of infection prevention.Development of rubber‐composite‐based materials with antibacterial activity is crucial for preventing pathogen propagation.Researchers focus on innovative additives, including metal nanoparticles, biopolymers, plant‐derived materials, and synthetic organic compounds, to enhance antibacterial properties.Incorporating these additives into rubber composites endows them with antibacterial properties, suitable for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides insights into the phenomenon of surface photoemission from metal nanoparticles, considering the excitation of Localized Plasma Resonance (LPR). LPR induces significant changes in electron density and electric field, resulting in enhanced photoemission compared to macroscopic structures. Theoretical formulations, including expressions for photoemission probability, are elucidated, enabling a deeper understanding of the process. Practical implications are discussed, emphasizing the development of optoelectronic devices and efficient photodetectors using nanoparticles. Results demonstrate the spectral dependence of photoemission probability and current, high-lighting the suitability of materials like copper for nanoparticle-based applications. The study con-tributes to optimizing nanoplasmonics effects and expands the material choices for efficient photoemission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays noble metal nanoparticles occupy a prominent position in science and technology owing to their facile synthesis, ease of surface modification and excellent biocompatibility which offers countless applications in numerous fields of science. Though several noble metals are used for a variety of applications, silver nanoparticles is of great attentiveness due to its unique physical and chemical properties like optical, electrical, thermal, biological, and catalytic properties. Most of these properties depends on the shape and size of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. The manufacturing of silver nanoparticles with numerous shapes is very common today, so that we can control various properties, especially in the field of medicine by many researchers. In this article, we present a review of the synthesis of silver nanoparticles of different shapes through different methods and their peculiar applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]